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STOICHIOMETRYLESSON1

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STOICHIOMETRYLESSON1

Uploaded by

silaspaul549
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FORM 3

FORM 3

FORM 3
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC: STOICHIOMETRY

Stoichiometry is the study of the


relative quantities of reactants and
products in chemical reactions.
It involves calculations, so the
application of mathematical skills
is essential.
LESSON
STANDARD
SOLUTIONS
SUCCESS CRITERIA
By the end of this lesson, you must be
able to:
Describe the preparation of a standard
solution by dissolution method,
Describe the preparation of a standard
solution by dilution method.
DEFINING STANDARD SOLUTION

It is a solution of a known concentration.

Examples of standard solutions:


0.1M Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)
0.5M Copper sulphate solution (CuS𝑂4 )
2M Calcium chloride solution (Ca𝐶𝑙2 )
ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS

In order to prepare a standard solution,


accurate measurements must be taken with
regard to:
Masses of solutes by using accurate
weighing balances.
Volumes of solutions by using volumetric
apparatus, e.g. pipette, burette, measuring
cylinder and volumetric flasks.
ELECTRONIC WEIGHING BALANCE
TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE
VOLUMETRIC GLASSWARE
PREPARING STANDARD SOLUTIONS BY:

DISSOLUTION
DILUTION METHOD
METHOD

A specific amount A more


of solid substance concentrated
is dissolved in solution is diluted
distilled water. to give a less
concentrated
solution.
1. DISSOLUTION METHOD

Example: How to prepare 250𝑐𝑚3 sodium


hydroxide (NaOH) solution of concentration 0.4M.
RAMs: Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1.
Calculate mass of NaOH to be dissolved as follows:
 Number of moles = molarity × volume in 𝑑𝑚3
= 0.4mol/𝑑𝑚3 × 250 𝑑𝑚3
1000
= 0.1mol
CALCULATION OF MASS Continues…

Molar mass (𝑀𝑟 ) of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40g


This means mass of 1mol of NaOH = 40g
Mass of 0.1mol of NaOH = 0.1mol × 40g
1mol
= 4g
4g is the mass of NaOH to be dissolved.
See the procedure on the next slide.
DISSOLUTION PROCEDURE

Use an accurate balance to weigh out exactly 4g


of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a beaker.
Add a little distilled water and stir or shake.
Transfer the solution into a 250𝒄𝒎𝟑 volumetric
flask. (See picture of flask on next slide).
Add more distilled water up to the mark and
close the flask with a stopper.
Label it 0.4M NaOH.
𝟑
250𝒄𝒎 VOLUMETRIC FLASK
2. DILUTION METHOD

A more concentrated solution is diluted to


give a less concentrated solution.
The initial and more concentrated solution
is also called stock solution.
Dilution involves adding distilled water to
a specific volume of the stock solution.
FORMULA OF DILUTION

It is also called the law of dilution.


It is as follows: 𝑪𝟏 × 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑪𝟐 × 𝑽𝟐
Where 𝑪𝟏 is initial concentration
𝑽𝟏 is initial volume
𝑪𝟐 is new or final concentration
𝑽𝟐 is new or final volume
DILUTION METHOD BY EXAMPLE

How to prepare a 500𝑐𝑚3 hydrochloric acid


(HCl) solution of concentration 0.2M from a
2M HCl solution.

 List down the given data as follows:


𝐶1 = 2M, 𝑉1 = ?
3
𝐶2 = 0.2M 𝑉2 = 500𝑐𝑚
CALCULATION

Use the formula of dilution to calculate the


volume of 2M stock solution to be diluted.
𝐶1 × 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 × 𝑉2
2M × 𝑉1 = 0.2M × 500𝑐𝑚3
𝑉1 = 0.2M × 500𝑐𝑚3
2M
= 50𝒄𝒎𝟑
DILUTION PROCEDURE

Measure an exact volume of 50𝒄𝒎𝟑 of the


2M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution using
a measuring cylinder.
Transfer the measured volume into a
500𝒄𝒎𝟑 volumetric flask.
Add distilled water and shake the solution
thoroughly.
DILUTION PROCEDURE Continues…

Add more distilled water up to the mark of


the volumetric flask.
Close the flask and label it 0.2M HCl.

Note: When using the formula of dilution,


it is not necessary to convert units, e.g.
𝑐𝑚3 to 𝑑𝑚3 or ml to litres (l).
SUMMARY

Two main ways of preparing standard


solutions are:
1. Dissolution method, which involves
dissolving a solute in distilled water.
2. Dilution method, in which distilled
water is added to a concentrated
solution.
REVIEW EXERCISE

1. Describe how a 500𝑐𝑚3 solution of


0.2M potassium chloride (KCl) could be
prepared (RAMs: K = 39, Cl = 35.5)
2. Describe how a 250ml volume of 0.4M
lithium hydroxide (LiOH) solution could
be prepared from a 5M LiOH stock
solution.
END OF LESSON

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