Course code: Phy 125 (Optics, Wave & Oscillation and Electricity & Magnetism)

Instructor: Dr. Md. Azizar Rahman (Azizar)

E-mail: azizar@phy.buet.ac.bd

Phone: 01714658898

Office Location: OAB, Room 136

Course website: All documents (syllabus, lectures, problems) will be posted at:
google class room.

Google Class code: xlpoijd

Teaching strategies to be used to develop that knowledge: • Lectures • Assignments, at

home • Discussions in the Class • Reading (books, internet search)
Course code: Phy 125 (Optics, Wave & Oscillation and Electricity & Magnetism)
Lecture No. Course Content Remarks
L:1-3 Combination of lenses: Equivalent lens and equivalent focal length, Cardinal Quiz-1
points of a lens, Power of a lens
Defects of images: Monochromatic, Chromatic aberration
L:4-5 Optical instruments: Compound microscope, Polarizing microscope, Resolving
power of a microscope
L: 6-8 Interference of light: Young’s double slit experiment, Fresnel biprism, thin film Quiz-2
interference, Newton’s rings, Interferometers
L:9-10 Diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction due to
single slit, double slidt and N slit, diffraction grating

L:11-13 Polarization of light: Production and analysis of polarized light, Brewster's Law,
Malus Law, Polarization by double refraction, Nicol prism, Optical activity,
Polarimeters

Books Recommended
1. Fundamental of Physics by D. Halliday, Resnics and J Walke
3. Optics by Benjamin Crowell
 Mark distribution

Credit hours = 3
Content Percentage of mark
Attendance 10% 30
Class test 20% 60
Final examination 70% 210

Attendance Mark
Above 90% 10 Class test = Best 3 class test mark from 4 class test
85-89 % 9
80-84% 8 Final exam: Section A = 3 questions out of 4
75-79 % 7 Section B = 3 questions out of 4
70-74% 6 35 marks for each questions
65-69 % 5 Exam time 3 hours
60-64% 4
Below 60% 0
 What is physics
The branch of science concerned with the nature and
properties of matter and energy

Most fundamental things in the universe are

Matter
Energy
 Branches of Physics
Classical Physics (Pre 19th century): Classical physics refers to theories of physics that
predate modern, theories (Galileo, Newton, Lagrange, Hamilton, Maxwell)

 Mechanics (motion of object and system under the influence of force)

 Thermodynamics (heat energy)
 Acoustics (sound)
 Electrodynamics (electricity and magnetism)
 Optics (light)
 What went wrong?
Classical physics could not explain
• Electron configuration in atoms
• Black body radiation
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton effect
 Classical idea that each
frequency of vibration should
have the same energy must be
wrong.
 Quantum idea , energy comes
in clumps called quantum,
E = hf
 Branches of Physics

Modern Physics (Post 19th century): Modern physics refers

characteristics of matter and energy (Einstein, Heisenberg,, Schrodinger, De
Broglie, Max Born, Lorentz, Roentgen, )

 Quantum Physics
 Atomic Physics
 Molecular physics
 Nuclear Physics
 Solid State Physics
 Plasma Physics
 Cryogenics
 Astronomy
 Geophysics
Why you study optics
Photonics in our daily life

Ref. Book: Fundamental of photonics

 What is light?
How is light created?
 Spherical lenses
Lens: A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

Type of lens
 Convex or converging lenses
 Concave or diverging lenses

Different type of convex lenses

 Double convex
 Plano-convex
 Concavo-convex

Different type of concave lenses

 Double concave
 Plano-concave
 Convexo-concave
 Geometrical optics
Geometrical optics

 Describes light propagation in terms of rays

Assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:

 propagate in straight-line paths if they travel in a homogeneous medium

 don’t interfere with each other as they cross

 Obey the laws of reflection and refraction

 may be absorbed or reflected.

 Paraxial ray and paraxial approximation
Paraxial rays:
 Lies close to the principle axis
 Makes a small angle with principle axis or optic axis

Paraxial approximation:
 It is Small angle approximation used in Gaussian optics and ray tracing of light through an optical system

Gaussian optics
It is a technique for describing the behaviour of light rays in optical systems using the paraxial approximation (small
angle approximation)

Tylor series
Small angle approximations 𝜃3 𝜃5
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝜃 − + −⋯
3! 5!
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 and Cos𝜃 ≈ 1
𝜃2 𝜃4
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 − + −⋯
2! 4!
Sign convention for lenses
 Lens equation
Lens equation
1 1 1 1
+ = (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2

