1. Convert the base 3 number 1021023 to octal.

What process did you use to do

this conversion?
We take each number and multiple it into it base of 3
102102 = 1 x 3⁵ + 0 x 3⁴ + 2 x 3³ + 1 x 3² + 0 x 3¹ + 2 x 3⁰ = 308
308/8 = 38/8 = 4 => 4648
4 6

2. Convert the octal number 35627158 to hexadecimal. Do not use decimal as an

intermediary for your conversion. Why does a direct conversion not work in
this case?

3562715
We convert the number to a binary one:
011 101 110 010 111 001 101

Then we regroup in groups of 4:

0 1110 1110 0101 1100 1101

Now pass it to hexadecimal:

EE5CD

3. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to binary:

a. 4CB6A => 0100 1100 1011 1010
b. F28A02 => 1111 0010 1000 1010 0000 0010

4. When data is input to a computer, it is nearly always manipulated and stored in some
standard data format. Why is the use of data standards considered important, or
indeed, crucial in this case?

5. Name three standards in common use for alphanumeric characters. Which

standard is designed to support all of the world’s written languages?
ASCII, ISO/IEC 8859-1 (for spanish writers) and Windows-1252

The standard designed to support all languages is Unicode. It provides an encoding

that allows representation in almost all languages and can vary between characters
of 8 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, and 32 bits in size.

6. Which language is used primarily with legacy programs that execute on

mainframe computers? COBOL remains relevant in many organizations, as a large
number of legacy systems that manage critical operations are still written in this
language.

7. What is the relationship between the ASCII Latin-1 character set and its
Unicode equivalent that makes conversion between the two simple?
Unicode in his 128 first characters are placed in the same order as ASCII, and the
256 first characters are like Latin-1 positions, so that allow a direct transcript between
each other.
8. What is a collating sequence?
A collating sequence refers to the rules used to determine the order in which
information is arranged, such as words. In computing, words are typically ordered in
alphabetical order, with special characters like "Ñ" being treated according to specific
collation rules.

9. Name at least four alternative devices that can be used as sources of

alphanumeric character input data.
● Keyboard.
● Printer.
● Microphone (transforming audio to text).
● Escáner de código de barras (convert bars into alphanumeric letters).

10. What are the major characteristics of a bitmap image? Characterized by

continuous variations in shading, color, shape, and texture. What are the major
characteristics of an object or vector image? Images that are made up of
graphical shapes such as lines and curves that can be defined geometrically. Which
is used for displays? Both can be use for it. What types of images must be
stored and manipulated as bitmap images? Why? Are images that entered in the
computer by image scanner, digital camera, or video camera frame grabber, this is
because this type of image is better for faithfully catching the real image.

11. What is image metadata? Give an at least three examples of metadata that
would be required for a bitmap image. The metadata of a image is information that
is written about characteristics of the photo, that can be the image resolution, Color
Depth or file format.

12. Name two advantages to the use of object images.

One of the advantages is that you cant lose quality for being made by vectors, the
other one is the low size that is required for making it, also for being made by
vectors.

13. Explain briefly how an A-to-D converter converts audio data into binary data.
It follows some steps. First it takes some measurements of the signal's amplitude
at specific time points, millions of times per second. Then it assigns a value for each
measurement, rounding it to the nearest discrete level within a defined range. For
last, each quantized level is converted into binary code, and that allows being
transmitted by digital devices.

14. Explain briefly the difference between lossless and lossy data compression.
Which type normally provides a smaller file? What is ‘‘lost’’ in lossy audio data
compression?
Lossless is a method that compresses data without any loss of information. When
decompressed, the original data is perfectly restored. Common formats include ZIP
and PNG.
 This method compresses data by permanently removing some information, which
results in a smaller file size but sacrifices quality. Common formats include MP3 and
JPEG.

The differences are that lossy compression normally provides a smaller file size
compared to lossless compression for the loss of information and Lossless preserves
all original data, while lossy does not.

In lossy audio compression, certain frequencies and details that are less perceptible
to the human ear are discarded. Like nuances and high-frequency.

15. Under what circumstances is it impossible to use lossy data compression?

Critical Data Integrity, High Fidelity Requirements, Reversible Processing.

16. What character string does the binary ASCII code

1010100 1101000 1101001 1110011 0100000 1101001 1110011
0100000 1000101 1000001 1010011 1011001 0100001

We pass before to hexadecimal:

54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 45 41 53 59 21

Now we convert to letters:

T H I S “Space” I S “Space” E A S Y !

17. Approximately how many pages of pure 16-bit Unicode text can a 4.3GiB DVD-
ROM hold?
First we calculate how many characters we can write:
4,3 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = 4617089843,2 / 16 = 288568115,2 Characters
The we divide that by the size of one page (3000 in one page in arial 11):
288568115,2 / 3000 = 96189,372 pages

18. Find an article that describes the various bitmapped graphics formats, and
compare .GIF, .PNG, and .BMP.
19. What is a register? Be precise. Name at least two components in the CPU
Architecture showed, that meet the qualifications for a register, but they are not the
R0-R9 . Identify the use of the registers named. Identify several different kinds of
values that a register might hold.

20. What is the purpose of the instruction register? What takes the place of the
instruction register in the CPU architecture?

The instruction register temporarily holds the instruction that has been fetched from
memory and is currently being executed. This allows the CPU to have immediate
access to the instruction it needs to process. This also enables the CPU's control unit
to decode it and determine what operations need to be performed.

In some CPU architectures, instruction register, may can be supplanted by pipelined

architectures, an instruction queue may temporarily hold multiple instructions.

21. When a value is copied from one register to another, what happens to the value
in the source register? What happens to the value in the destination register?

When a value is copied from one register (the source register) to another (the
destination register), the value in the source register remains unchanged, but the
value in the destination register is replaced with the value copied from the source
register. If the destination register previously held a value, that value is overwritten.
22. There are four primary operations that are normally performed on a register.
Describe each operation.
● Data storage: Registers are used to store data temporarily during processing
operations. They can hold intermediate results, operands, or variables
needed for calculations.
● Address storage: Registers can store memory addresses or pointers that
indicate the location of data or instructions in the memory. These addresses
help facilitate memory access during operations.
● Program counter storage: Registers are used to store the address of the
current instruction being executed.
● Status storage: Registers are used to store status flags that indicate the
outcome of an operation, such as whether an arithmetic operation resulted in
a carry or overflow.

23. Explain the relationship between the memory address register, the memory
data register, and memory itself.

Memory Address Register: holds the address of the memory location that the CPU
wants to access.
Memory Data Register: temporarily holds the data that is being transferred to or from
memory.
Memory: physical storage area where data and instructions are stored. Includes both
RAM and cache memory.

Memory Address Register and Memory Data Register are intermediaries between
the CPU and memory that allow for efficient access and management of data.
Memory Address Register specifies where to go in memory, while the Memory Data
Register holds the data being transferred, ensuring smooth communication.

24. If the memory address register for a particular computer is 32 bits wide, how
much memory can this computer support? 32 bits allows 4,294,967,296 or 4 GB

25. Describe, step by step, what the CPU Architecture showed in previous figure does to
execute a STORE R1,FFFF (CPU R1 ->Memory FFFF position) instruction.

26. Describe, step by step, what the CPU Architecture showed in previous figure does to
execute a LOAD FFFF,R1 (Memory FFFF → CPU R1) instruction.