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    Assignment 1

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    Arul Prakash
    Ordinary differential equations

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    Assignment 1

    Uploaded by

    Arul Prakash
    3 views2 pages
    Ordinary differential equations

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Ordinary differential equations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views2 pages

    Assignment 1

    Uploaded by

    Arul Prakash
    Ordinary differential equations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    ME261: Differential Equations

    Aug–Dec 2024
    Assignment 1 Due: Oct. 10, 2024

    Answer the questions below. If appropriate, please box your final expression/ result.

    Question 1: The leaky cauldron


    Consider a water bucket with a hole in the bottom. Let h(t) be the height of the water
    remaining in the bucket at time t; a = be the area of hole; A = cross-sectional area of
    bucket (assumed constant here); v(t) = velocity of the water passing through the hole.
    (a) Derive the governing equation for h(t). What physical law are you invoking?
    (b) We need additional equation for v(t) to solve the above governing equation (Hint :
    use conservation of energy). Let H be the initial height of the water in the bucket,
    can you find the time T at which the bucket will be empty?
    (c) If you see an empty bucket, can you figure out when the bucket was full?

    Question 2: Population growth


    A very commmon model for population growth (e.g., deer) is given by logistic equation:
     
    dN N
    = αN 1 − (1)
    dt β

    where N is the number of individuals in the population, α is the growth rate and β is
    the carrying capacity of the environment.
    (a) Solve the above ODE with the initial conditions N (0) = N0
    (b) Is there a steady state population? How does it change with β? Can you explain
    the physical significance?
    (c) Perform a linear stability analysis of all the fixed points in this model. When do
    you expect a bifurcation?
    (d) If you were an ecologist and were required to start a new national park for deer,
    how would you pick α and β?

    Question 3: The Allee effect


    For certain species of organisms, the effective growth rate Ṅ /N is highest at intermediate
    N . This is the called the Allee effect. For example, imagine that it is too hard to find
    mates when N is very small, and there is too much competition for food and other
    resources when N is large.
    1 dN
    = r − a(N − b)2 (2)
    N dt
    (a) Show that Eq. 2 provides an example of Allee effect, if r,a, and b satisfy certain
    constraints, to be determined.
    (b) Find all the fixed points of the system and classify their stability.
    ME261 ODE Assignment 1, Page 2 of 2 Due: Oct. 10, 2024

    (c) Sketch the solutions N (t) for different initial conditions.


    (d) Compare the solutions N (t) to those found for the logistic equation. What are the
    qualitative differences, if any?

    Question 4: Modified supercritical pitchfork


    Consider the system

    ẋ = rx + ax2 − x3 , where − ∞ < a < ∞ (3)

    When a= 0, we have the normal form for the supercritical pitchfork discussed in class.
    The goal of this exercise is to study the effects of the new parameter a. For each a, there
    is a bifurcation diagram of x∗ vs r. As a varies, these bifurcation diagrams can undergo
    qualitative changes. Sketch all the qualitatively different bifurcation diagrams that can
    be obtained by varying a.

    Page 2

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