1

UNIT 1.2: LANGUAGE OF

MATHEMATICS
 EUCLID

Aristotle

ARGUMENTATION
is a recreation.
ARCHIMEDES
Topics
Types, Operations and Truth
Values of Propositions

Categorical Syllogisms,
Tautologies and Fallacies
1 What is a PROPOSITION?
 DEFINITION: PROPOSITION

A proposition or a statement is a declarative

sentence that is either true or false but not both.
If the proposition is true, then its truth value is
true and if it is false, then its truth value is false.

EXAMPLE: Which of the following is a proposition?

1. The sun is the center 3. What is the title of your

of the solar system. favourite song?

2. Kindly give me some 4. Kobe Bryant is a tall

sushi. person.
 4. Kobe Bryant is a tall The statement
person. is true and
false at the
HE IS NOT TALL. HE IS TALL. same time!

DEFINITION: PARADOX
A paradox is a declarative sentence which could
neither be true, nor false, or is both true or false.
MORE EXAMPLES:
1. 0.5 is a very small
number. PT
2. 6 is an odd number. PF 7. All birds can fly. PF
3. Did you take a bath?
8. Humans need oxygen to
live. PT
4. Doctors have bad
9. Move faster.
handwriting.

5. Happy Birthday! 10. I am beautiful.

2 TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
DEFINITION: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PROPOSITION

A proposition is called simple if it contains only one

idea.
A proposition is called compound if it is composed of
at least two simple propositions joined by logical
connectives.
The propositions comprising a compound proposition
are referred to as component propositions.
EXAMPLES: SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

1. The sun is the center of the solar system. Statements 1 and 2 are
simple propositions while
2. Heart Evangelista is the wife of Sen. Chiz statements 3 and 4 are
Escudero. compound propositions.

3. Pres. Duterte is the 16th president while

Vice Pres. Robredo is either the 12th or the
14th vice president of the Republic of the
Philippines.

4. If the books will arrive on Thursday, they

will be distributed to the students on Friday.
 We will use
propositional
variables to
represent arbitrary
propositions.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION

Type of Compound
Logical Operator Symbolic Form
Proposition

NEGATION Not

CONJUNCTION And

DISJUNCTION Or
The sum of two odd numbers is not
The sum of an even number and an odd number is not
even.
even.
25 is a perfect square number while 5 is one of its square
roots.
Either the mall is closed on Sunday or Mary will buy her clothes at the
mall.mall is closed on Sunday unless Mary will go to church on
The
Sunday
Mary will
. buy her clothes at the mall or she will go to church on

Sunday.
Mary will go to church on Sunday or the mall is closed on
Sunday.
 If the curfew is effective today, then the police officers will arrest
lawbreakers.
Teenagers are required to be home by 10PM only if the curfew is effective
today
If the .police officers will arrest lawbreakers, then teenagers are
required to be home by 10PM.
The curfew is effective today only if teenagers are required to be home by
10PM.
If the curfew is effective today, then the police officers will arrest
lawbreakers.

If the police officers will arrest lawbreakers, then the curfew is

effective today.

If the curfew is not effective today, then the police officers

will not
arrest lawbreakers.

If the police officers will not arrest lawbreakers, then the curfew
is not
effective today.
We observe the words if and only if , is a necessary and sufficient
condition , etc.
BICONDITIONAL c

Examples:
1. A real number is even if and only if it is divisible by 2.
2. A polygon is a square if and only if it has four equal sides and
four equal angles.
3. An integer having the factors only 1 and itself is a necessary and
sufficient condition for an integer to be a prime number.

We will now translate some compound

propositions into symbols.
3
TRANSLATING COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS INTO
SYMBOLS
 Translate each of the
following statements
into its symbolic form.
1. Upon announcement of Public Storm
Warning Signal No. 3, classes in all levels
should be suspended and children should stay
inside strong buildings.

ANS:
2. Two lines A and B are parallel if and only if
they are coplanar and they do not intersect.

ANS:
3. If you are interested in becoming a
volunteer, you should fill up the application
form and submit it to our headquarters or at
any of our local offices.

ANS:
4 TRUTH TABLES OF
COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS
A TRUTH TABLE is a table
showing all possible truth
values of a particular
compound proposition.
TRUTH VALUE OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

NEGATION

T F
F T
TRUTH VALUE OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

CONJUNCTION

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
TRUTH VALUE OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

DISJUNCTION

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
TRUTH VALUE OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

CONDITIONAL

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
TRUTH VALUE OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

BICONDITIONAL

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 ACTIVITY TIME!!!
CONSTRUCT THE TRUTH TABLES OF THE
FOLLOWING COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS:
T F T T T T T T
F T
T F T T F F
F T T F T F
F F F F F F

T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T F
F F T F F T
DEFINITION: CONTRADICTION, TAUTOLOGY, CONTINGENCY

A contradiction is a compound proposition that is false for

all possible truth values of its component propositions.
A tautology is a compound proposition that is true for all
possible truth values of its component propositions.
v

A contingency is a compound proposition that is neither a

tautology nor a contradiction.
DEFINITION: LOGICALLY EQUIVALENT PROPOSITIONS

The statements used for

the Rule of Replacement
are logically equivalent
propositions!
Example: (Logically Equivalent)
•
That’s all for today!
Thank you.