IIT BOMBAY

Solid Mechanics (CE 203)

Autumn - 2023

Tutorial # 6: Pure Bending

1) A cantilever beam AB with a rectangular cross-section has a longitudinal hole drilled

throughout its length (Figure 1). The beam supports a load P = 600 N. The cross-section
is 25 mm wide and 50 mm high, and the hole has a diameter of 10 mm. Find the section
moduli to the top and bottom of the beam. Also, find the bending stresses at the top of the
beam, at the top of the hole, and at the bottom of the beam.

2) A thin strip of hard copper (E = 110 GPa) having length L = 2.3 m and thickness t = 2.4
mm is bent into a circle and held with the ends just touching (see Figure 2). Calculate:
(a) Calculate the maximum bending stress σmax in the strip.
(b) By what percent does the stress increase or decrease if the thickness of the strip
is increased by 0.8 mm?
(c) Find the new length of the strip so that the stress in part (b) (t = 3.2 mm and L
= 2.3 m) is equal to that in part (a) (t = 2.4 mm and L = 2.3 m).

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

3) Two steel plates have been welded together to form a beam in the shape of a T that has
been strengthened by securely bolting to it the two oak timbers (Figure 3). The modulus
of elasticity is 12.5 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. Knowing that a bending
moment M = 50 kN-m is applied to the composite beam. Determine:
(a) The maximum stress in the wood
(b) The stress in the steel along the top edge

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 6
 IIT BOMBAY

4) A temporary wood dam is constructed of horizontal planks A supported by vertical wood

posts B that are sunk into the ground so that they act as cantilever beams (Figure 4). The
posts are of square cross section (dimensions b × b) and spaced at distance s = 0.8 m, center
to center. Assume that the water level behind the dam is at its full height h = 2.0 m.
Determine the minimum required dimension b of the posts if the allowable bending stress
in the wood is σallow = 8.0 MPa.

Figure 4

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CE 203 (Autumn 2023): Tutorial # 6
Tutorial #6
CE 203 SOLID MECHANICS
Question # 1
A cantilever beam AB with a rectangular cross section has a longitudinal hole drilled
throughout its length (Figure 1). The beam supports a load P = 600 N. The cross
section is 25 mm wide and 50 mm high, and the hole has a diameter of 10 mm. Find the
section moduli to the top and bottom of the beam. Also, find the bending stresses at the
top of the beam, at the top of the hole, and at the bottom of the beam.

Figure 1
Solution # 1
y
Here, 𝑃 = 600 N, L = 0.4m, 𝑤 = 25 mm , ℎ = 50mm, 𝑑 = 10 mm
10mm

12.5mm

50mm

Maximum moment at support = −600 × 0.4= −240 N-m (Hogging moment)

Now find centroid of section and moment of inertia 𝐼𝑧𝑧 about centroid. 24.16mm

50 𝜋 25mm
50 × 25 × − × 102 × 37.5
Centroid from bottom of section, 𝑦𝑐 = 2 4
𝜋
50 × 25 − × 102
4
𝑦𝑐 = 24.16 mm
Solution # 1
y
Here, 𝑃 = 600 N, L = 0.4m, 𝑤 = 25 mm , ℎ = 50mm, 𝑑 = 10 mm
10mm
Now find 𝐼𝑧𝑧 about centroid
1
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = × 25 × 503 + 25 × 50 × 25 − 24.16 2 12.5mm
12
𝜋 𝜋
− × 104 + × 102 × 37.5 − 24.16 2
50mm
64 4

𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 246831.18 𝑚𝑚4

24.16mm

𝐼𝑧𝑧 246831.18
Section modulus to the bottom, 𝑆𝑏 = = = 10216.52 mm3 25mm
𝑦𝑏 24.16

𝐼𝑧𝑧 246831.18
Section modulus to the top, 𝑆𝑡 = = = 9552.29 mm3
𝑦𝑡 (50−24.16)
Solution # 1
y
Here, 𝑃 = 600 N, L = 0.4m, 𝑤 = 25 mm , ℎ = 50mm, 𝑑 = 10 mm
10mm

𝑀 × 𝑦
Stress, 𝜎 =
𝐼 12.5mm

240 × 103 × (50 − 24.16)

Stress at top, 𝜎𝑡 = = 25.12 MPa (Tensile) 50mm
246831.18

240 × 103 × (37.5 + 5 − 24.16) 24.16mm

Stress at top of the hole, 𝜎𝑡1 = = 17.83 MPa (Tensile)
246831.18
25mm
240 × 103 × 24.16
Stress at bottom, 𝜎𝑏 = − = −23.49 MPa (Compressive)
246831.18
Question # 2
A thin strip of hard copper (E = 110 GPa) having length L = 2.3 m and thickness t = 2.4
mm is bent into a circle and held with the ends just touching (see Figure 2). Calculate:
(a) Calculate the maximum bending stress 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 in the strip.
(b) By what percent does the stress increase or decrease if the thickness of the
strip is increased by 0.8 mm?
(c) Find the new length of the strip so that the stress in part (b) (t = 3.2 mm
and L = 2.3 m) is equal to that in part (a) (t = 2.4 mm and L = 2.3 m).

