AI Unit – 1 Introduction

Q.1 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

 “ Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that enable machines to perform
functions that are similar to human cognitive processes.”
 Artificial Intelligence(AI) is that branch of computer science that creates intelligent
machines that think and act like humans.
 Examples of AI applications include expert systems, natural language processing
(NLP), speech recognition and machine vision.

Q.2 Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence Problems.

 Learning and adaptation:
 AI systems should be capable of learning from data or experiences a.
 This enables them to improve performance over time and handle new situations
more effectively.
 Complexity:
 AI systems must be able to handle this complexity efficiently to produce
meaningful results.
 Uncertainty:
 When uncertain or incomplete information is available ai make decisions or
predictions under such conditions.
 Dynamism:
 It changes may according to specific rules, requiring AI systems to continually
adjust their models.
 Interactivity:
 Many AI applications involve interaction with users or other agents.
 Context dependence:
 The behavior or performance of AI systems may depend on the context in which
they operate.
 Multi-disciplinary:
 AI problems often require knowledge and techniques from multiple disciplines,
including computer science, mathematics, statistics, psychology, and more.
 Goal-oriented Design:
 Designing AI systems with clear objectives in mind helps guide the
development process and resulting systems are focused on meaningful
outcomes.
Q.3 Explain underlying assumptions of artificial intelligence.
 Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make machines that can act intelligently, like
humans or even better.

 Some of the underlying assumptions of artificial intelligence are:

1. Human thought can be understood and simulated by machines.

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This means that machines can learn from data, use logic, communicate in natural
languages, and solve problems that humans can solve by thinking.

2. Machines can improve themselves by learning from their own experiences and
feedback. This means that machines can adapt to new situations, optimize their
performance, and generate new ideas.

3. Machines can have some degree of autonomy, unpredictability, and creativity. This
means that machines can make their own decisions and produce original outcomes

Q.4 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems have less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor etc..
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as
AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving
car, security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
o Enhanced Security: It can detect and respond to cyber threats in real time, helping
companies protect their data and systems.
o Aid in Research: AI is very helpful in the research field by processing and analyzing
large datasets, accelerating discoveries in fields like as astronomy, genomics, and
materials science.

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Q.5 Features of Artificial Intelligence
 Ability to learn − AI systems can improve their performance eventually by learning
from data and past experiences.
 Logical decision making − AI systems are fed with large amounts of data to understand
and recognize patterns for analysis and decision making.
 Adaptability − AI systems can adjust and adapt to changes in data.
 Efficient automation − AI would efficiently execute repetitive tasks and processes.
 Versatility − AI can be widely applied for various tasks across all fields like businesses,
automotive, health, and many others.

Q.6 What is an AI Technique?

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to developing computer systems for performing tasks
requiring human intelligence.
 These systems assess large amounts of data to identify patterns and make logical
decisions based on the collected information.
 The ultimate goal of AI is to create machines to carry out diverse tasks.

Some of the widely used ones are:

 Machine Learning.
 Natural Language Processing.
 Computer Vision.
 Deep Learning
 Data Mining
 Robotics.

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Q.7 Explain Machine Learning with their types.
 Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the
development of computer algorithms to improve automatically system by experience
during use of data.
1. Supervised learning

o It is a type of machine learning that uses labeled data to train machine learning
models.
o In labeled data, the output is already known.
o The model just needs to map the inputs to the respective outputs.

o An example of supervised learning is to train a system that identifies the image of

an animal.

2. Unsupervised Learning

 Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning that uses unlabeled data to train
machines.
 Unlabeled data doesn’t have a fixed output variable.
 The model learns from the data, discovers the patterns and features in the data, and
returns the output.

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 In example of an unsupervised learning technique that uses the images of vehicles to
classify if it’s a bus or a truck.
 The model learns by identifying the parts of a vehicle, such as a length and width of the
vehicle, the front, and rear end covers, roof hoods, the types of wheels used, etc. Based
on these features, the model classifies if the vehicle is a bus or a truck.

