TYPE Original Research

PUBLISHED 20 February 2023

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097894

Sense of hope affects secondary

OPEN ACCESS school students’ mental health: A
moderated mediation model
EDITED BY
Dongjie Xie,
Zhejiang Normal University,
China

REVIEWED BY Yajing Sun 1†, Haibo Yu 1†, Xiaoguang Wu 1 and Chao Ma 1,2*
Zhi Li, 1
Normal College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China, 2 Center of Application of Psychological Research,
Lieber Institute for Brain Development,
Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
United States
Laura Muzi,
University of Perugia,
Italy Introduction: The study assesses the moderated mediation effect of sense of
*CORRESPONDENCE
hope on the mental health of secondary school students.
Chao Ma Methods: The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), Connor-Davidson
machao131517@126.com
Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90) were used
These authors have contributed equally to this
†
to conduct a questionnaire survey on 1776 secondary school students.
work and share first authorship

SPECIALTY SECTION
Results: The results showed that total mental health scores of secondary
This article was submitted to school students were significantly negatively correlated with sense of hope and
Health Psychology, psychological resilience; sense of hope was significantly positively correlated with
a section of the journal
psychological resilience; sense of hope significantly and positively predicted the
Frontiers in Psychology
level of mental health of secondary school students, and psychological resilience
RECEIVED 14November 2022
ACCEPTED 01 February 2023
played a mediating role in it; gender plays a moderating role in the relationship
PUBLISHED 20 February 2023 between sense of hope and psychological resilience.
CITATION Discussion: The study further revealed the mechanism of the effect of sense of
Sun Y, Yu H, Wu X and Ma C (2023) Sense of
hope on secondary school students’ mental health, and provided suggestions
hope affects secondary school students’
mental health: A moderated mediation model. for cultivating positive psychological qualities and promoting the mental health
Front. Psychol. 14:1097894. development of secondary school students.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097894

COPYRIGHT KEYWORDS
© 2023 Sun, Yu, Wu and Ma. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of secondary school students, sense of hope, psychological resilience, mental health,
the Creative Commons Attribution License moderated mediation model
(CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction
in other forums is permitted, provided the
original author(s) and the copyright owner(s)
are credited and that the original publication in
this journal is cited, in accordance with
accepted academic practice. No use,
distribution or reproduction is permitted which
does not comply with these terms.
Introduction
Globally, the mental health of young people has been identified as a major area of health
concern (Buckley et al., 2011). The China Youth Development Report, which has been published
by the China Youth Research Center and the International Department of the Central Committee
of the Communist Youth League, indicates that about 30 million adolescents under the age of 17 in
China are being troubled by emotional problems and behavioral disorders. While, approximately
half of adult mental disorders begin during adolescence (AlAzzam and Abuhammad, 2021), making
these early years of life a key time at which to intervene to support good mental health, and to
prevent or reduce later poor mental health outcomes. Secondary school students are in the relatively
sensitive adolescent period, which is a critical period for mental development and personality
building. Therefore, the effects of improving mental health awareness among young people,
especially those of school age, would be important (Jessiman et al., 2022). There are many factors
that affect mental health of secondary school students, and their psychological qualities and
characteristics play an important role in their mental health (Pan et al., 2021).
With the development of positive psychology, more and more researchers are focusing on
the impact of positive psychological qualities on mental health (Xiao et al., 2021). Sense of hope
and psychological resilience, as important positive psychological qualities, can alleviate the

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Sun et al. 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097894

