Chemistry Semester 2 Exam

Student Name: Kalah Hammon_____________________

Student Number: JM2306059_______________________

Materials needed for this exam include a scientific calculator and a periodic table. If you don’t have a scientific
calculator, you can use the calculator available at desmos.com (https://www.desmos.com/scientific). A periodic table
from your course is included below for you to use. You can also reference an interactive version
(https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table) from the Royal Society of Chemistry website.
1. Solids, liquids, and gases are the three most commonly accepted phases of matter. Explain the properties
of each phase, including their relative energy.
Solids are firm states of matter with a stable shape and fixed volume, they also have
the least energy. Liquids have a shape that takes the shape its container while having a
nearly constant volume, they are between solids and gases for relative energy. Gases
are states of matter that can easily change shape and volume due to separated gas
particles, they have the most relative energy out of the states of matter.
2. Explain the differences between an ideal gas and a real gas.
The ideal gas follows gas laws perfectly, while real gas deviates from ideal gas
behavior. Ideal gas is very small, the mass is almost zero with no volume. Real gas
molecules occupy space though they are small particles and they have volume. An
elastic collision involves kinetic energy and happens when two objects bounce off
one another without involving heat generation or deformation. An inelastic collision
involves some of the kinetic energy being converted to heat or deformation.
3. Explain the process of sublimation. Name one substance that sublimes at room temperature and pressure.
Sublimation is a solid conversing directly into a gas, not having a liquid state. It occurs
when molecules of a solid have enough heat for some molecules to overcome attractive
forces and go directly into the vapor phase. Dry ice is a substance that sublimes at
room temperature and pressure. It does not form into a liquid in any sort, it gradually
disappears. It goes from solid Carbon Dioxide, and sublimes into Carbon Dioxide vapor.

4. The mole is a counting number that allows scientists to describe how individual molecules and atoms
react. If one mole of atoms or molecules is equal to 6.022 × 1023 atoms or molecules, how many molecules
are in a 23.45 g sample of copper (II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2? (MM of Cu(OH)2 is 97.562 g/mol) Express
your answer to the correct number of significant figures and you must show all work in the form of
dimensional analysis as shown in Lesson 4.
23.45 g Cu x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/ 1 mol Cu = 26.46 atoms of Cu
5. The density of water at 4.00°C is 0.967 g/mL. How many molecules of water are present in a 499.8 mL
bottle of water? Express your answer to the correct number of significant figures and you must show all
work in the form of dimensional analysis as shown in Lesson 4.
Mass = 499.8 mL x 0.967/1mL = 483.3 g 483.3 g water x 1 mol/18.02 g water
26.82 mol water x 6.022 x 18.02
Answer = 1.615 x 10/25 molecules of water

6. A manufacturing company is trying to produce a lightweight but strong cart for use by home gardeners.
Explain which metal—titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), or zinc (Zn)—would be the best for this application and
why?
Titanium, because it has the lowest density, it also resists corrosion and does not
rust, which the other two elements do. It has a light weight, it is ductile and has
plenty malleability.
7. Combustion reactions are a notable source of carbon dioxide in the environment. Using the following
balanced equation, how many grams of carbon dioxide are formed when 100.00 g of propane (C3H8) is
burned? Express your answer to the correct number of significant figures and you must show all work in
the form of dimensional analysis as shown in Lesson 4.
100 divided by 44 = 2.2727 3 x 2.2727 = 6.8181
44 x 6.8181 = 299.9964 g

8. To obtain pure lead, lead (II) sulfide is burned in an atmosphere of pure oxygen. The products of the
reaction are lead and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Write a balanced chemical equation for this process.
PbS + 3/2 O2  Pb + SO3 = 2.21 g

9. Using the balanced equation from Question #8, how many gra ms of lead will be produced if 2.54 grams
of PbS is burned with 1.88 g of O2? Express your answer to the correct number of significant figures and
 you must show all work in the form of dimensional analysis as shown in Lesson 4. (Hint: be sure to work
the problem with both PbS and O2).
Moles of pbs = 2.54 g / 239.3 g/mol = 0.0108 moles Moles of O2 = 1.88 / 32
g/mol = 0.0588 moles Mass of pbs = 0.0108 x 207.2 g/mol
Mass of pbs = 2.24 g
10. Using the Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT, where R = 0.0821 L atm/mol K, calculate the volume in liters of
oxygen produced by the catalytic decomposition of 25.5 g potassium chlorate according to the following
reaction. The oxygen is collected at 2.22 atm and 25.44°C. Express your answer to the correct number of
significant figures. Be sure to show all steps completed to arrive at the answer (including any steps where
dimensional analysis as shown in Lesson 4 is needed).