1
𝑢 = ∞, = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑣 = 𝑓
𝑢

1 1 1
= 𝜇−1 −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

This is lens maker formula

 If 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are interchanged, no change in 𝑓

 f will be increased with decreasing the values of

𝑅1 and 𝑅2 and high refractive index
 Deviation produced by a thin lens

Lenses can be thought of as a series of tiny refracting prisms

This prisms have different refracting angles
These prism are placed with bases either, (i) towards the axis for convex lens and (ii) away
from the axis for concave lens
 Deviation produced by a thin lens
𝐴
𝐴
𝛿
ℎ 𝛿 ℎ
𝐵 𝐹 𝑂 𝐵 𝐼
𝑓 𝑢 +𝑣
Figure 2: deviation for point object
Figure 1: deviation for extended object
The deviation produced by the OA incident ray
From triangle ABF (figure 1)
ℎ ℎ 1 1 ℎ
ℎ 𝛿 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐼𝐵 = + = ℎ + =
𝑡𝑛𝑎 𝛿 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
𝑓
In the paraxial region, 𝑡𝑛𝑎 𝛿 = 𝛿
ℎ
∴𝛿=
𝑓 Deviation produced by a lens is independent of
the position of the object
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses
A single lens is said to be equivalent to be a number of lenses when this single lens produces an image of a given object at
the same place and of same size as that formed by the number of lenses together. The focal length of such a lens is known as
equivalent focal length

𝛿1
𝐴
𝛿
𝐵 𝛿2
ℎ1
ℎ2
𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐹 𝐹1
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses placed in contact
Two lenses focal length 𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2

The deviation produced by the first lens 𝐴

ℎ1 𝛿1
𝛿1 =
𝑓1
𝐵
Deviation produced by the 2nd lens ℎ1
ℎ2 ℎ2 𝛿2
∴ 𝛿2 =
𝑓2
ℎ ℎ 𝑂 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐼2 𝐼1
Total deviation 𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 1 + 2 … … … … (1)
𝑓1 𝑓2
If the combination is replaced by their equivalent lens
of focal length 𝑓
ℎ1
𝛿 = …………………… 2
𝑓
From equation (1) and (2)
ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ2
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
Since they are thin and placed in contact ℎ1 = ℎ2
Power of the equivalent lens
1 1 1 𝑝 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓=
𝑓1 + 𝑓2
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses separated by a distance
Two lenses focal length 𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 𝛿1
𝐴 𝐶
The deviation produced by the first lens
ℎ1 𝛿
𝐵 𝛿2
𝛿1 = ℎ1 ℎ1
𝑓1
ℎ2
Deviation produced by the 2nd lens
ℎ2 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐹 𝐹1
∴ 𝛿2 =
𝑓2
ℎ ℎ
Total deviation 𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 1 + 2 . . … (1)
𝑓1 𝑓2
If the combination is replaced by their
equivalent lens of focal length 𝑓 𝛼 𝛽
ℎ1 𝑓1 − 𝑑
𝛿 = …………………… 2 𝑑
𝑓
From equation (1) and (2) 𝑓1
ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ2 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
= + … … … … … … … … (3) 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ1 (𝑓1 − 𝑑) 𝑓= … … … … (5)
= + 𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑
From similar triangle AL1F1 and BL2F1 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝐴𝐿1 𝐵𝐿2 1 1 1 𝑑
= = + − 𝑝 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 − 𝑑𝑝1 𝑝2
𝐿1 𝐹1 𝐿2 𝐹1 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2
ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ1 𝑓1 − 𝑑
= ⟹ ℎ2 = … … … (4)
𝑓1 𝑓1 − 𝑑 𝑓1
 Second principle point (Distance of the equivalent lens from L2)
From similar triangle CLF and BL2F
𝐿𝐹 𝐶𝐿 𝛿1
= 𝐶
𝐿2 𝐹 𝐵𝐿2 𝐴
𝛿 𝛿2
ℎ1 ℎ1 𝐵
𝑓 ℎ1 ℎ2
=
𝑓 − 𝛽 ℎ2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿 𝐹 𝐹1
Since LL2 is to the left of L2, so according to
the sing convention rule 𝛽 is assigned as
negetive 𝑓−𝛽
𝑓 ℎ1 𝛼 𝛽
= … … … … … (6) 𝑓1 − 𝑑
𝑓 − (−𝛽) ℎ2 𝑑
Recall equation (4), 𝑓1
ℎ1 𝑓1 − 𝑑
ℎ2 = 𝑓
𝑓1

ℎ1 𝑓1
= … … … … … … … (6)
ℎ2 𝑓1 − 𝑑 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝑓𝑑
𝛽 = − … … … … (7)
From equation (5) and (6) 𝑓1
𝑓 𝑓1
=
𝑓 + 𝛽 𝑓1 − 𝑑
 Second focal point in an optical system

