12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 6
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Earthquake Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Mark Anthony C. Mamon, Cheryl A. Retio, Louise A. Ferrer, Emerina Clarisse
R. Bernante
Editor: Ma. Lanie A. Socorro, Ed.D.
Reviewers: Raquel M. Austero, Ph.D.
Illustrator: Mark Anthony C. Mamon
Layout Artist: Louise A. Ferrer
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Director IV
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In-Charge of LRMS
Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator
Violeta M. Gonzales, CID Chief
Jennifer L. Tubello, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS &
Division ADM Coordinator

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region

Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Telefax: 02-929-0153
____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
depedncr@deped.gov.ph
 12

Disaster
Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 6
Earthquake Hazards

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

(This module adheres to the learning competencies of the K-12 Curriculum. This module
helps the learners understand potential earthquake hazards based on scientific
concepts and the principles and guidelines of disaster risk reduction and management.
This module is a useful learning material that provides the learning objectives, pretest,
lesson proper, enrichment activities, generalization, application, assessment and
additional activities)

For the learner:

(This module is created to give meaningful learning on earthquake hazards through

clear and comprehensive discussions about the concepts and through engaging and
relevant activities. This module also allows the learners to reflect and apply disaster
risk reduction and management in everyday life).

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand Earthquake Hazards. This module provides discussions and activities
that will help you learn the concepts, ideas, and relevant information about the
lesson. This module emphasizes the guidelines, and importance of disaster
readiness, risk reduction, and management in connection to the hazard being
discussed.

The module is all about Earthquake Hazards.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify various potential earthquake hazards;

2. recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami; and
3. analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Mixing of sediments and groundwater due to a strong earthquake will result

to what hazard?
A. ground shaking C. liquefaction
B. landslide D. tsunami

2. Which of the following is a natural sign of an impending tsunami?

A. Murky sea water. C. High tide and low tide.
B. Elevated sea level. D. Earthquake in the coastal area.

3. Which of the following is the first phenomenon recognized during a tsunami?

A. Retreating of seawater.
B. A series of waves, or wave trains, are visible.
C. Coastal areas are flooded, a phenomenon known as inundation.
D. Enormous volume of water will hit the shore for several minutes.

4. What factor increases the intensity of ground shaking?

A. A weaker earthquake.
B. Close proximity from the epicenter.
C. Strong structural foundations of buildings.
D. Compact or compressed sediments in the ground.

5. Which of the following is a secondary effect of earthquakes?

A. fire C. ground rupture
B. ground motion D. subsidence

6. What factor can exacerbate earthquake-induced landslides?

A. heavy rain C. unconsolidated rocks
B. over-steepened slopes D. all choices

7. What causes ground shaking in an earthquake event?

A. Passage of seismic waves.
B. Presence of loose, granular sediments.
C. Continuous accumulation of potential energy.
D. Strength of rocks overcome accumulated strain.

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8. What are the effects of earthquake hazards to the national economy?
A. Economic gain. C. Shrank GDP per capita.
B. Decline of economic cost. D. Uninterrupted economic growth.

9. What are the physical effects of a tsunami?

A. Decline in the fishing industry.
B. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
C. Displaced coastal communities.
D. Discontinuity of traditions and customs of coastal communities.

10. What is the outcome of ground shaking?

A. Ground stabilization.
B. Cliffs and sloping ground stabilized.
C. Mixing of sand or soil, and groundwater.
D. Compression of unconsolidated sediments.

11. What earthquake hazard can cause fissuring, and sinking and tilting of
structures?
A. fire C. liquefaction
B. landslide D. tsunami

12. Which of the following key elements must be present for liquefaction to occur?
A. Bedrock is full of groundwater.
B. Granular soils are saturated with water.
C. Soil particles must have high cohesive strength.
D. Soil particles must be compressed and compact.

13. What is the role of an earthquake in causing liquefaction?

A. Liquefied soil increases in density.
B. Soil particles become loosely packed.
C. Increase of shear strength of unconsolidated soil particles.
D. Saturated and unconsolidated soil is converted into a suspension.

14. Why do earthquakes induce landslides?

A. Earthquakes agitate seismic slope stability.
B. Earthquakes increase the gravitational pull.
C. The slope and the soil particles become more stable.
D. Earthquakes can intensify the strength of slope ground materials.

