VIDYAGYAN SCHOOL

SURAINCHA, SITAPUR (u.p)

BIOLOGY PROJECT

TOPIC-BIOTECHNOLOGY –Processes and Applications.

SUBMITTED TO-MR. MUKESH KUMAR
SUBMITTED BY-MANJARI SINGH
CLASS-XII ‘B’

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Manjari Singh, a student of class XII
‘B’ has successfully completed the Biology project entitled
“Biotechnology: Processes and Applications” under my guidance
and supervision in the academic year 2023-2024.

Signature of Internal
Examiner/Teacher In-charge

Mukesh Kumar PGT (Biology)

VidyaGyan School Suraincha, Sitapur
(UP)-261302

Principal
External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal Mrs. “Swati Shaligram” and the
school for providing me with the facilities required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mr. Mukesh Kumar, for his

invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages of
this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support and
encouragement. Their words of encouragement and lightening curiosity
within me has led to the completion both strategically and thoroughly.

At last but not the least, I would like to pay my gratitude towards my
classmates for their incessant support.

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Index….

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

Aim
1. What is Biotechnology 5

2. Applications 5
of Biotechnology

3. Developments 6

4. Biotechnology in 7-8
Medicine

5. Biotechnology in 11-13
Agriculture

6. Bibliography 14

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AIM:
To study what is biotechnology and its processing and applications. To analyze
and compare with conventional methods used in agriculture.

What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is a technology that utilizes biological systems, living
organisms or parts of these to develop or create different products for the
welfare of plants and human beings.

Applications of Biotechnology
 Production of antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes and proteins:
Many safe and therapeutic drugs have been produced using
recombinant DNA technology. These drugs do not induce an allergic
reaction, which may be the case if the same product is isolated from
any animal source.
 Gene Therapy:
Gene therapy is used in correcting genetic defects in embryos and
children. Normal genes are delivered to the embryo or an individual
with a faulty gene so that the function of the faulty gene is restored.
For the first time, gene therapy was performed on a girl
with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency in 1990.
 Molecular Diagnostics:
Biotechnology has proven useful in early diagnosis of disease.
PCR (Polymerase chain reaction): very low concentrations of viruses
and bacteria can be detected by amplifying the DNA. PCR is used to
detect the HIV virus in AIDS patients.

 Transgenic Animals:

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Transgenic animals are those animals whose genes are
manipulated to express a foreign gene. These transgenic animals
are useful in many ways-

 Study gene regulation during normal growth and development

 Understand the progression of the disease. Various treatments
can be tried on transgenic models with life-threatening diseases

coding for protein 𝛼-1-antitrypsin used to treat emphysema was

 For the production of various biological products, e.g. gene

incorporated to form the transgenic animal

human protein, 𝛼-lact albumin

 Rosie, the first transgenic cow, produced milk containing a

 Safety of vaccines can be tested on transgenic animals, e.g.

the polio vaccine was tested on transgenic mice
 Toxicity of drugs can be tested on transgenic animals

Developments through Biotechnology

Biotechnology is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature's own toolbox and
using our own genetic makeup to heal and guide lines of research by reducing rates
of infectious disease, saving millions of children's lives, and changing the odds of
serious, life-threatening conditions affecting millions around the world.

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Biotechnology: Healing, Fuelling and Feeding the
Planet Earth

Biotechnology in Medicine
Biotechnology has a variety of applications in the field of medicine. Some
of the biotechnology applications in medicine include the following:

 Recombinant Insulin
 Insulin is required by diabetic patients to remove excess sugar from
the blood. Diabetic patients have a very low level of insulin or no
insulin produced by the body. Therefore, they need external insulin
to control blood glucose levels.

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 Later it was discovered that the insulin produced by the pancreas of
the pigs can be used by humans. But there were not enough pigs to
provide the quantities of insulin required. This led to the cloning of
the human insulin gene.

 The specific gene sequence that codes for human insulin was
introduced in E.coli bacteria. The gene sequence altered the genetic
composition of the E.coli cells. Within 24 hours
several E.coli bacteria containing the recombinant human insulin
gene were produced. The recombinant human insulin was isolated
from E.coli cells.

 Gene Therapy
 Gene Therapy holds the most promising answer to the problem of
genetic diseases. Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders
usually by the insertion of a normal gene or correct gene for the
defective or inactive gene into an individual with the help of vectors
such as retrovirus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus.
 The normal gene replaces the defective or inactive gene and carries
out its functions. The therapy has the highest chance of developing
a permanent cure if introduced in the earliest stages of life.

