TYBCA SEM-VI

CURRENT TRENDS IN IT
QUESTION BANK Unit - 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions

1. AI means _________________
A. man-made thinking power C. Both A and B
B. natural thinking power D. None of these

2. Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as _____
A. learning C. solving problems
B. reasoning D. All of above

3. Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of ________

A. Reasoning C. problem-solving perception
B. learning D. All of above

4. ________________is a type of machine learning in which machine learn from known

datasets (set of training examples), and then predict the output.
A. Supervised learning C. Unsupervised learning
B. Reinforcement learning D. None of these

5. ____________is a type of learning in which an AI agent is trained by giving some

commands, and on each action, an agent gets a reward as a feedback.
A. Supervised learning C. Unsupervised learning
B. Reinforcement learning D. None of these

6. Main challenge for deep learning is that it requires ___________________

A. lots of data with lots of computational power
B. lots of data
C. lots of computational power
D. None of these

7. The Input and output of NLP applications can be in __________ form

A. Speech C. Both A and B
B. Text D. None of these

8. _____________is a technology which enables a machine to understand the spoken

language and translate into a machine-readable format.
A. Deep learning C. Speech recognition
B. Machine vision D. Robotics

9. ________________ acquires information from subject expert by recording, interviewing,

and observing him at work
A. Database Administrator C. Knowledge worker
B. Knowledge engineer D. None of these

10. To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses _____________ strategies.

A. Forward Chaining C. Both A and B
B. Backward Chaining D. None of these

11. ___________is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What can happen
next?”

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 A. Forward Chaining C. Both A and B
B. Backward Chaining D. None of these

12. ___________is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “Why this
happened?”
A. Forward Chaining C. Both A and B
B. Backward Chaining D. None of these

13. _______________transforms the system inputs, which are crisp numbers, into fuzzy sets.
A. Fuzzification Module C. Inference Engine
B. Knowledge Base D. Defuzzification Module

SHORT QUESTIONS (Each of 2 Marks)

1. Define AI.
AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has
a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a
human.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power.
It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines
which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.

2. List out main goals of Artificial Intelligence.

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

3. List out disciplines required by AI to achieve factors of intelligence.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence

requires the following discipline:

 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science

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  Neurons Study
 Statistics

4. List out advantages of AI.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to

less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience
or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision

making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as

defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can
be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the

users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as
a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

5. List out disadvantages of AI.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as

it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with
AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that
work for which they are trained, or programmed.

 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,

but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.

 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,

people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some

new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
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 intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

6. List out most common subsets (related fields) of AI.

Following are the most common subsets of AI:

1. Machine Learning
2. Deep Learning
3. Natural Language processing
4. Expert System
5. Robotics
6. Machine Vision
7. Speech Recognition

7. List out types of machine learning.

Machine learning can be subdivided into the main three types:

Supervised learning:

Reinforcement learning:

Unsupervised learning:

8. Explain following in brief: (2 marks each)

Deep learning, Natural language processing, Expert systems, Robotics, Machine
vision, Speech recognition

1. Deep learning
Machine learning is a part of AI which provides intelligence to machines with
the ability to automatically learn with experiences without being explicitly
programmed.

2. It is primarily concerned with the design and development of algorithms

that allow the system to learn from historical data.
3. Machine Learning is based on the idea that machines can learn from
past data, identify patterns, and make decisions using algorithms.
4. Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a way that they can
learn and improve their performance automatically.
5. Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in data.

Types of Machine Learning

Machine learning can be subdivided into the main three types:

Supervised learning:

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which machine learn from

known datasets (set of training examples), and then predict the output. A
supervised learning agent needs to find out the function that matches a given
sample set.

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Reinforcement learning:

Reinforcement learning is a type of learning in which an AI agent is trained by

giving some commands, and on each action, an agent gets a reward as a
feedback.

Using these feedbacks, agent improves its performance. Reward feedback can
be positive or negative which means on each good action, agent receives a
positive reward while for wrong action, it gets a negative reward.

Unsupervised learning:

Unsupervised learning is associated with learning without supervision or

training.

