Logics Autosaved

True or False
True or False: "All squares are rectangles."

True or False: "The Earth is the third planet
from the Sun."
True or False: "A triangle can have four sides."
True or False: "Water boils at 100°C at sea
level."
True or False: "Penguins can fly."
Proposition
Proposition
• - Is a declarative sentence that is either true
or false, but not both.
• - If a proposition is true, then its true value is
true which is denoted by T; otherwise,
• - Its truth value is false and is denoted by F
Examples:
• p: Everyone should study logic.
• May be read as
• P is the proposition “Everyone should study
logic.”
• If a sequence of propositions is considered,
we denote the proposition by p¬1,p2,…..
Activity:
Determine whether each of the following statements is a
proposition or not. If a proposition, give its truth value.
1. Mindanao is an island in the Philippines
2. Find a number which divides your age.
3. My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.
4. welcome to the Philippines
5. 3 + 2 = 5
Simple and compound
Compound proposition
- Is a proposition formed from simpler
propositions using logical connectors or some
combination of logical connectors.
- Some logical connectors involving
proposition p and or q may be expressed as
follows
Simple proposition
- A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken
down any further into other component
propositions.
- These are also called atomic proposition
because they are the building blocks of
propositional logic as atoms are considered building
blocks in chemistry
Activity:
Determine whether it is a simple or compound proposition.
1. Mindanao is an island in the Philippines
2. Find a number which divides your age.
3. My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam
4. Welcome to the Philippines!
5. 3 + 2 = 5
6. f(x)=√x/(x+1) is a rational function.
7. What is the domain of the function?
Activity:
8. I am lying
9. It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.
10. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
11. If you are a grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino
12. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are
entitled to a senior Citizen’s card, and if you are entitled to
a senior Citizen’s card, then you are more than 60 years
old.
Answers:
These are the compound proposition
1. It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.
2. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
3. If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
4. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a
senior citizen’s card, and if you are entitled to a senior citizen’s
card, then you are more than 60 years old.
Furthermore, we can determine the simple propositions that make
up the propositions 1,2,3, and 4. We do so in the following table.
Proposition Simple Components

1 r: 2 is a rational number.
f: logic is fun
2 i: logic is interesting
b: logic is boring
h: You study hard.
3
g: You get good grades.
d: You can drive
4
l: You have a driver’s license.
Compound interest
Then the compound propositions may be expressed as
follows:
1.Not r
2.f and i, or b.
3.if h, then g.
4.(if d, then l) and (if l, then d)
Logical Connectors
Introduction
•Given a proposition, its truth table shows
all its possible truth values.
•Since a proposition has two possible truth
values, a proposition p would have the
truth table
p
T
F
Truth Table
• The truth table is useful because we can use it to display
all the possible truth value combinations of two or more
propositions. For example, suppose p and q are
propositions. We can construct a truth table displaying
the relationship between the possible truth values of p
and the truth values of q. The rows of the table will
correspond to each of the possible truth value
combination of p and q, and so there will 2^2= 4 rows.
Thus, for propositions p and q, we have the following
table.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Negation
- The simplest logical operator is the negation
operator, which is denoted by ~.
- The negation of a proposition p is denoted by
- ~p: (read as ‘not’ p,)
- and is defined through its truth table:
p ~p
T F
F T
Example 2
State the negation of the following
propositions:
a: 2 is an odd number.
b: The tinikling is the most difficult dance
c: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Example 2
Answer:
a: It is not true that 2 is an odd number (~a)
b: the tinkiling is not the most difficult dance
(~b)
c: Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
(~c)
Conjunction
The next logical operator allows us to state an expression
for two propositions to be true. It is called the conjunction
operator and is denoted by ^
Definition
- The conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted
by:
- p^q: (p and q,)
p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Conjunction
• The conjunction p^q is true only when both
conjects p and q are true as shown in its truth
table.
• Example 3.
• Let p and q be the following propositions.
• p: Angels Exist
• q: π >3
Example
Express the following conjunctions as English
sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
(a) p^q
(b) p^(~q)
(c) ‘angels do not exist and π ≤ 3.’
(d) ‘While angels do not exist, π>3.’
Answers
Solution. The corresponding Englis sentences are given
below.
(a) p^q: ‘Angels exist and π > 3’
(b) p^(~q): ‘Angels exist and π≤3’, or ‘Angels exist, yet π ≤
3.’
(c) In symbols, we have (~p)^(~q)
(d) In logic, the statement is a conjunction and so, in
symbols, (~p)^q
Disjunction
- The third logical operator is called the
disjunction operator and is denoted by V. A
disjunction allows us to express alternatives.
- The disjunction of propositions p and q is
denoted by
- p V q: (p or q,)
p q pVq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Examples
• Let p,q and r be the following propositions.
• p: Victor has a date with Liza.
• q: Janree is sleeping.
• r: Eumir is eating.
Example
• Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols.
(a)p V q
(b)q V (~r)
(c)p V (q V r)
(d)‘Either victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.’
(e)‘Either victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.’
(f)‘Either victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping and Eumir is eating.’
(g)‘Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Victor has a date
with Liza and Eumir is eating.’
Example
• Solution: The corresponding English expressions or symbols are given below.
(a)p V q: ‘Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.’