3. Reinforcement Learning

 Reinforcement Learning trains a machine to take suitable actions and maximize its
rewards in a particular situation.
 It uses an agent and an environment to produce actions and rewards.
 The agent has a start and an end state.
 In the example shown, the model tries to predict the shape of the object, which is a square
in this case.

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Q.8 Explain Natural Language Processing with their types.

 Natural Language Processing involves programming computers to process human
languages to facilitate interactions between humans and computers.

Applications of Natural Language Processing language translation applications like Google

Translate, and word processors such as Microsoft Word to check the accuracy of grammar in
text.

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Some of the common variants of NLP are:
1. Lexical integration –
 Lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of
tokens.
 A lexer is generally combined with a parser, which together analyses the syntax of
programming languages, web pages, and so forth.
 The text or sound waves are segmented into words and other units.
2. Syntactic integration –
 Syntactic analysis is the process of analysing a string of symbols, either in natural
language, computer languages, or data structures, conforming to the rules of formal
grammar.
 Grammatical rules are applied to categories and groups of words, not individual words. It
is a crucial part of NLP.
3. Semantic integration –
 Semantic Analysis attempts to understand the meaning of the human language. It
captures the meaning of the given text while considering context, logical structuring of
sentences, and grammar roles.
 two parts of Semantic Analysis are:
 Lexical Semantic Analysis
 Compositional Semantics Analysis.
4. Pragmatic integration –
 Pragmatic Analysis is part of the process of extracting information from text.
 It focuses on taking a structured set of text and figuring out the actual meaning of the
text.
 It also focuses on the meaning of the words of the time and context.
5. Disclosure integration –
 Discourse analysis is used to uncover the motivation behind a text and is useful for
studying the underlying meaning of a spoken or written text as it considers the social and
historical contexts of it.
6. Computer Vision:
 Computer Vision equips machines with the ability to interpret visual information from
the world.
 This technique has revolutionized industries like healthcare, automotive, and robotics,
enabling tasks such as facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous driving.

Q.9 Explain Robotics & Automation.

 Automation aims to enable machines to perform boring, repetitive jobs, increasing
productivity and delivering more effective.
 To automate processes, many businesses employ machine learning, artificial neural, and
graphs.
 Using CAPTCHA technique, this automation can avoid fraud problems during online
payments.
 Robotic process automation is designed to carry out high-volume, repetitive jobs while
being capable of adapting to changing conditions.

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Q.10 Explain Deep Learning.

 Deep learning is the branch of machine learning which is based on artificial neural
network architecture.
 In a fully connected Deep neural network, there is an input layer and one or more hidden
layers connected one after the other
 . Each neuron receives input from the previous layer neurons or the input layer.
 The main applications of deep learning can be divided into computer vision, natural
language processing (NLP), and reinforcement learning.
 In computer vision, Deep learning models can enable machines to identify and
understand visual data.
 Some of the main applications include the identification and locating of objects within
images and videos.
 In NLP, the Deep learning model can enable machines to understand and generate human
language. Some of the main applications include the generation of essays, translating
languages, and sentiment analysis.

Q.11 What is Data Mining.

 Data mining is the process of searching and analyzing a large batch of raw data in order
to identify patterns and extract useful information.
 Data Mining is a process used by organizations to extract specific data from huge
databases to solve business problems

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Q.12 Applications of AI

1. AI in Astronomy
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o Automated Celestial Object Identification: AI systems can automatically identify and

classify celestial objects in astronomical images, aiding in discovering new stars,
galaxies, and other cosmic phenomena
o Exoplanet Hunting: AI helps astronomers find planets outside our solar system by
looking at lots of data..
o Analyzing Space Information: AI plays a crucial role in the study of space.
o Watching Space Events in Real-time: AI-powered tools can keep a constant eye on the
night sky.
o Making Telescopes Smarter: AI is like a brain for telescopes. It helps them work better
by changing their settings on the fly.