negative effects of psychological imbalance when secondary school Sense of hope and psychological resilience
students are faced with stressful events and enable them to cope with
their worries in school and life in a more positive way, thus playing From the positive psychology perspective, this study argues that
an effective role in protecting and promoting their mental health psychological resilience should be a dynamic developmental process
(Nooripour et al., 2021). It has been shown that sense of hope has a (Tusaie and Dyer, 2004), which means that psychological resilience is a
predictive effect on psychological resilience and psychological health. dynamic psychological adaptation process that motivates individuals to
Sense of hope influences individuals’ subjective well-being through fight against external stress and achieve healthy development when they
psychological resilience, and subjective well-being are closely related face adversity or significant negative life events. The dynamical systems
with mental health (Yıldırım and Arslan, 2020). That is, individuals theory of psychological resilience emphasizes that protective factors can
with high sense of hope have a more positive attitude toward the facilitate individuals’ acquisition and development of psychological
future, while stronger psychological resilience can provide individuals resilience at any stage and alleviate the adverse effects generated by
with more positive psychological resources when facing major life negative events. Sense of hope as an important protective factor of
events, reduce worthless and meaningless negative emotions, improve psychological resilience (Zhang et al., 2019) can protect students from
life satisfaction (Chen and Li, 2014; Yao and Yang, 2017), and protect negative emotions and accelerate recovery from negative emotions, thus
their mental health. Therefore, based on the perspective of positive helping them to better cope with external risks, effectively reduce the
psychology, it is important to investigate the influence and probability of emotional and behavioral problems, and better adapt to
mechanism of the sense of hope on the mental health of secondary the environment (Yang et al., 2013). Studies of patients with physical and
school students to cultivate their positive psychological qualities and mental illnesses have shown that sense of hope is a significant positive
promote their comprehensive and harmonious physical and predictor of psychological resilience (Wu et al., 2016), and that
mental development. individuals with high sense of hope are more likely to develop positive
emotions, increase resilience, and adjust and adapt as quickly as possible
during stressful events (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004; Lu et al., 2018).
Literature review
Sense of hope and mental health Sense of hope, psychological resilience,
and mental health
Sense of hope is a positive, goal-oriented, future-oriented
psychological quality that includes two key elements that interact Psychological resilience, as positive psychological capital, can
with each other: motivational thinking and path thinking (Snyder mitigate the negative effects of negative life events on secondary
et al., 1991). Individuals’ evaluation of whether they can achieve school students’ psychological distress, and adolescents with high
their goals affects their emotions, and the idea of finding the right psychological resilience have more positive ways to maintain their
approach and working to achieve goals raises the level of sense of mental health when experiencing adversity (Yang, 2017). Students
hope, thus reducing negative emotions and contributing to their with high psychological resilience have strong willpower, are able to
mental health (Karataş et al., 2021). Previous studies have shown effectively use resources to cope with stressful events, and tend to
that the sense of hope plays an important role in the physical and view life events with a positive perspective, thus maintaining a
mental health of adolescents, and that the level of sense of hope is positive emotional state and high levels of mental health (Bajaj et al.,
significantly associated with mental health status (Wang, 2015; 2022). It has been shown that psychological resilience significantly
Zhou, 2017). Sense of hope can enhance an individual’s subjective and positively predicts mental health, and that students with high
well-being and mental health by mitigating the negative effects of psychological resilience are less likely to have a psychological crisis
negative information (Hu et al., 2011; Satici, 2016). Individuals with in stressful or frustrating situations (Zhang, 2014). A recent study
high sense of hope have a greater ability to adapt, adjust and recover shows that in the context of COVID-19, sense of hope and
from illness (Wang et al., 2019; Sabanciogullari and Yilmaz, 2021); psychological resilience are valid predictors of psychological stress
they are more inclined to assess themselves with positive self- and mental health (Nooripour et al., 2021), and that individuals can
feedback and have more positive emotions (Snyder, 2002; Cai and maintain a better emotional state in the presence of both, even in
Zhan, 2020); they are more inclined to choose more difficult goals major stressful situations (Szczypińska et al., 2021).
and take a proactive and positive approach to deal with difficulties Secondary school students are at an important stage of their lives.
(Xv, 2010). Sense of hope can effectively predict life satisfaction. A When they face academic and interpersonal problems, their ability
2-year longitudinal study by Marques et al. found that sense of hope to maintain a positive mindset, objectively assess environment, and
can promote secondary school students’ mental health through actively find a solution to solve the problem is important for their
increased life satisfaction (Marques et al., 2011). Many studies have healthy physical and mental development. Research on sense of hope
shown that a sense of hope is a protective factor that affects the and psychological resilience has focused more on the treatment and
mental health of individuals when facing adversity. Therefore, recovery of patients with physical and mental illnesses and less on the
exploring mental health status of secondary school students from secondary school student population, and little research has been
the positive perspective of sense of hope is of great value in done on the effects and mechanisms of sense of hope on mental
promoting their overall development and thus adapting to school health. Therefore, one of our hypotheses is that psychological
life. Thus, one of our hypotheses is that sense of hope significantly resilience positively predicts the level of mental health of secondary
and positively predicts the level of mental health of secondary school students, and psychological resilience plays a mediating role
school students. in the effects of sense of hope on mental health.

