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INDIAN SOCIETY: TRIBAL,
RURAL AND URBAN
Lesson Title Activity

No.
26 Indian Society: Tribal, List out the changes that happened in rural
Rural and Urban society and urban society after independence.
Summary
Indian society has been broadly divided into tribal, rural and urban societies on the basis of their geographical
surroundings and socio-cultural characteristics. Although, there are some fundamental differences, there has been
a continuous interaction between these three kinds of societies.
Tribal Society
A tribe can be defined as a community living in hilly forest or well demarcated areas having its own
culture, religion, language, and strong ethnic identity. Anthropologists have explained tribe as a social
group with territorial affiliation, endogamous in nature, with no specialization of functions, ruled by
tribal chiefs, hereditary or otherwise, united in language or dialect, recognizing social distance with
other tribes or castes, following tribal traditions, beliefs and customs, conscious of their ethnic and
territorial homogeneity.
Own
Self-
culture,
sufficient
folklore,
economy
cosmology
Relatively Family and
isolated kinship ties
territory
Ancestors and
Live in forests and
nature
hilly areas
worshipping
Well-demarcated Characteristi Strong

geographical cs of Tribal ethnic
territory Society identity
Distribution of Tribal Communities in India
There are about 461 tribes found in India distributed throughout the country. Their population is about 8.1 crores
according to the census 2001 of India (constituting to 8.1% of total population). As per 2011 census, the tribal
population is 10.45 crore. (Census 2011).
Region Major
North East, Sikkim Tribes Naga, Kuki, Mizo, Adi,
and Himalayas Lepcha, Bhutia, Khasi,
Garo, Jaintia etc.
Western Bhil, Mina, Seheria,

Girisia, Rebari, Dang,
Worli
Central Munda, Oraon, Santhal,

Gond, Ho, Kondh,
Chenchu, Saora
South Irula, Toda, Badaga,

Paliyan, Cholanaicken
Island Jarawa, Onge, Great

Communities Andamanese, Shompen,
Nicobarese
Linguistic Classification Among Tribes in India
Most of the tribal communities speak non-Aryan language which are divided into four linguistic families:
Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Chinese, Dravidian and Indo-
European.
Linguistic Family Major Tribes
Khasi, Nicobari, Santhali, Ho,

Austro-Asiatic
Mundari
Bhutia, Lepcha, Abor, Garo, Lushai,
Tibeto-Chinese
Miri
Korwa, Badaga, Toda, Kota, Gondi,
Dravidian
Oraon
Indo-European Hajong, Bhili
Some of the Tribal Problems]
Reasons- the
introduction of
monetary economy
and outsiders
Lack of health and exploited them and Indebtedness mainly
nutrition due to grabbed away their due to lack of
poverty, lack of land. adequate sources of
proper medical an income and the
sanitary facilities, consumption patterns
practices of of the tribals
Land alienation
Indigenous medicine
not given importance
Health and nutrition

problem Indebtedness
Some of the Tribal Problems
Illiteracy Bonded labour
Poverty
Reasons: Rampant
Reasons-Poverty,
poverty and lack of
distance from school
stable income
and lack of Reasons: Lack of
awareness education,
Indebtedness, poor
health
Rural Society
The village community has the following characteristics.

 Agriculture is the predominant occupation among them.
 The village community is small in size.
 They have primary group behaviour, i.e. face-to-face relationship is found among the
members of the village.
 Their social structure is based on kinship and family relationships.
 Mostly they live in joint family.
 They are more conservative and tradition oriented towards the performance of rituals
as well as belief in deities.
 Group feeling and mutual cooperation is more evident among them.
 Their culture is also known as folk culture
 Traditionally, their economy is based on agriculture having primitive technology and
mono-cropping pattern.
 Village India is largely based on caste system
 Modern way of living and thinking is lacking in rural society.
 Any deviant behaviour is dealt with strictness in the rural areas.
 They have a relatively self-sufficient economy particularly in terms of production
and consumption.
 They have a static economy, since they lack modern technology, modes
of investment and a market economy.
 They cling to conservative and traditional style of living
Changes in the Rural Society
Community • All round development of village communities

Development
Programme , 1952 • Community participation was the main aim
• Agriculture productivity sharply increased due to new

Green revolution Technology
during 1960s and
1970s • Medium and large farmers mostly benefitted as inputs
were expensive
• Incorporation of agriculture into global market has also
effect on rural society . In some regions of Punjab and
Globalisation and
Haryana, formers enter into contracts with MNCs such as
Rural Society
PEPSI CO. to grow certain crops such as Potatoes and
Tomatoes
• Change in the socio-economic positions

Panchayati Raj
System,1959 • Programmes like MGNREGA, Housing scheme various
employment avenues and help to rise above BPL.
Urban Society\
 Urban society includes the towns, cities and metros with a specific way of life.
 An urban society can be defined as an area having higher density of population,
people engaging mostly in occupations other than agriculture and domestication of
animals, having a distinct ecology and culture different from that of the large society's
culture.
Characteristics of Urban Society
Higher
density of
population
Better
civic Cultural
facilities heterogeneity
Market
and Characteristics of
monetary Urban Society Man made
economy environment
Formal Higher
social mobility
control
Class
oriented
Urban Social Problems\
 Urban society has several social problems such as congestion of population, slums,
crime, and acute shortage of resources and facilities (such as water, electricity).
Certain problems emerge from anonymity in cities, where personal relation and
primary group have broken down. It causes tremendous mental pressure and tension.
 Because of large migration to cities unemployment is found in large number in the
urban areas.
 The migrants in the cities do not have a respectable place to stay. They generally settle
down as clusters on the outskirts of the cities.
 There is a high incidence of crime in the cities. It is mainly found because of
unemployment, and frustration among the youth and also due to the large density of
population.
Evaluate Yourself\
1. Highlight the major features of Tribal Society.

2. Describe reasons of lack of proper health and sanitation caused problem for tribal community in
India? 3. What are the major causes of unemployment in urban areas?
3. What is the main reason of land alienation among tribes?
4. Briefly discuss the main characteristics of rural societies.
5. Briefly describe the changes that have taken place in rural society after independence.

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INDIAN SOCIETY: TRIBAL,

RURAL AND URBAN

Lesson Title Activity

Well-demarcated Characteristi Strong

Western Bhil, Mina, Seheria,

Central Munda, Oraon, Santhal,

South Irula, Toda, Badaga,

Island Jarawa, Onge, Great

Linguistic Classification Among Tribes in India

Linguistic Family Major Tribes

Khasi, Nicobari, Santhali, Ho,

Health and nutrition

Some of the Tribal Problems

Illiteracy Bonded labour

The village community has the following characteristics.

Changes in the Rural Society

Community • All round development of village communities

• Agriculture productivity sharply increased due to new

• Change in the socio-economic positions

Characteristics of Urban Society

Urban Social Problems\

1. Highlight the major features of Tribal Society.

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