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2. AI in Healthcare

o Helping Doctors See Inside the Body Better:

o Detecting Health Problems Early:
o Developing Medications Quickly and Cost-Effectively
o Personalized Treatment Plans:
o Managing Hospital Functions and Resources:

3. AI in Gaming

o Smart Game Characters: AI is like the brains behind game characters that aren't
controlled by players.
o Creating Game Worlds with AI: AI can make parts of video games all on its own.
o Making Games Look and Feel Real: AI helps to make games look and act more like the
real world.

4. AI in Finance

o Identifying and Prevention of Fraud: AI keeps an eye on bank transactions all the time.
o Automated Trading: AI helps a skilled trader who works automatically. It uses various
algorithms to swiftly buy and sell stocks while analyzing all the market information.
o Risk Control: AI helps in examining lots of data to check how risky something is, like
giving out loans or making investments.

5. AI in Data Security

o Anamoly Detection: AI works as a digital detective.

o When it sees something fishy, it raises the alarm, helping to keep important data
safe from cyber-attacks.
o Predicting Threats: AI looks at past troubles and keeps an eye on new dangers that are
popping up. By doing this, it can predict what bad things might happen in the future, like
a security breach or a cyberattack.
o Automated Safety Response: AI acts like a digital guardian that can respond when
there's trouble.

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6. AI in Social Media

o Smart Suggestions: AI helps as a guide on social media. It watches what you like and
what you do, and then it suggests things you might enjoy, like posts, videos, or ads. It
acts as someone
o Virtual Assistants and Chatbots: AI chatbots and virtual assistants act as digital helpers
on social media. They're quick to respond and can talk to you just like a real person
o Sentiment Analysis: AI can figure out how people feel on social media. It's like having a
mood gauge for the internet so businesses can make their customers happier.
o Trend Analysis: AI keeps track of all the chats and what's popular right now. It acts as a
social media news reporter that keeps customers in the loop about what's hot and what
people are buzzing about.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o Optimization of Route: AI plays a crucial role in optimizing travel routes, be it for
parcel deliveries, public transportation, or personal trips.
o Smart Security Screening: AI helps in keeping traveling safely. It uses special skills to
scan bags and people quickly.
o Chatbots for Travel Support: AI chatbots are like digital travel helpers. These chatbots
are capable of aiding you in various tasks such as reserving tickets, suggesting interesting
destinations to explore, and providing responses to your inquiries, much like an affable
travel consultant.
o AI Prevents Breakdowns: AI works like a fortune teller for machines like cars, planes,
and roads. It predicts when they might get sick and need fixing.

8. AI in Automotive Industry

o Self-Driving Cars: AI is like the brain of self-driving cars. It looks at what's happening
around the car using various sensors and decides what the car should do, like turning or
stopping
o .Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): AI adds extra smarts to your car to
keep you safe. It possesses the capability to autonomously adjust your vehicle's speed
while on the highway, assist in maintaining your lane, and swiftly engage the brakes
when detecting potential hazards.

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o Streamlining Production Processes: AI watches over machines, checks if they're
healthy, and makes sure they don't break.
o Voice Recognition: AI-driven voice recognition systems allow drivers to control various
functions in their vehicles, such as navigation, music, and communication, using natural
language.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Self-Moving Robots: AI makes robots really smart at moving around on their own. It's
like giving them a built-in GPS and a clever brain.
o Object Recognition and Manipulation: AI gives robots sharp eyes and clever hands. It
helps them see objects clearly and then pick them up and move them just right.
o Collaboration of Humans and Robots: AI makes it possible for robots to be great team
players with people. They can work alongside humans, helping out and learning from
them. If a person does something, the robot can understand and follow their lead.

10. AI in Entertainment

o Recommendation of Content: AI looks at what customers have liked before, such as

movies or music, and suggests new things that they might enjoy.
o AI as a Creative Assistant: AI acts as a creative sidekick for artists and creators. It can
make music, art, and videos or help improve what they create.
o Live Event and Performance Enhancements: AI makes live events and performances
even cooler. It can translate what people are saying in real time, add cool effects that
blend with what's happening, and even predict what the audience will like.