(b)q V (~r): ‘Either Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is not eating.’
(c)p V (q V r): ‘Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping or Eumir
is eating.’
(d)(p V q) V r
(e)(p ^ q) V r
(f)p V (q ^ r)
(g)(p ^ q) V (p ^ r)
Conditionals
- Conditionals are very important in mathematics since most
mathematics statements are expressible in this form.
- The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by
- p -> q: (if p, then q,)
- and is defined through its truth table
- The conditional p -> q may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The
proposition p is called the hypothesis, while the proposition
q is called the conclusion.
p q p -> q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Examples
• One day, Richard tweeted to the utter delight of his
friends: ‘If I get promoted, then I will stop posting
selfies on Facebook.’ Let p be the statement
‘Richard gets promoted’ and let q be the statement,
‘Richard stops posting selfies on Facebook.’
Determine whether the conditionals p->q is
true in each of the following scenarios.
Examples
• Scenario A: Richard got the promotion and promptly
stopped posting selfies on Facebook.
• Scenario B: Richard got promoted, but then he realized
that posting selfies has become a habit that he cannot break
easily.
• Scenario C: Richard stopped posting selfies, but he did
not get the promotion.
Examples
Solution.
• Scenario A: In this scenario both the hypothesis and the conclusion are true. This
means that Richard kept his promise. According to the first row of the truth table, the
conditional p->q is true
• Scenario B: In this scenario, Richard broke his promise. According to the second
row of the truth table, the conditional p -> q is false.
• Scenario C: In this scenario, did Richard break his promise? Of course not. He did
not say that his promotion is the only way to make him stop posting selfies. Perhaps
Richard read an article which claims that people who are fond of posting selfies have
some psychological disorder! In any case he did not break his promise, and according
to the third and fourth rows of the truth table, the conditional p -> q is true.
Types of conditionals
Converse
- The converse of a conditional
statement switches the order of the
hypothesis and the conclusion
- q -> p
Converse
•Notice that the truth values of the
converse are also not identical to the truth
values of the original conditional.
Contrapositive
- The contrapositive of a conditional statement
switches the hypothesis with the conclusion
and negates both parts.
- ~q -> ~p
Contrapositive
• The contrapositive of a conditional statement is
functionally equivalent to the original conditional.
This is because you can logically conclude that a dry
driveway means no rain. This means that if a
statement is a true then its contrapositive will also
be true.
Inverse
- The inverse of a conditional negates
both the hypothesis and the
conclusion.
- ~p -> ~q
Inverse
•Notice that the truth values of the
inverse are not identical to the truth
values of the original conditional.
Biconditional
- We now define another compound position which we can
derive from two conditional propositions.
- The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by
- p q: (p if and only if q,)
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Example
Write the inverse, converse and
contrapositive of the following conditional
statement.
•If you buy our product, then you are
attractive.
Note
• Note that advertisers regularly imply certain results
about their products that may or may not be true. If
you listen carefully, you will notice that ironclad
conditional statements are always avoided so they
are not technically false advertising. At the same
time, advertisers prey on the fact that many people
mistakenly believe that the inverse and converse
are equivalent to the original conditional.
Answers
• Inverse: If you do not buy our product, then you
are not attractive.
• Converse: If you are attractive, then you will buy
our product.
• Contrapositive: If you are not attractive, then you
will not buy our product.

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True or False

True or False: "All squares are rectangles."

Proposition Simple Components

(a)p V q: ‘Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.’

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