𝛿1
𝐶
From the first figure 𝐴
𝛿 𝛿2
𝐿2 𝐹 = 𝐿𝐹 − 𝐿𝐿2 ℎ1 ℎ1
𝐵
ℎ2
𝐿2 𝐹 = 𝑓 − −𝛽 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿 𝐹 𝐹1
𝐿2 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝛽
𝑓𝑑 𝑓−𝛽
𝐿2 𝐹 = 𝑓 −
𝑓1 𝛼
𝑑
𝛽 𝑓1 − 𝑑

𝑑 𝑓1
𝐿2 𝐹 = 𝑓 1 − 𝑓
𝑓1
 First principle point (Distance of the equivalent lens from L1)
From similar triangle CL𝐹 ′ and AL1𝐹 ′
𝐴𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐹 ′ 𝐿𝐹 ′ − 𝐿𝐿1
= =
𝐶𝐿 𝐿𝐹 ′ 𝐿𝐹 ′
ℎ1 −𝑓 − 𝛼 𝑓 ′ + 𝛼
′
= = 𝛿2
ℎ2 −𝑓 ′ 𝑓′ 𝐶 𝛿 𝐵
From the similar tringle 𝐴𝐿1 𝐹2′ and B𝐿2 𝐹2′ 𝛿
𝐴𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐹2′ 𝐿2 𝐹2′ − 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐴 ℎ2
ℎ2
=
𝐵𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐹2′
=
𝐿2 𝐹2′ ℎ1 𝛿1
𝐹2′ 𝐹′ 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2
𝐹
ℎ1 −𝑓2′−𝑑 𝑓2′ +𝑑
= =
ℎ2 −𝑓2′ 𝑓2′
𝑓′ − 𝛼
From equation (5) and (6)
𝑓 ′ + 𝛼 𝑓2′ + 𝑑 𝑓2′ − 𝑑 𝛼 𝛽
=
𝑓′ 𝑓2′ 𝑑
𝑓 ′ 𝑑 𝑓′𝑑 𝑓2′
𝛼= ′ =
𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓′
𝑓′𝑑
𝛼= … … … . (8)
𝑓2
 First focal point in an optical system
From the first figure
𝐿1 𝐹′ = 𝐿𝐹′ − 𝐿𝐿1
𝛿2
𝐿2 𝐹 = −𝑓′ − −𝛼
𝐶 𝛿 𝐵
𝐿2 𝐹 = −𝑓′ + 𝛼 𝛿
𝑓′𝑑 𝐴 ℎ2
𝐿2 𝐹 = −𝑓′ − ℎ1 𝛿1 ℎ2
𝑓2
𝑑 𝐹2′ 𝐹′ 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2
𝐹
′
𝐿1 𝐹′ = −𝑓 1 − … … … . (10)
𝑓2
𝑓′ − 𝛼
𝑓2′ − 𝑑 𝛼 𝛽
𝑑
𝑓2′

𝑓′
 Nodal points
Nodal points are points on the principal axis of
the optical system where light rays, without
refraction, intercept the optic axis.

In the figure N1 and N2 are the nodal points in a

𝑁2
thick lens.
𝑁1

In thin lens the nodal point is the center of the

lens. Light passing through the lens does not
deviate.
 Problem

Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths 20 cm and 5 cm are kept coaxially separated by
a distance 10 cm. Find the positions of the focal points.

𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓=
𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑

𝑓𝑑
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝛼 =
𝑓2
𝑓𝑑
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝛽 = −
𝑓1

𝑑
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −𝑓 1 −
𝑓2
𝑑
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓 1 −
𝑓1
 Defect of image
Objective of this section

1. Defect/aberration produced by a lens

2. Analysis of different defects and how to eliminate them

3. Monochromatic aberration- spherical (lateral and longitudinal), coma, astigmatism,

curvature and distortion

4. Chromatic aberration (lateral and longitudinal)

5. Achromatism- conditions of achromatism for two lenses

6. Aberration in a combination of lenses

7. Achromatic doublet
 Defect of image
The deviation from the actual size, shape and position of an image are called defect of image or aberration.

Images formed by a lens are defective because of the following reasons

 Lens maker’s formula is derived on the assumptions that incident rays are paraxial, and aperture of the lens is small.

 Object may be extended and need not have point size always.

 Due to dispersion, the focal length of the lens changes with color.