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Sun et al. 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097894

The development of psychological resilience varies among 11) and are not interpreted, while the remaining 8 items include 2
individuals of different genders. It has been shown that females are dimensions: motivation thinking and path thinking. The 4-point
more sensitive and feel more intense stress and distress when faced Likert scale was used ranging from 1 (not at all likely) to 4 (highly
with stressful events, while males have more psychological resources likely). Scores for each item were added to obtain the dimension score,
and maintain higher level of psychological resilience (Masood et al., and dimension scores were summed to obtain the total score. A higher
2016). In the face of setbacks, stable and positive emotions help total score represented a higher level of trait hope. The Chinese
individuals maintain hope for the future and explore more problem- version of Adult Dispositional Hope Scale is applicable to students
solving solutions. Therefore, one of our hypotheses is that gender aged 15 and above (Chen et al., 2009). The internal consistency
moderates the effect of sense of hope on psychological resilience. coefficient of the entire scale in this study was 0.86, with 0.82 for path
thinking dimension and 0.78 for motivation thinking dimension.

The current study Conner-Davidson resilience scale

Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, developed by Connor and
In summary, this study constructed a moderated mediation model Davidson (2003) and translated and revised by Yu and Zhang (2007),
to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the was used to assess the level of psychological resilience of individuals.
relationship between secondary school students’ sense of hope and There were 25 items in CD-RISC, including three dimensions:
mental health, and also tested whether the effect of sense of hope on resilience, strength, and optimism. The 5-point Likert scale was used
psychological resilience is moderated by gender. ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (almost always), with higher total
scores indicating higher psychological resilience. The internal
consistency coefficient of the entire scale in this study was 0.96, with
Materials and methods 0.94 for resilience, 0.89 for strength, and 0.70 for optimism.

Participants Symptom checklist 90

Developed by Derogatis (1973), Symptom Checklist 90 was used
Using a whole group sampling method, this survey was conducted to assess an individual’s level of mental health. The 90-item scale
in September 2020, and despite being during the COVID-19 includes 10 dimensions: somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness,
pandemic, there was no outbreak in the tested cities and schools. The interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety,
investigative process was approved by school leaders, teachers, and the paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and others. The 5-point Likert scale
subjects themselves. The questionnaires were distributed through was used ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (severe), with higher scores
mental health education classes and class meetings, and the main indicating lower level of mental health. Total symptom scores >2
testers were trained and told a uniform instructional language. All indicated the presence of mild symptoms. The internal consistency
subjects were required to complete questionnaires in 5–10 min, and coefficient of the whole scale in this study was 0.98, including 0.90 for
the main testers emphasized the principles of confidentiality of results somatization, 0.89 for obsessive-compulsiveness, 0.87 for interpersonal
and anonymity in the actual testing process. One thousand eight sensitivity, 0.93 for depression, 0.91 for anxiety, 0.80 for hostility,
hundred and seventeen questionnaires were distributed in a senior 0.86 for phobic anxiety, 0.82 for paranoid ideation, and 0.88
high school in Northwest China, and 1776 valid questionnaires were for psychoticism.
obtained at last. Forty-one subjects were excluded due to short answer
time and missing data on the main variables. The effective rate of the
questionnaire was 97.74%. Among the valid questionnaires, 718 were Data analysis
male students with a mean age of 17.94 years (SD = 1.32) and 1,058
were female students with a mean age of 17.77 years (SD = 1.29); 174 The statistical analyses were carried out through the IBM SPSS
were only children, 1,602 were non-only children, and 769, 543, and Statistics 22 and the modeling tool PROCESS 3.0 for SPSS. IBM SPSS
464 were in the first, second, and third year of high school, respectively. Statistics 22 was used to test the data for internal consistency
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and coefficients, descriptive statistical analysis, and correlation analysis.
approved by the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi Model 4 in PROCESS was used to test for mediating effects, Model
University. Written informed consent to participate in this study was 7 in PROCESS was used to test for mediated moderating effects, and
provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin. Written confidence intervals were used to determine whether the mediating
informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)’ effects and the moderating effects were significant (Hayes, 2017).
legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially
identifiable images or data included in this article.
Results
Measurements Common method bias test