In unsupervised learning, the algorithms are trained with data which is neither
labeled nor classified. In unsupervised learning, the agent needs to learn from
patterns without corresponding output values.

6. Natural language processing

Natural language processing is a subfield of computer science and artificial
intelligence. NLP enables a computer system to understand and process
human language such as English.

NLP plays an important role in AI as without NLP, AI agent cannot work on

human instructions, but with the help of NLP, we can instruct an AI system on
our language.

Today we are all around AI, and as well as NLP, we can easily ask Siri,
Google or Cortana to help us in our language.

Natural language processing application enables a user to communicate with

the system in their own words directly.

The Input and output of NLP applications can be in two forms:

- Speech
- Text

7. Expert systems
- An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In artificial
intelligence, expert systems are the computer programs that rely on
obtaining the knowledge of human experts and programming that
knowledge into a system.
- Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts.
These systems are designed to solve the complex problem through
bodies of knowledge rather than conventional procedural code.
- One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the
spelling error while typing in the Google search box.

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 8. Robotics
Robotics is a branch of artificial intelligence and engineering which is
used for designing and manufacturing of robots.
Robots are the programmed machines which can perform a series of
actions automatically or semi-automatically.
AI can be applied to robots to make intelligent robots which can perform
the task with their intelligence. AI algorithms are necessary to allow a
robot to perform more complex tasks.
Nowadays, AI and machine learning are being applied on robots to
manufacture intelligent robots which can also interact socially like
humans. One of the best examples of AI in robotics is Sophia robot.

9. Machine vision
Machine vision is an application of computer vision which enables a
machine to recognize the object.
Machine vision captures and analyses visual information using one or
more video cameras, analog-to-digital conversations, and digital signal
processing.
Machine vision systems are programmed to perform narrowly defined
tasks such as counting objects, reading the serial number, etc.
Computer systems do not see in the same way as human eyes can see,
but it is also not bounded by human limitations such as to see through
the wall.
With the help of machine learning and machine vision, an AI agent can
be able to see through walls.

10. Speech recognition

Speech recognition is a technology which enables a machine to understand
the spoken language and translate into a machine-readable format. It can also
be said as automatic Speech recognition and computer speech recognition.

It is a way to talk with a computer, and on the basis of that command, a

computer can perform a specific task.
There is some speech recognition software which has a limited vocabulary of
words and phrase. This software requires unambiguous spoken language to
understand and perform specific task.

Today's there are various software or devices which contains speech

recognition technology such as Cortana, Google virtual assistant, Apple Siri,
etc.

We need to train our speech recognition system to understand our language.

In previous days, these systems were only designed to convert the speech to
text, but now there are various devices which can directly convert speech into
commands.

Speech recognition systems can be used in the following areas:

 System control or navigation system

 Industrial application
 Voice dialing system

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9. List various software or devices which contain speech recognition technology.

Today's there are various software or devices which contains speech

recognition technology such as Cortana, Google virtual assistant, Apple Siri,
etc.

10. Define Expert System.

The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve

complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human
intelligence and expertise.

11. List out characteristics of Expert System.

Characteristics of Expert Systems

 High performance
 Understandable
 Reliable
 Highly responsive

12. List out capabilities of Expert System.

Capabilities of Expert Systems

The expert systems are capable of −

 Advising
 Instructing and assisting human in decision making
 Demonstrating
 Deriving a solution
 Diagnosing
 Explaining
 Interpreting input
 Predicting results
 Justifying the conclusion
 Suggesting alternative options to a problem

13. What Expert Systems are incapable of?

They are incapable of −

 Substituting human decision makers
 Possessing human capabilities
 Producing accurate output for inadequate knowledge base
Refining their own knowledge

14. List out components of Expert system.

The components of ES include −

1. Knowledge Base
2. Inference Engine
3. User Interface

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15. Define knowledge.

The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and facts
about the task domain. Data, information, and past experience combined
together are termed as knowledge.

16. Define factual and heuristic knowledge.

The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic

knowledge.