15. What factor of earthquake-induced landslides is paired correctly to the

assessment conducted?
A. Fault length: dip-slip or strike-slip fault.
B. Fault location: Fault line inside, near, or outside the mountain range.
C. Slope: Distance of the epicenter to the surface area over which a landslide
could be triggered.
D. Climatic background: Maximum potential surface areas over which
landslides can be generated.

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 Lesson

1 Earthquake Hazards

The Philippines ranked third as the most disaster-prone country in the world
based on the World Risk Report 2018. It is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire where
seismic activities are very active making the country prone to earthquakes. The
Philippines experienced the deadliest and most destructive earthquakes for the past
50 years based on records. In August 17, 1976, an estimated 5,000 people died in
Moro Gulf after a 7.9 magnitude earthquake and a tsunami. A 7.8 magnitude
earthquake also hits northern and central Luzon, specifically the cities of Baguio,
Cabanatuan, and Dagupan as the most devastated, in July 16, 1990 resulting to the
death of more than 2000 people.

What’s In

An earthquake is a natural hazard. Can you still recall other natural hazards,
and human-induced hazards discussed in the last module? Fill in Table 1.

Table 1. Natural and Man-Made Hazards.

NATURAL HAZARDS
Geologic Hazards (give at least 3 Briefly describe the hazard
examples)
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

Hydrometeorological Hazards (give Briefly describe the hazard

at least 3 examples)
1. 1.

2. 2.

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 3 3

Biological Hazards (give at least 2 Briefly describe the hazard

examples
1. 1.

2. 2.

MAN-MADE HAZARDS
Man-Made Hazards common in your Why these hazards are common in
barangay (give at least 3 examples) your barangay?
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

Notes to the Teacher

Updated and latest earthquake information can be obtained from
the data of Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS). You can access earthquake information from the
website of PHIVOLCS: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/.

What’s New

Activity 1. Earthquake Icons

Directions: Take a look on the Earthquake Icons shown in the next page. Briefly
explain on what is depicted or illustrated by each icon about an earthquake. Follow
correctly the numbers, and write your answers in the box provided.

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 Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/black-earthquake-icons-set-vector-4683877

What is depicted or illustrated by each Earthquake Icon?

1. 7.

2. 8.

3. 9.

4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

What is It

Earthquake
What is an Earthquake?

Based from Activity 1, the icons or symbols depict or show the characteristics
and effects of an earthquake, and the possible hazards it can cause. An earthquake
is the sudden or rapid shaking of the ground due to the release of potential energy
stored in rocks. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) is the service institute of the Department of Science and Technology

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(DOST) that is mandated to monitor and study disasters that may be caused by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena. The scientific
study of earthquake is seismology and an expert in earthquake is called a
seismologist. The instrument used in recording seismic waves is a seismograph,
and the record of this ground shaking is a seismogram.

In every occurrence of an earthquake, seismologists are locating its origin deep

down the crust, which is called the focus or the hypocenter. The location in the
surface directly above the focus or hypocenter is called the epicenter. Violent
shaking occurs in the epicenter. As the distance from the focus and epicenter
increases, the shaking of the ground decreases.

An earthquake can be described through its magnitude and intensity. The

magnitude of an earthquake is an estimate of the amount of energy released at the
focus or origin of the earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is recorded by an
instrument called seismograph. Richter scale is used for the quantitative measure of
the earthquake’s magnitude, and it is reported in Arabic numerals (ex. Magnitude
6.7 or 7.4). The higher the number, the greater is the magnitude of the earthquake.
The strongest ever recorded magnitude of an earthquake was 9.5 which occurred in
1960 in Chile, South America according to United States Geological Survey (USGS).
Meanwhile, an intensity of an earthquake refers to the degree of shaking or the
severity of its effects on the earth’s surface. Intensity scales developed and used are
the Rossi-Forel Scale, or the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. These are reported in
Roman Numerals (ex. Intensity Scale of VIII or IX). In the PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scales (PEIS) of VIII, IX, and X, the shaking of an earthquake is classified
as Very Destructive, Devastating, and Completely Devastating.

Please remember that aftershocks or smaller earthquakes occur after a major

or main earthquake.

Earthquake Hazards and its Effects

What are the various potential earthquake hazards and their effects?
Earthquake hazards include ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction,
landslide, tsunami, and fire. Table 2 shows an overview on earthquake hazards.