The adult dispositional hope scale Data were collected through the subject self-report method, and
Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, developed by Snyder et al. (1991) the use of scales to measure the same subjects is prone to common
and translated by Ren (2006), was used to assess trait hope level. There method error and variance, leading to common method bias
were 12 items in ADHS, 4 of which are filler items (items 3, 5, 7, and problems. Therefore, the Harman’s single-factor test was used to assess

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common method bias before data analysis (Podsakoff et al., 2003). The moderate correlation between the variables and there is no covariance
results showed that eigenvalues of 15 unrotated factors were greater (Cohen et al., 2009).
than 1, and the amount of variation explained by the first factor was
32.11%, which is less than 40% of the critical value. Accordingly,
common method bias was not significant in this study. Further, a Mediating effect analysis
single-factor validation factor analysis was used to test all self-
assessment items for common method bias, and the results showed The mediating effect of psychological resilience between sense
that the model fit was poor (Tang and Wen, 2020). Thus, in this study, of hope and mental health was analyzed using the Model 4 in the
the results from both methods indicated that there was no serious PROCESS program developed by Hayes (2017). The results (see
common method bias. Table 2) showed that sense of hope was a significant negative
predictor of total mental health scores (β = −0.203, t = −8.684,
p < 0.001), i.e., sense of hope positively predicted the level of mental
Descriptives and correlations health of secondary school students. When the mediating variable
psychological resilience was added, sense of hope had a significantly
The subjects’ sense of hope and mental health were first compared negative effect on total mental health scores (β = −0.083, t = −2.927,
in terms of gender, grade, and whether they were only children. The p < 0.01) and psychological resilience significantly and negatively
results of independent samples t-test showed that sense of hope of predicted total mental health scores (β = −0.206, t = −7.292,
only children (M = 20.22, SD = 4.30) was significantly higher than that p < 0.001).
of children with sibling (M = 19.11, SD = 5.13), t = 3.18, p < 0.005, while In order to validate the significance of the mediating effect,
the difference in the level of mental health was not significant non-parametric Bootstrap method was also used (repeat sampling
(t = −0.66,p > 0.005); sense of hope of male students (M = 19.64, 5,000 times). As shown in Table 3, the results showed that the 95%
SD = 5.36) was significantly better than that of female students confidence interval corresponding to each path did not contain 0,
(M = 18.93, SD = 4.84), t = 2.86, p < 0.005, and mental health level of indicating that the total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect were
male students (M = 1.26, SD = 0.37) was significantly higher than statistically significant (p < 0.05). Thus, the mediating effect of the
female students’ (M = 1.38, SD = 0.49), t = 5.574, p < 0.001. The results psychological resilience on the relationship between sense of hope
of the one-way ANOVA showed that there were no significant and total score of mental health was statistically significant. The
differences in the levels of sense of hope (F = 2.57, p = 0.07) and mental mediation effect value was −0.011, accounting for 61.11% of the
health (F = 0.996, p = 0.501) in different grades. total effect.
Correlation analysis of the three variables of sense of hope,
psychological resilience, and mental health showed (See Table 1) that
sense of hope and psychological resilience were significantly and Moderated mediation effect analysis
positively correlated (r = 0.582, p < 0.01), and both were also
significantly and negatively correlated with the total mental health The moderated mediation model (see Figure 1) was tested using
score (r = −0.203, p < 0.01; r = −0.255, p < 0.01), i.e., both sense of hope the Model 7 in the PROCESS program, controlling for only child and
and psychological resilience positively correlated with the level of grade. The results (see Table 4) indicated that gender × sense of hope
mental health (higher total mental health score represents lower level was a significant predictor of total mental health scores when gender
of mental health). The correlation coefficients between any two of the was placed into the model (β = 0.1291, t = 2.040, p < 0.005), suggesting
three variables were less than 0.8, indicating that there was a low to that gender can play a moderating role in the direct prediction of

TABLE 1 Descriptive analysis and correlation coefficients of the study variables.