 Factual Knowledge − It is the information widely accepted by the

Knowledge Engineers and scholars in the task domain.
 Heuristic Knowledge − It is about practice, accurate judgement, one’s
ability of evaluation, and guessing.

17. Explain forward chaining in brief.

Forward Chaining

It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What can

happen next?”
Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and derivations
and finally deduces the outcome. It considers all the facts and rules, and sorts
them before concluding to a solution.

This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect. For

example, prediction of share market status as an effect of changes in interest
rates.

18. Explain backward chaining in brief.

Backward Chaining

With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the
question, “Why this happened?”

On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine tries to find
out which conditions could have happened in the past for this result. This
strategy is followed for finding out cause or reason. For example, diagnosis of
blood cancer in humans.

19. State the requirements of efficient ES User Interface.

Requirements of Efficient ES User Interface

 It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest possible way.
 It should be designed to work for user’s existing or desired work
practices.
 Its technology should be adaptable to user’s requirements; not the
other way round.
 It should make efficient use of user input.

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20. List out limitations of an Expert System.

No technology can offer easy and complete solution. Large systems are
costly, require significant development time, and computer resources. ESs
have their limitations which include −
 Limitations of the technology
 Difficult knowledge acquisition
 ES are difficult to maintain
 High development costs

21. Write benefits of an Expert System.

Benefits of Expert Systems

 Availability − They are easily available due to mass production of software.

 Less Production Cost − Production cost is reasonable. This makes them
affordable.
 Speed − They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an
individual puts in.
 Less Error Rate − Error rate is low as compared to human errors.
 Reducing Risk − They can work in the environment dangerous to humans.
 Steady response − They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or
fatigued.

22. Define Fuzzy Logic.

Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning.

The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that
involves all intermediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO.

The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise
input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent
to human’s YES or NO.

23. List main parts of Fuzzy Logic system.

It has four main parts as shown –

 Fuzzification
 Knowledge Base
 Inference Engine
 Defuzzification Module

24. List advantages of Fuzzy Logic system.

Advantages of FLSs
 Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple.
 You can modify a FLS by just adding or deleting rules due to flexibility of
fuzzy logic.
 Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input information.
 FLSs are easy to construct and understand.
 Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life, including
medicine, as it resembles human reasoning and decision making.
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25. List disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic system.

Disadvantages of FLSs

 There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing.

 They are understandable only when simple.
 They are suitable for the problems which do not need high accuracy.

LONG QUESTIONS

1. List and explain advantages of AI.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are

prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per
pre-experience or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-

decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess
champion in the Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform

the same action multiple times with high accuracy.

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations

such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to
employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant

to the users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-
commerce websites to show the products as per customer
requirement.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities

such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and
hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural
language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.

2. List and explain disadvantages of AI.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very

costly as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world
requirements.

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter

machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the
10
 robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.

 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding

performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make
any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime
be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of

technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and
hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can

imagine some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this
power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.

3. List out most common subsets (related fields) of AI and explain any three of [10]
them.

Following are the most common subsets of AI:

- Machine Learning
- Deep Learning
- Natural Language processing
- Expert System
- Robotics
- Machine Vision
- Speech Recognition

1. Deep Learning

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning which provides the

ability to machine to perform human-like tasks without human
involvement.

It provides the ability to an AI agent to mimic the human brain. Deep

learning can use both supervised and unsupervised learning to train
an AI agent.

 Deep learning is implemented through neural networks architecture

hence also called a deep neural network.
 Deep learning is the primary technology behind self-driving cars,
speech recognition, image recognition, automatic machine
translation, etc.
 The main challenge for deep learning is that it requires lots of data
with lots of computational power.

2. Natural Language processing

Natural language processing is a subfield of computer science and

artificial intelligence. NLP enables a computer system to understand
and process human language such as English.
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 NLP plays an important role in AI as without NLP, AI agent cannot
work on human instructions, but with the help of NLP, we can instruct
an AI system on our language.

Today we are all around AI, and as well as NLP, we can easily ask
Siri, Google or Cortana to help us in our language.

Natural language processing application enables a user to

communicate with the system in their own words directly.