 Refractive index of the lens changes with wavelength of the incident light.
 Defect of image
Two types of aberration Two types of aberration
1. Monochromatic aberration  Spherical aberration
2. Chromatic aberration
 Coma
Monochromatic aberration
 Astigmatism
 Caused by the geometry of lenses
 Appeared even when using monochromatic light
 Curvature of field
 Distortion
Chromatic aberration
 Caused by the dispersion, the variation of lens’s refractive
index with wavelength
 They don’t appear when the monochromatic light is used
If two convex lenses made of same glass and of focal lengths 32 cm and 20
cm are to be used to exhibit minimum spherical aberration; find the distance
between the two. If 𝜇 = 1.5, find the radii of curvature of the lens surfaces.
One surface of each lens is plane.
For minimum spherical aberration, 𝑑 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
From the lens maker formula,
1 1 1
𝑓 = 50 𝑐𝑚
𝑓
= 𝜇−1 −
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 =?
For the first Plano-convex lens, 𝑅1′ =?
1 1
𝑑 =?
= 𝜇−1
𝑓 𝑅1
𝑅2 = ∞ for a Plano-convex lens
For the first Plano-convex lens,

1 1
= 𝜇−1 ′
𝑓 𝑅1
Electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength (nm) Color
200 to 380 Ultraviolet
380 to 450 Violet
450 to 490 Blue
490 to 560 Green
560 to 590 Yellow
590 to 620 Orange
620 to 760 Red
760 to 1,000,000 Infrared
 Dispersion of light

The splitting of white light into constituent colors is called the dispersion
Dispersion of light
Dispersion of light
 Chromatic aberration
chromatic aberration is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. It is caused by dispersion: the refractive
index of the lens elements varies with the wavelength of light.
 Chromatic aberration

Y
Lateral or
X
Transverse
Axial/longitudinal Chromatic
Chromatic aberration
aberration
Axial/longitudinal
Axial chromatic aberration is a Chromatic aberration
variation in the length of each
wavelength of light. The distance Lateral chromatic aberration is a variation in
X in the figure is called the magnification of the different colors of
longitudinal or axial chromatic light. The distance Y in the figure is called
aberration. lateral or transverse chromatic aberration.
Expression for axial chromatic aberration
 Mathematical problems
The focal lengths of blue and red rays of light are 98 cm and 100 cm respectively. Calculate the mean focal length
and dispersive power of the material of the lens.

𝑓𝑏 = 98 𝑐𝑚
𝑓= 𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑏 = 100 × 98 = 98.98 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑟 = 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑏 100 − 98 𝑓 =?
𝜔= = = 0.02
𝑓 98.98 𝜔 =?
 Condition of achromatism for two lenses in contact
A lens is free from chromatic aberration is known as From equation (2) and (3)
achromatic lens. Two lenses of focal length 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are 1
𝑘1 =
placed in contact then their equivalent focal length is 𝑓1 𝜇1 − 1
1 1 1 1 ………….. (6)
= + … … . (1) 𝑘2 =
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓2 𝜇2 − 1
We have From (5), (6) and (7)
1 1 1 1 𝑑𝜇1 1 𝑑𝜇2
= 𝜇1 − 1 − = 𝑘1 𝜇1 − 1 … … … (2) + =0
𝑓1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑓1 𝜇1 − 1 𝑓2 𝜇2 − 1
1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘2 𝜇2 − 1 … … . . (3) 𝜔1 𝜔2
𝑓2 + = 0 … … … (7)
𝜇1 and 𝜇2 the refractive indices of the materials of the 𝑓1 𝑓2
lenses.
From equation (1), (2) and (3)
1
= 𝑘1 𝜇1 − 1 + 𝑘2 𝜇2 − 1
𝑓
Differentiating with respect to 𝜆
𝑑 1 𝑑𝜇1 𝑑𝜇2
= 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 … … … . . (4)
𝑑𝜆 𝑓 𝑑𝜆 𝑑𝜆
1 1
does not changes ( is constant) with color or
𝑓 𝑓
𝑑 1
wavelength, So, = 0 … … … … … (5)
𝑑𝜆 𝑓
 Mathematical problems
Two glasses have dispersive powers in the ratio 2:3. These glasses are to be used in the manufactures of an
achromatic objective of focal length 20 cm. what are the focal lengths of the lenses?

𝜔1 𝜔2
+ =0
𝑓1 𝑓2
1 𝜔1 2
⟹ =− =− 𝜔1 2
𝑓2 𝜔2 𝑓1 3 𝑓1 =
𝜔2 3
𝑓 = 20
1 1 1
= + 𝑓1 =?
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓2 =?
1 1 2 1
⟹ = − =
20 𝑓1 3 𝑓1 3 𝑓1
⟹ 𝑓1 = 6.67 𝑐𝑚

1 𝜔1 2
=− =−
𝑓2 𝜔2 𝑓1 3 × 6.67
𝑓2 = −10