M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Path thinking 9.962 2.876 1

2. Motivation 9.256 2.561 0.735** 1

thinking

3. Sense of hope 19.218 5.067 0.940** 0.923** 1

4. Resilience 37.628 10.523 0.491** 0.549** 0.556** 1

5. Strength 24.055 6.379 0.505** 0.533** 0.557** 0.869** 1

6. Optimism 10.661 3.067 0.461** 0.439** 0.484** 0.682** 0.731** 1

7. Psychological 72.344 18.712 0.524** 0.562** 0.582** 0.970** 0.949** 0.797** 1

resilience

8. Mental health 1.329 0.449 −0.130** −0.257** −0.203** −0.243** −0.243** −0.123** −0.255** 1
(total score)
N = 1776.
**The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.

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TABLE 2 The mediating effect of the psychological resilience on the relationship between sense of hope and mental health.

Regression equation (N=1776) Fit indices Significance of regression

coefficient
Result variable Predictor variable R R2 F(df) β t
Mental health 0.205 0.042 25.778(3)

Only children −0.001 −0.030

Grade −0.022 −0.963

Sense of hope −0.203 −8.684***

Psychological resilience 0.583 0.340 303.400(3)

Only children 0.024 1.231

Grade 0.019 0.983

Sense of hope 0.583 30.091***

Mental health 0.264 0.070 33.200(4)

Only children 0.004 0.183

Grade −0.019 −0.807

Sense of hope −0.083 −2.927*

Psychological resilience −0.206 −7.292***

The variables in the model are standardized and all values are rounded to three decimal places.*The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
***The correlation is significant at the 0.001 level.

TABLE 3 Total effect, direct effect, and mediating effect.

The relationship between sense of hope
Effect Boot SE 95%CI Effect and secondary school students’ mental
value size health and psychological resilience
Total effect −0.018 0.002 [−0.022,
−0.014]
This study found that sense of hope was significantly and
positively related to psychological resilience and mental health
Direct effect −0.007 0.002 [−0.011, 38.89%
level; sense of hope significantly and positively predicted
−0.003]
psychological resilience and mental health level, i.e., secondary
Mediating −0.011 0.001 [−0.013, 61.11% school students with higher sense of hope had higher psychological
effect −0.008] resilience and higher mental health level, which was consistent
The variables in the model are standardized and all values are rounded to three decimal with the results of existing studies (Wu et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2018).
places.
Trait hope is a moderator of depression and negative life events
and is a protective factor against suicide (Griggs, 2017). Students
with high sense of hope have clearer perceptions of goals, more
sense of hope on psychological resilience. A further simple slope positive attitudes toward the future and more strategies to solve
analysis of the moderating effect of gender (see Figure 2) showed that difficulties in real life (Yıldırım and Arslan, 2020). They are good
the positive predictive effect of sense of hope on psychological at finding and integrating available resources to combat external
resilience was more significant in the female group (β = 2.257, pressure with a more positive attitude, overcoming difficulties,
t = 23.492, p < 0.001) compared to the male group (β = 1.966, t = 18.675, solving problems, and finally achieving their goals (Tugade and
p < 0.001), indicating that the effect of sense of hope on psychological Fredrickson, 2004). It encourages students to look to the future
resilience in females was greater. with a more positive outlook, to relieve from stressful events
faster, and to pursue a healthy psychological state (Wang and
Wang, 2016).