The Input and output of NLP applications can be in two forms:

 Speech
 Text

3. Expert Systems

 An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In

artificial intelligence, expert systems are the computer programs
that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts and
programming that knowledge into a system.
 Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human
experts. These systems are designed to solve the complex
problem through bodies of knowledge rather than conventional
procedural code.
 One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the
spelling error while typing in the Google search box.

4. Write note on: Machine learning

Machine learning is a part of AI which provides intelligence to

machines with the ability to automatically learn with experiences
without being explicitly programmed.

 It is primarily concerned with the design and development of

algorithms that allow the system to learn from historical data.
 Machine Learning is based on the idea that machines can learn
from past data, identify patterns, and make decisions using
algorithms.
 Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a way that they
can learn and improve their performance automatically.
 Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in data.

Types of Machine Learning

Machine learning can be subdivided into the main three types:

Supervised learning:
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which machine
learn from known datasets (set of training examples), and then predict
the output. A supervised learning agent needs to find out the function
that matches a given sample set.
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 Reinforcement learning:

Reinforcement learning is a type of learning in which an AI agent is

trained by giving some commands, and on each action, an agent gets
a reward as a feedback.

Using these feedbacks, agent improves its performance. Reward

feedback can be positive or negative which means on each good
action, agent receives a positive reward while for wrong action, it gets
a negative reward.

Unsupervised learning:

Unsupervised learning is associated with learning without supervision

or training.
In unsupervised learning, the algorithms are trained with data which is
neither labeled nor classified. In unsupervised learning, the agent
needs to learn from patterns without corresponding output values.

5. Define Expert System. List and explain components of expert system in [10]
detail.

The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve

complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary
human intelligence and expertise.

Components of Expert Systems

The components of ES include −

1. Knowledge Base
2. Inference Engine
3. User Interface

1. Knowledge Base

It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.

Knowledge is required to exhibit intelligence. The success of any ES
majorly depends upon the collection of highly accurate and precise
knowledge.
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What is Knowledge?

The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data

and facts about the task domain. Data, information, and past
experience combined together are termed as knowledge.

Components of Knowledge Base

The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic

knowledge.
 Factual Knowledge − It is the information widely accepted by the
Knowledge Engineers and scholars in the task domain.
 Heuristic Knowledge − It is about practice, accurate judgement,
one’s ability of evaluation, and guessing.

Knowledge representation
It is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in the
knowledge base. It is in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules.

Knowledge Acquisition
The success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality,
completeness, and accuracy of the information stored in the
knowledge base.

The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts,

scholars, and the Knowledge Engineers. The knowledge engineer is
a person with the qualities of empathy, quick learning, and case
analyzing skills.

He acquires information from subject expert by recording,

interviewing, and observing him at work, etc. He then categorizes and
organizes the information in a meaningful way, in the form of IF-
THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference machine. The
knowledge engineer also monitors the development of the ES.

2. Inference Engine

Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference Engine is

essential in deducting a correct, flawless solution.
In case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine acquires and
manipulates the knowledge from the knowledge base to arrive at a
particular solution.
In case of rule based ES, it −
 Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are obtained from
earlier rule application.
 Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if required.
 Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are applicable to a
particular case.

To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses the following

strategies −
 Forward Chaining
 Backward Chaining

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Forward Chaining

It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What

can happen next?”
Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and
derivations and finally deduces the outcome. It considers all the facts
and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a solution.

This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect.

For example, prediction of share market status as an effect of
changes in interest rates.

Backward Chaining

With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the
question, “Why this happened?”

On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine

tries to find out which conditions could have happened in the past for
this result. This strategy is followed for finding out cause or reason.
For example, diagnosis of blood cancer in humans.

3. User Interface

User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES

itself. It is generally Natural Language Processing so as to be used by
the user who is well-versed in the task domain. The user of the ES
need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.

It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation.

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 The explanation may appear in the following forms –

 Natural language displayed on screen.

 Verbal narrations in natural language.
 Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.

The user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the

deductions.