11. AI in Agriculture

o Crop Observation and Control: AI, with the help of various sensors, acts as a guardian
for crops on the farm. It keeps an eye on them, making sure they're healthy and growing
well.
o Smart Farming for Efficiency: AI makes farming super efficient. It helps farmers use
just the right amount of things like fertilizer and pesticides, not too much and not too
little. Automated Farming: AI controls a number of machines like tractors and drones.
These machines can plant seeds, remove weeds, and spray stuff on crops all by
themselves. Monitoring Livestock: AI uses special sensors and smart data analysis to
make sure they're healthy and happy.

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12. AI in E-commerce

o Personalized Product Suggestions: AI looks at what you've looked at and bought before
and suggests things you might really like.
o Managing Inventory: AI takes care of a store's shelves. It predicts how much of each
product people will buy and automatically orders more when needed.
o Dynamic Pricing: Artificial intelligence dynamically adjusts pricing according to
demand, market competition, and inventory levels, ensuring customers receive optimal
value while enhancing the store's profitability.

13. AI in education:

o Education Content Creation: AI acts as a teaching assistant for educators. It helps them
make things like quizzes, lesson plans, and study materials.
o Virtual Learning Assistants: AI is there to answer questions, explain things, and offer
help whenever students need it, day or night.
o Automated Assessment and Instant Feedback: AI acts like a super-speedy homework
checker. It looks at your assignments and tests and gives you grades and feedback right
away.
o Customized Learning Routes: AI figures out what you're good at and where you might
need extra help. Then, it gives you the right stuff to learn and the best way to learn it.
This makes learning easier and more fun.

Q.13 What is AI Model ?

 An AI model is a program that has been trained on a set of data to recognize certain
patterns or make certain decisions without further human intervention.
 Artificial intelligence models apply different algorithms to relevant data inputs to achieve
the tasks or output.
 There are two main types of data used in AI models:
 Training data:
 This is the massive dataset the model is fed during the training process.
 It can include text, images, videos, numbers, or any other format relevant to the
task.
 Input data:
 Based on the patterns learned during training, the model analyzes the input data
and generates an output, such as a prediction or a decision.

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 List of the Most Popular AI Models
List of the most popular AI Models are as follows:
1. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)
2. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
3. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
4. Decision Trees
5. Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
6. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
7. XGBoost

Q.14 Explain AI Model Training Process.

1. Data Preparation:
 The training data goes through a cleaning and pre-processing stage to usability for
the model.
2. Feeding the Model:
 The prepared data is fed into the AI model through a specific algorithm.
3. Pattern Recognition:
 The algorithm analyzes the data, searching for underlying patterns and
relationships between different data points.
4. Adjusting the Model:
o Based on the analysis, the model adjusts its internal parameters to better represent the
discovered patterns.
5. Iteration and Refinement:
 Steps 2-4 are repeated numerous times with different batches of training data.
With each iteration,
 the model becomes more skilled at recognizing the patterns.

Q.15 Explain Components of an AI Model

An AI model can be thought of as having three main components:
 Algorithms: These are the mathematical formulas and rules that define the model’s
behavior and how it processes information.
 Data: The training data provides the raw material for the model to learn from and build
its predictive abilities.
 Parameters: These are adjustable elements within the model that are fine-tuned during
training to optimize its performance.

Q.16 Applications of AI Models

 Image and video recognition:
 From unlocking your phone with your face to self-driving cars navigating the
streets, AI models power image and video recognition.
 Natural language processing (NLP):
 Powers chatbots that answer your questions, machine translation that breaks
down language barriers, and sentiment analysis in social media.

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 Recommender systems:
 Whether it’s suggesting movies you might enjoy or recommending products you
might need.
 Predictive maintenance:
 By analyzing sensor data, AI models can predict equipment failure in factories or
power grids, preventing costly downtime.
 Fraud detection:
 AI models can help identify suspicious financial transactions and protect against
cybercrime by analyzing vast amounts of data in real-time.

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