Discussion
In this study, a moderated mediation model was developed to The mediating effect of psychological
examine the underlying mechanisms of the effect of sense of hope on resilience
secondary school students’ mental health, and the mediating role of
psychological resilience and the moderating role of gender were also Sense of hope significantly and positively predicted secondary
discussed. The results indicated that sense of hope positively school students’ psychological resilience and mental health, and a
predicted secondary school students’ mental health through further mediating effect test revealed that psychological resilience
psychological resilience, and gender played a moderating role in the plays a mediating role between the sense of hope and mental
relationship between sense of hope and psychological resilience. health. Based on hope theory, as a positive personal trait, sense of

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hope promotes secondary school students to think positively The moderating role of gender in the
about more possibilities when they face adversities and stressful relationship between sense of hope and
events (Toma et al., 2022), inspires them to keep accumulating psychological resilience
knowledge and experience that are conducive to achieving their
goals, and at the same time helps them to strengthen their The present study also confirmed the moderating role of gender
confidence in overcoming difficulties and build up their between sense of hope and psychological resilience in secondary
expectations for a better future (Geiger et al., 2021). High hope school students, with sense of hope having a greater effect on
traits help secondary school students to expand the cognitive psychological resilience in females. Previous research has shown that
scope, develop positive self-assessment and responses (Ling et al., females tend to engage in contemplative responses and encode
2020), and provide secondary school students with additional negative information more deeply, making it difficult for them to
psychological resources that further contribute to their withdraw from negative events (Hilt et al., 2010). Females are less
psychological resilience. Sense of hope, as a protective factor of psychologically resilient than males, but they are more relationship-
psychological resilience (Zhang et al., 2019), can help secondary oriented and can get more companionship and emotional support
school students better cope with stressful events, alleviate the from their peers and teachers in addition to their parents (Zhang et al.,
resulting negative effects, improve their resilience, effectively 2022). Based on the expansion and construction theory of positive
reduce the probability of emotional and behavioral problems emotions (Fredrickson, 2001), sense of hope can help females reduce
among secondary school students, and further promote their negative emotional distress by constructing psychological resources
mental health development. that give them more confidence to believe in the future. High sense of
hope can also shift their attention in the face of negative events (Kaleta
and Mróz, 2020), so as to discover specific and clear, flexible, and
feasible problem-solving strategies (Snyder et al., 1991).

Limitations and future studies

This study examined the relationship between sense of hope and

mental health of secondary school students, as well as the mediating
role of psychological resilience and the moderating role of gender,
which have positive implications for exploring the factors affecting
mental health of secondary school students and the ways to regulate
the level of mental health. However, there are certain shortcomings in
this study, and future studies can be further improved.
FIGURE 1 First, this study is a cross-sectional study, which lacks continuity
Moderated mediation model. to determine the causal relationship between variables, and future
studies can further adopt longitudinal studies or cross-lagged research

TABLE 4 The moderating effect of the gender on the mediating effect.

Regression equation (N=1776) Fit indices Significance of regression

coefficient
Result variable Predictor variable R R2 F(df) β t
Mental health 0.593 0.352 192.195(5)

Only children 0.022 1.159

grade 0.015 0.775

Sense of hope 0.579 29.968***

gender −0.106 −5.525***

Sense of hope × gender 0.039 2.040*

Mental health (total 0.264 0.070 33.195(4)

score) Only children 0.004 0.183

grade −0.019 −0.807

Sense of hope −0.083 −2.927**

Psychological resilience −0.206 −7.292***

*The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
**The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
***The correlation is significant at the 0.001 level.

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FIGURE 2
The moderating effect of the gender on the relationship between sense of hope and psychological resilience.

methods to explore the causal relationship among the three variables. Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine. Written
Second, the study used questionnaires to study the relationship informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the
between the variables, and the ecological effect was not strong. Future participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.
studies can combine experimental and interview methods to explore
in depth the relationship between sense of hope, psychological
resilience, and mental health in real situations.
Author contributions
Conclusion YS and HY designed the experiment, collected data, prepared the
manuscript, and made data analysis. XW corrected the whole language
1. Sense of hope and psychological resilience were all significantly of the manuscript and made final approval. CM gave technique
and positively correlated with the level of mental health of supports and valuable suggestions in experiment designing. All
secondary school students. authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
2. Sense of hope and psychological resilience positively predicted
the level of mental health of secondary school students, and
psychological resilience played a mediating role in the effect of
sense of hope on mental health. Conflict of interest
3. Gender plays a moderating role in the relationship between
sense of hope and psychological resilience. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will Publisher’s note
be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
Ethics statement organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the
reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
approved by Science and Technology Ethics Committee of the First endorsed by the publisher.

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