Requirements of Efficient ES User Interface

 It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest
possible way.
 It should be designed to work for user’s existing or desired
work practices.
 Its technology should be adaptable to user’s requirements; not
the other way round.
 It should make efficient use of user input.

6. Write note on: Applications of Expert System. [3]

The following table shows where ES can be applied.

Application Description

Design Domain Camera lens design, automobile design.

Diagnosis Systems to deduce cause of disease

Medical Domain from observed data, conduction medical
operations on humans.

Comparing data continuously with observed

Monitoring
system or with prescribed behavior such as
Systems
leakage monitoring in long petroleum pipeline.

Process Control Controlling a physical process based on

Systems monitoring.

Knowledge Finding out faults in vehicles, computers.

Domain

Detection of possible fraud, suspicious

Finance/Commerc
transactions, stock market trading, Airline
e
scheduling, cargo scheduling.

7. Explain general steps of developing an Expert system. [7-10]

The process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing the

ES include –

Identify Problem Domain

 The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it.

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  Find the experts in task domain for the ES project.
 Establish cost-effectiveness of the system.

Design the System

 Identify the ES Technology
 Know and establish the degree of integration with the other
systems and databases.
 Realize how the concepts can represent the domain knowledge
best.

Develop the Prototype

From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to −
 Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.
 Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules.

Test and Refine the Prototype

 The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the
prototype for any deficiencies in performance.
 End users test the prototypes of the ES.

Develop and Complete the ES

 Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements of
its environment, including end users, databases, and other
information systems.
 Document the ES project well.
 Train the user to use ES.

Maintain the System

 Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and
update.
 Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as
those systems evolve.

8. Write note on: Fuzzy Logic [10]

Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) produce acceptable but definite output in

response to incomplete, ambiguous, distorted, or inaccurate (fuzzy)
input.

Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human

reasoning. The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in
humans that involves all intermediate possibilities between digital
values YES and NO.

The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes

precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE,
which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.

The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike

computers, the human decision making includes a range of
possibilities between YES and NO, such as –

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 CERTAINLY YES
POSSIBLY YES
CANNOT SAY
POSSIBLY NO
CERTAINLY NO

The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve

the definite output.
Implementation

 It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and

capabilities ranging from small micro-controllers to large,
networked, workstation-based control systems.
 It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of
both.

Why Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.

 It can control machines and consumer products.

 It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable reasoning.
 Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in engineering.

Fuzzy Logic Systems Architecture

It has four main parts as shown –

 Fuzzification Module − It transforms the system inputs, which are

crisp numbers, into fuzzy sets. It splits the input signal into five
steps such as –

LP x is Large Positive

MP x is Medium Positive

S x is Small

MN x is Medium Negative

LN x is Large Negative
 Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.
 Inference Engine − It simulates the human reasoning process by
making fuzzy inference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
 Defuzzification Module − It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by
the inference engine into a crisp value.

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Application Areas of Fuzzy Logic

The key application areas of fuzzy logic are as given −

Automotive Systems
 Automatic Gearboxes
 Four-Wheel Steering
 Vehicle environment control
Consumer Electronic Goods
 Hi-Fi Systems
 Photocopiers
 Still and Video Cameras
 Television
Domestic Goods
 Microwave Ovens
 Refrigerators
 Toasters
 Vacuum Cleaners
 Washing Machines
Environment Control
 Air Conditioners/Dryers/Heaters
 Humidifiers

Advantages of FLSs

 Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple.

 You can modify a FLS by just adding or deleting rules due to
flexibility of fuzzy logic.
 Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input
information.
 FLSs are easy to construct and understand.
 Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life,
including medicine, as it resembles human reasoning and decision
making.

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 Disadvantages of FLSs

 There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing.

 They are understandable only when simple.
 They are suitable for the problems which do not need high
accuracy.

9. Write note on: Applications of AI

APPLICATIONS of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as –

 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-
toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based
on heuristic knowledge.

 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.

 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine,

software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide
explanation and advice to the users.

 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual

input on the computer. For example,

 A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
 Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
 Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and

comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

 Handwriting Recognition −The handwriting recognition software reads the text

written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes
of the letters and convert it into editable text.

 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In
addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to
the new environment.

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