 Edible Vaccines or Piggyback Vaccines

 Genetically engineered harmless viruses are used to produce
subunit vaccines.

 They are effective against viral diseases, such as hepatitis B,

Herpes, and rabies, to name a few.

 These recombinant viruses create several copies in the cultured

mammalian cells. Upon conversion to the rabbit or mouse body, they
produce antibodies against those viruses, providing immunity.

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  Vaccines are obtained from animals and cell cultures. These
vaccines contain inactivated pathogens.

 Transgenic plants can produce antigens that can be used as edible

vaccines. Antigenic proteins from several pathogens can be
expressed in plants such as tomatoes and bananas.

 Transgenic sugar beet can treat foot and mouth diseases of animals,
and transgenic bananas and tomatoes can cure diseases such as
cholera and hepatitis B.

Comparison between conventional breeding and genetic

engineering breeding:-

1. Genetic engineering is not just an extension of conventional breeding in

fact, it differs profoundly.
2. As a general rule, conventional breeding develops new plant varieties by
the process of selection, and seeks to achieve expression of genetic material
which is already present within a species.
3. There are exceptions, which include species hybridization, wide crosses
and horizontal gene transfer, but they are limited, and do not change the
overall conclusion
4. Conventional breeding employs processes that occur in nature, such as
sexual and asexual reproduction.
5. The product of conventional breeding emphasizes certain characteristics.
However these characteristics are not new for the species.
6. The characteristics have been present for millennia within the genetic
potential of the species.
7. Genetic engineering works primarily through insertion of genetic material,
although gene insertion must also be followed up by selection.
8. This insertion process does not occur in nature. A gene “gun”, a bacterial
“truck” or a chemical or electrical treatment inserts the genetic material into
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 the host plant cell and then, with the help of genetic elements in the
construct, this genetic material inserts itself into the chromosomes of the
host plant.
9. Engineers must also insert a “promoter” gene from a virus as part of the
package, to make the inserted gene express itself.
This process alone, involves a gene gun or a comparable technique, and a
promoter, is profoundly different from conventional breeding, even if the
primary goal is only to insert genetic material from the same species. But
beyond that, the technique permits genetic mate

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 Bt Cotton

 It has been genetically modified by the insertion of one or more

genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thermogenesis.
These genes encode the production of insecticidal proteins, and
thus, genetically transformed plants produce one or more toxins as
they grow. The genes that have been inserted into cotton produce
toxins that are limited in activity almost exclusively to caterpillar
pests (Lepidoptera).

 Other strains of Bacillus thermogenesis have genes that encode

toxins with insecticidal activity on some beetles (Coleopteran) and
Flies (Diptera).
Some of these genes are being used to control pests in other crops, such
as
corn.

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 Golden Rice
 It is as natural as any genetically modified crop.

 A cup of this rice can save children’s eyesight as it contains Vitamin

A which is a rich source to prevent night blindness

 Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has killed millions of children in less-

developed countries for at least the last three decades—roughly 2
million annually in the early 1990s alone. Although the number is
declining, it was estimated to be 266,200 at the start of the
millennium. However by the production of golden rice rich in Vitamin
A the consumption of this rice rose at a faster rate to tackle with the
diseases caused by due to its deficiency.

 Steps for the production of golden rice as follows in the flow chart
given below:

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Page 13 of 14
Bibliography
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128046593000191
 https://www.google.com/search?q=bt+cotton&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjS_L7fr8r_AhVxw
 https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/biology/the-applications-of-
biotechnology-in-medicine/#:~:text=It%20leads%20to%20the%20production,HIV%2C
%20diabetes%2C%20and%20asthma.
 https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1ONGR_enIN1032IN1032&q=transgenic+animals&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi
smtvXrsr_AhWvcWwGHW6gCSsQ0pQJegQIDRAB&biw=1280&bih=552&dpr=1.5
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=golden+rice+production&rlz=1C1ONGR_enIN1032IN1032&oq=golden+rice+process&aq
s=chrome.2.69i57j0i22i30l9.6028j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=comparison+between+the+yields+by+biotech+process+and+conventional+method&rlz=1
C1RLNS_enIN1019IN1019&oq=comparison+between+the+yields+by+biotech+process+an
d+conventional+method&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQIRgK0gEJNzg5M
DBqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#ip=1

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