Table 2. Overview on Earthquake Hazards

Earthquake Characteristics/Features Negative Effects
Hazards
1. Ground  Up-down and lateral movement or  Buildings vibrate
Shaking vibration of the ground (shake) as a result of
 Caused by the passage of body and ground shaking
surface seismic waves  Buildings and other
structures that can’t
Intensity of ground shaking depends withstand ground
on: shaking can have
damages, can be

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  Magnitude of an earthquake: the destroyed, or can
greater the magnitude, the greater collapse
the severity of the ground shaking  Can cause landslide
 Distance from the epicenter: The and liquefaction
greatest severity of the ground
shaking is near the epicenter, and
decreases away from the epicenter
 Geologic condition of the area: a
loose unconsolidated sediment is
prone to more severe ground
shaking
2. Ground  The offset or deformation of the  Ground cracks
Rupture land surface due to movement of  Many structures can
(surface the fault have damages such as
faulting or  This geologic phenomenon houses, commercial
surface commonly happens in shallow buildings, bridges,
rupture) earthquakes roads and highways,
tunnels and canals
 Structures present
across fault zones can
collapse
3. Liquefaction  It happens when ground shaking  Ground failure
due to moderate or intense  Weakened support to
earthquake results to the mixing of building foundations
body of sediments (sand or soil) which may eventually
and ground water, and as a sink or tilt
consequence, the ground becomes  Buildings or structures
soft and could no longer support in the liquefaction-
structures that will eventually sink prone area can have
or tilt extensive damages
 It can lead to ground failure
4. Landslide It is a mass movement rocks, soil and  Erosion
debris down the slope primarily due  Destruction of
to the action of gravity. However, buildings and other
landslides can also be triggered by structures
moderate and strong earthquakes  Landslides can
partially or completely
block sections of
roads

5. Tsunami  The word means harbor waves in  Coastlines or coastal

Japanese, is a series of waves areas are vulnerable to
generated by an earthquake that tsunamis.
occurs below or near the ocean floor  The height of tsunami
 It can also be generated by volcanic waves can reach more
eruption, landslide, meteorite or than 5 meters causing
asteroid impact displacing the water destruction of
in the ocean. properties and loss of
 Tsunamis are different from tidal lives
waves. Tidal waves are caused by  Rapid, violent flooding
the gravitational force between the in communities near
earth and moon, whereas tsunami coastal areas
waves are generated by the

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 displacement of the water in the
ocean caused by the movement of
the fault under the sea during an
earthquake.
 Tsunami is also different from storm
surge. Storm surge is the
heightening of sea level that occurs
during typhoons or hurricanes.
6. Fire It is associated with broken gas pipes  Destruction of
and damaged electrical lines as a properties and loss of
result of damages caused by ground lives
shaking to buildings and other
infrastructures.

Two Types of Tsunami

What are the types of tsunami?

1. Local tsunami – is generated within a hundred kilometers from the source

and is confined to coasts. This type of tsunami is caused by earthquakes and
landslides, or a pyroclastic flow.
2. Far field or Distant tsunami – tsunami waves that can travel from 1 to 24
hours before reaching the coastlines of the nearby countries.

Signs of an Impending Tsunami

What are the different signs of an impending tsunami?

1. If an earthquake occurs in the coastal region and it originated from the oceanic
crust, a possible tsunami can take place
2. Rapid fall in sea level may happen as the ocean water withdraws from the
coastline. After the water retreats, there is an abrupt surge of water towards
the coastline.
3. Unusual roaring sound which could be an approaching tsunami.

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 What’s More

Activity 2. Familiarizing Yourself with Earthquake Hazards.

Directions: Identify the earthquake hazards being described or explained on each
statement. Write only the corresponding letter before the number.

A. Ground Shaking D. Ground Rupture

B. Liquefaction E. Landslide
C. Tsunami F. Fire

______1. Sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake.
______2. Up-down and sideways movement felt during an earthquake.
______3. It is the result of destablilizing cliffs and steep slopes due to an earthquake.
______4. Heavy rain and unconsolidated or fractured rocks can also contribute for
this earthquake hazard to happen.
______5. It happens when waterlogged sediments are agitated by the ground shaking.
______6. It is the ground deformation that marks the fault line intersection with the
earth’s surface.
______7. It is the result of the mixing of sand or soil and groundwater due to the
ground shaking.
______8. It is a primary earthquake hazard that is caused by the passage of seismic
waves.
______9. Weak slopes affected by ground shaking will most likely result to this
earthquake hazard.
______10. It is caused by underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides.
______11. An earthquake generated by Manila trench will result to this sudden flow
of water with several meters high.
______12. This is a secondary hazard resulting from damaged eletrical lines and gas
lines caused by ground shaking
______13. Loose, granular sediments saturated with ground water and are disturbed
by ground shaking contribute to the occurrence of this hazard.
______14. Inland earthquakes will not result to this hazard.
______15. Damaged hydrants can aggravate the severity of this hazard.