Figure 2
Solution # 2
Here, 𝐿 = 2.3m, 𝑡 = 2.4mm , 𝛥𝑡 = 0.8mm

Radius of curvature, ρ = Radius of ring

Original length = 2.3𝑚 = 2𝜋𝜌

2.3
𝜌= = 0.366𝑚
2𝜋

We know, 𝜎 = −𝐸𝑘𝑦
Solution # 2
Here, 𝐿 = 2.3m, 𝑡 = 2.4mm , 𝛥𝑡 = 0.8mm

a) Maximum bending stress

1 2.4
Maximum stress = 110 × 103 × 3
× = 360.66 MPa
0.366 × 10 2

b) New thickness = 𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 2.4 + 0.8 = 3.2 mm

1 3.2
𝜎𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 110 × 103 × × = 480.87 MPa
0.366 × 103 2

480.87−360.66
Percentage change= × 100 = 33.33%
360.66
Solution # 2
Here, 𝐿 = 2.3m, 𝑡 = 2.4 mm , 𝛥𝑡 = 0.8mm

c) New length = 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝜌𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
2𝜋

1 3.2
Given, 𝜎 = 360.66 MPa = 110 × 103 × ×
𝜌𝑛𝑒𝑤 2

3
1 3.2
∴ 𝜌𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 110 × 10 × × = 488 𝑚𝑚 = 0.488 𝑚
360.66 2

𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝜌𝑛𝑒𝑤 × 2𝜋 = 488 × 2𝜋 = 3066mm = 3.066m

Question # 3

Two steel plates have been welded together to form a beam in the
shape of a T that has been strengthened by securely bolting to it the
two oak timbers (Figure 3). The modulus of elasticity is 12.5 GPa for
the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. Knowing that a bending moment
M = 50 kN-m is applied to the composite beam. Determine:
(a) The maximum stress in the wood
(b) The stress in the steel along the top edge

Figure 3
Solution # 3
Modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 200 Gpa; Modulus of elasticity of wood (Ew) = 12.5 GPa

For transforming full section to wood, steel width increases by a factor of modular ratio (n).
𝐸𝑠 200
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑛) = ; 𝑛= = 16
𝐸𝑤 12.5
200 × 16 = 3200 mm

75 + 20 × 16 +75
=470 mm
Solution # 3

Now, centroid distance

200 × 16 = 3200 mm
3200 × 20 × 300 + 10 + 470 × 300 × 150
𝑦𝑐 =
3200 × 20 + 470 × 300
𝑦𝑐 = 199.95 mm 𝐶
Consider 𝑦𝑐 ≈ 200 mm 𝑦𝑐

Moment of inertia of section

1 75 + 20 × 16 +75
𝐼𝑧 = × 3200 × 203 + 3200 × 20 × (310 − 200)2 =470 mm
12
1
+ × 470 × 3003 + 470 × 300 × (200 − 150)2
12
𝐼𝑧 = 2186533333 mm4
Solution # 3
(a) Max stress in wood
200 × 16 = 3200 mm
Max stress in wood occurs at bottom
𝑦𝑏 = 200 mm
𝐶
𝑀 × 𝑦𝑏 𝑦𝑐
𝜎𝑤 =
𝐼𝑧

50 × 103 × 103 × 200

𝜎𝑤 = 75 + 20 × 16 +75
2186533333 =470 mm

𝜎𝑤 = 4.57 MPa
Solution # 3

(b) Stress in steel at the top 200 × 16 = 3200 mm

𝑦𝑡 = 320 − 200 = 120 mm

𝑀 × 𝑦𝑡 𝐶
𝜎𝑠 = − ×𝑛
𝐼𝑧
𝑦𝑐
50 × 103 × 103 × 120
𝜎𝑠 = − ×𝑛
2186533333
75 + 20 × 16 +75
𝜎𝑠 = −2.744 × 16 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =470 mm

𝜎𝑠 = −43.91 MPa
 Question # 4
A temporary wood dam is constructed of horizontal planks A supported
by vertical wood posts B that are sunk into the ground so that they act
as cantilever beams (Figure 4). The posts are of square cross section
(dimensions b × b) and spaced at distance s = 0.8 m, center to center.
Assume that the water level behind the dam is at its full height h = 2.0
m. Determine the minimum required dimension b of the posts if the
allowable bending stress in the wood is σallow = 8.0 MPa.

Figure 4
Solution # 4
Solution # 4

is
Solution # 4
Thank You !
CE 203 SOLID MECHANICS