Moles of KCIO3 = 25.5 g KCIO3 x 1 mol KCIO3/ 122.55 g KCIO3

Moles of O2 = 0.2081 mol KCIO3 x 3 mol O2/ 2 mol KCIO3
T = (25.44 + 273.15) K = 298.59 K
V = nRT/P = 0.3121 mol x 0.0821/2.22 atm
Volume of oxygen = 3.45 L

11. Ammonia (NH3) is an example of a Brønsted-Lowry Base.

i. Define the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory.

States that an acid is a substance that can donate a proton to another substance
A base is a substance that can accept a proton from another substance
ii. What’s the pH of a solution of ammonia that has a concentration of 0.335 M? The K b of ammonia is
1.8 × 10–5. First complete the ICE chart.

HA H3O+ A-
Initial 0.335 0 0
Change -x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.335 + x x x

iii. Calculate the pH. Please show all work.

NH3 + H2O – NH4 + OH –
OH - = 2.46 x 10-3 mol/L
pOH = -log(OH) = -log (2.46 x 10-3) = 2.6
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 2.61 = 11.39

12. Electrochemistry is important in many aspects of daily life.

i. Define voltaic cell.

A device that uses a chemical reaction to produce electrical energy
ii. Fill in the blanks for the drawing of a voltaic cell that’s made with copper/copper (II) nitrate (E° =
 0.34 V) and zinc/zinc (II) nitrate (E° = –0.76 V). Briefly explain the role of the salt bridge.
Cu2+ + 2e – Cu 0.34
Zn2+ + 2e – Zn - 0.76
A salt bridge’s role is to help in the maintenance of electrical neutrality
iii. Using the equation E°cell = E°cathode – E°anode, calculate the overall cell potential for the cell in step b.
Be sure to show all steps completed to arrive at the answer.
Cu2+ + 2e – Cu
Zn – Zn2+ + 2e
Zn + Cu2+ -- Zn2+ + Cu
Cell = cat – an = 0.34 V – (-0.76 V) = 0.34 V

a. electron flow
b. voltmeter
c. _Electron flow____________
d. Cathode_____________
e. _Cu2+(aq) NO3+-(aq)____________
f. salt bridge_____________
g. Zn2+(aq) NO3+ -(aq)_____________
h. anode_____________

13. Compare and contrast an electrolytic cell with a voltaic cell. Provide one example where both are present in
daily life.

Electrolytic Cell Differences Similarities Voltaic Cell Differences

Types of Produce electric energy
Convert electric energy electrochemical cells. from chemical reactions
to chemical energy Involve movement of
ions through an
electrolyte.
Convert chemical
energy into electrical
Non-spontaneous energy. Spontaneous redox
reactions take place reaction takes place
 Occurs when an electric Makes electric current
current is conducted
through the solution Used in Watches

Decomposition of water
into hydrogen and
oxygen

For chemical drawings, you can use the Chemical Equation editor in the submission box for the assignment.
You can also download a program called Marvin Sketch (https://chemaxon.com/products/marvin).

14. Acid catalyzed dehydration-condensation reactions of carboxylic acids and alcohols produce chemicals called
esters.

i. Using carbon skeletal notation, write the dehydration-condensation reaction that occurs between ethanol
and butanoic acid.

ii. What is the name of this ester?

Ethyl butanoate
15. Respiration is a three-step process that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. Describe each of the three steps.
Glycolysis is the first step, it brakes down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle is the 2nd step, pyruvate is broken down into 3CO2
Electron transport is the 3rd step, electrons are passed through and reduce oxygen
to water

16. The equation E = mc2 is one of the lasting symbols of science. Answer the following 2 questions based on
nuclear chemistry concepts found in Lesson 6 (NOT based on physics concepts).

i. Explain what each term in this equation means and what energy is being calculated. What are the
derived units for E?
E = energy M = mass C = speed of light The derived units for E are
joule, newton metre, kilowatt hour, watt second, and volt coulomb
ii. Compare a nuclear reaction, such as uranium’s alpha particle emission, with a nonnuclear reaction,
such as the reaction of sodium with chlorine. What’s the fundamental difference between these two
types of reactions?
A nuclear reaction takes place in the nucleus of an atom, an element becomes a different
element.

A chemical reaction involves rearranging electrons which are outside the nucleus, the
elements do not change