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Activity 3. Earthquake Hazards and its Effects
Directions: Fill in Table 3 by enumerating the possible earthquake hazards that can
occur and its effects on the locations or places listed in the first column. Give at least
two effects for each earthquake hazard enumerated.

Table 3. Earthquake Hazards and its Effects

Possible Earthquake Effects of the

Location/Place
Hazards Earthquake Hazards

A. In your own house

B. In your own
community/barangay

C. In your school

D. Coastal area/beach

E. Factories or industrial
area

F. Mountains or hills

G. Reclaimed area

Answer the following questions:

1. How did you identify the earthquake hazards in each location or place?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Why are these places or locations prone to earthquake hazards? Explain your
answer for each location or place.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 3. What are the possible impacts or effects of these earthquake hazards to your
family?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4. The Community in Peril

Directions: Refer to the community map and answer the given questions.

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/473229873323463912/?autologin=true

Scenario: The community experienced a 7.2 magnitude earthquake.

Refer to the community map and answer these questions:

1. What are the physical structures that can be affected by earthquake hazards?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What will happen to the buildings and other physical structures?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Who are the most vulnerable groups of people? Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 4. What are the physical effects of these earthquake hazards to people?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. How do these earthquake hazards psychologically affect the community?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. What are the basic services that can be disrupted by the disaster?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. What will be the economic impact of the earthquake on this community?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the effects of these earthquake hazards to the environment?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 5. Tsunami!!! Is that you??

Directions: Familiarize yourselves with the correct information about tsunami.
There are ten (10) information listed below. Put a check (/) mark if the information
is correct about tsunami and a cross (X) mark if it is incorrect before the number.

1. Tsunamis are formed by strong winds

2. A magnitude-2 undersea earthquakes can cause a destructive tsunami
3. All tsunamis are triggered by earthquakes
4. Approaching tsunami waves can be heard as an unusual rumbling sound
5. Before a tsunami arrives, one of the natural signs is the sudden retreat of
seawater
6. A strong earthquake with an epicenter below the ocean floor can generate a
tsunami
7. A tidal wave is usually larger than a tsunami wave
8. A super typhoon such as Yolanda can cause devastating tsunami
9. Move inland or in higher ground immediately after an earthquake in coastal
areas
10. Local tsunamis are safer compared to far field tsunamis

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 What I Have Learned

1. What is an earthquake?
2. What are the various potential earthquake hazards and their effects to people,
structure, and environment?
3. What are the different signs of an impending tsunami?

What I Can Do

As of today, there are no ways and means to predict earthquakes, specifically

the date and time of its occurrence, its location and magnitude. The best way people
can do is to increase their disaster preparedness and awareness on earthquakes and
its hazards. As a student, how can you help your community to be prepared for an
earthquake?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which factor increases the occurrence of earthquake-induced landslides?

A. Mild precipitation or rainfall.
B. Greater slope inclination of land.
C. Ground is less saturated with water.
D. Weak weathering and shearing of rocks.

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2. Which increases the severity of the effects of ground shaking to buildings and
infrastructures?
A. Construction of poorly designed buildings and infrastructures.
B. Construction of houses and buildings in a more stable ground.
C. Regular repair and maintenance of buildings and physical structures.
D. All choices

3. How does liquefaction occur?

A. If shaking occurs in the ground with unconsolidated materials that are
saturated with water.
B. The sediments in the ground have weaker strength and stiffness due to
earthquake shaking.
C. If shaking occurs in the ground with sediments that are transformed into
a liquefied state due to increase in pore-water pressure.
D. All choices

4. Which of the following phenomenon can generate tsunami?

A. Strong wind.
B. Strong typhoons.
C. Gravitational pull between earth and moon.
D. Magnitude-8 earthquakes that occur below or near the ocean floor.

5. What earthquake hazard is caused primarily by gravity?

A. landslide C. subsidence
B. liquefaction D. tsunami

6. What could be the physical impact of earthquakes?

A. Loss of sources of living.
B. Widespread loss of housing.
C. Loss of job due to displacement.
D. Depression and chronic anxiety.

