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    Organic Reactions Summary Sheet

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    thacheee
    The document summarizes various organic reactions involving alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and other functional groups. It describes reaction conditions, products, and uses. Combustion reactions of alkanes produce CO2 and H2O under complete combustion, or CO and H2O under incomplete combustion. Halogenation of alkanes and alkenes results in haloalkanes via substitution or addition. Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids. Esters are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols via condensation.

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    Organic Reactions Summary Sheet

    Uploaded by

    thacheee
    4K views2 pages
    The document summarizes various organic reactions involving alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and other functional groups. It describes reaction conditions, products, and uses. Combustion reactions of alkanes produce CO2 and H2O under complete combustion, or CO and H2O under incomplete combustion. Halogenation of alkanes and alkenes results in haloalkanes via substitution or addition. Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids. Esters are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols via condensation.

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    The document summarizes various organic reactions involving alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and other functional groups. It describes reaction conditions, products, and uses. Combustion reactions of alkanes produce CO2 and H2O under complete combustion, or CO and H2O under incomplete combustion. Halogenation of alkanes and alkenes results in haloalkanes via substitution or addition. Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids. Esters are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols via condensation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    4K views2 pages

    Organic Reactions Summary Sheet

    Uploaded by

    thacheee
    The document summarizes various organic reactions involving alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, and other functional groups. It describes reaction conditions, products, and uses. Combustion reactions of alkanes produce CO2 and H2O under complete combustion, or CO and H2O under incomplete combustion. Halogenation of alkanes and alkenes results in haloalkanes via substitution or addition. Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids. Esters are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols via condensation.

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    of 2

    Organic Reactions Summary Sheet

    Reactants Alkanes + Oxygen Products Complete: CO2 and water Incomplete: CO and water + Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) Alkenes + halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) haloalkane Conditions Little bit of heat to get it going and plenty of oxygen Little bit of heat to get it going, and not enuf O2, oxygen is limiting reactant UV light, hv
    Classification Combustion (also redox reactions)

    Example 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 8 CO2 +10h2o 2 C4H10 + 9 O2 8 CO + 10 H2O

    Uses /Other

    CO harmful to humans, unburned hydrocarbons produce smog

    Substitution

    H H H
    methane

    Cl Cl

    H H H
    chloromethane

    Cl

    H Cl H Cl

    H Cl Cl
    chloroform

    Cl

    Cl Cl Cl
    tetrachloromethane also: carbontetrachloride

    Cl

    dichloromethane

    also: trichloromethane

    Dihaloalkane

    Addition

    H H

    H H

    Cl Cl

    Cl Cl H H H H

    Uses: makes starting material for PVC and Indication of akenes


    Br2 dissolved in dichloromethane is used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes. If reddish-brown color of Br2 disappears when added to unknown, the unknown has alkenes in it.

    + hydrogen

    Alkane

    Platinum or palladium catalyst

    Addition (also called reduction)

    H H

    H H

    H H

    t2 / O P

    d H

    H H H H H

    Hydrogenation of oil for margarine

    + acid halide (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) + water

    Haloalkane

    Addition

    H H

    H H
    H CH3
    O

    +
    +

    H Cl

    H Cl H H H
    a c i d H H H O H H CH3
    O

    Haloalkanes are useful starting materials for organic syntheses commercial manufacture of ethanol

    Alcohol

    Acid conditions

    Addition

    H H

    Alcohols + Carboxylic acid + oxidizing agent (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7)

    Ester + water

    Acidic solution and heat For incomplete oxidation: Distillation in acidic aqueous soln

    Condensation

    H3C

    OH
    OH

    + H3C

    OH

    a c d i

    H3C

    CH3
    O

    Esters are used in flavouring agents, plasticizers, as solvents in perfume, polyesters

    Primary: Aldehyde

    Oxidation
    propan-1-ol

    K 2C

    Or 7

    a c i d
    H 1-propanal

    Primary: Carboxylic Acid Secondary: ketone

    For complete oxidation: Heat under reflux in acidic aqueous soln Heat under reflux in acidic aqueous soln

    OH propan-1-ol

    K 2C

    Or 7

    a c i d

    O OH propanoic acid

    OH

    K 2C

    Or 7

    a c i d

    butan-2-ol

    butan-2-one

    Carboxylic acid + alcohol + amine

    Ester, see above example Amide + water

    See above
    difficult to conduct since amine (a base) and acid neutralize each other. Other rxns that protect F.G. are required

    Condensation Condensation

    See above
    O H3C OH
    + H3C

    See above
    O NH2
    a c d i ,

    H3C

    NH

    CH3

    peptide bond formation, polymerization reactions to make nylons

    + base (e.g. NaOH) Amine + Carboxylic acid

    Organic salt and water

    Neutralization

    O H3C i NaOH a c d , OH H3C


    +

    O O-Na
    + H2O

    Amide, see above example

    See above

    Condensation

    See above

    See above

    Distillation Apparatus
    water out aldehyde vapor condensing tube

    Heating under reflux


    condensing tube water out vapor condenses and falls back into flask

    water in
    condensed aldehyde out

    water in boling solution

    boling solution

    To distill you heat up the solution and collect the vapor

    heat under reflux means you want to heat it for a long time w/o having it evaporate to heat under reflux you need to attached a condensing tube to your flask so that vapors condense before they can escape

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