7. What must be the immediate response of people upon seeing a drawback of

ocean water after an earthquake?
A. Run for high grounds.
B. Stay in low-lying coastal areas.
C. Do the drop, cover, and hold on procedure.
D. Wait for the surge of water to the coastline to confirm a tsunami.

8. What causes a tsunami?

A. Liquefaction. C. Underwater seismic activity.
B. Earth’s rotation. D. Gravitation pull of the moon.

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9. What could be the impact of the “BIG ONE” caused by the movement of
West Valley Fault to Metro Manila?
A. Flooding.
B. Large-scale landslides.
C. Damages to buildings and other structures.
D. A tsunami estimated to reach five to six meters high.

10. What could be the secondary effect of the “BIG ONE” caused by the movement
of West Valley Fault to Metro Manila?
A. fire C. ground shaking
B. ground rupture D. tsunami

11. What are the effects of earthquake hazards to the national economy?
A. Economic loss C. Increase in GDP per capita.
B. Decline of economic cost. D. Continuous economic growth.

12. Why do earthquakes induce landslides?

A. Gravitational pull is intensified by earthquakes.
B. Seismic slope stability is agitated by earthquakes.
C. Earthquakes can strengthen the slope of ground materials.
D. Earthquakes can make slope and soil particles more stable.

13. What factor of earthquake-induced landslides is paired correctly to the

assessment conducted?
A. Fault location: Dip-slip or strike-slip fault.
B. Fault length: Fault line inside, near, or outside the mountain range.
C. Climatic background: Antecedent rainfall and arid-humid climate.
D. Slope: Distance of the epicenter to the surface area over which a landslide
could be triggered.

14. Which of the following key element contributes to soil liquefaction?

A. Highly cohesive soil particles.
B. Bedrock is full of groundwater.
C. Granular soils are saturated with water.
D. Compressed and compact soil particles.

15. What is the role of an earthquake in causing liquefaction?

A. Liquefied soil has high density.
B. Soil particles become loosely packed.
C. Increase of shear strength of unconsolidated soil particles.
D. Saturated and unconsolidated soil is converted into a suspension

17
 Additional Activities

If you can have an internet connection, try to access the link provided and
watch a documentary entitled “The Japan Tsunami”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLVSpuQ4sk0

This documentary shows a magnitude-9 earthquake that hit northeastern

Japan generating a violent tsunami. In a separate sheet of paper, make a reflection
paper that explains your thoughts and analysis about the following:

1. hazards caused by the magnitude-9 earthquake;

2. at least eight (8) negative impacts or effects of the earthquake and tsunami;
and
3. coping up capacity of the people with the negative effects of the earthquake
and tsunami.

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 19
What’s New
What I Know Assessment
Activity 1 (POSSIBLE ANSWERS/ANSWERS MAY VARY)
1. Seismogram/seismic waves 7. Ground rupture/cracks
1. B
2. Earthquake-induced landslide 8. Damages to structure
1. C 2. A
3. Ground rupture 9. Volcanic earthquakes
2. D 3. D
4. Damages to structures 10. Destroyed roads
3. A 4. D
5. Impact of earthquake 11. Road cracks
4. B 5. A
6. Tsunami 12. Liquefaction/Subsidence
5. A 6. B
6. D 7. A
What’s More
7. A 8. C
Activity 2
8. C 9. C
1. C 11. C
9. C 10. A
2. A 12. F
10. C 11. A
3. E 13. B
11. C 12. B
4. E 14. C
12. B 13. C
5. B 15. F
13. D 14. C
6. D
14. A 15. D
7. B
15. B 8. A
9. E
10. C
Activity 3
1. Hazard mapping/identification – identifying possible threats or
dangers in each location
2. Ex. The school is located near the fault line
3. Physical injuries & trauma
Activity 4
1. Houses, hospital, city hall, business centers
2. Partial or full destruction of buildings and other physical
structures
3. Children, elderly, PWD, and hospital patients
4. Injuries and death; displaced population
5. Depression, anxiety, and psychological trauma
6. Hospital, and water & electrical services
7. Loss of jobs and livelihood
8. Disturbance to the biodiversity in the lake and mountains
surrounding the city
Activity 5
1. X 6. /
2. X 7. X
3. X 8. X
4. / 9. /
5. / 10. X
What I Have Learned
1.An earthquake is the rapid shaking of the Earth’s surface due to
the release of potential energy stored in rocks
2.Earthquake hazards include ground shaking, ground rupture,
liquefaction, landslide, tsunami and fire. Earthquake hazards can
cause damage or destruction to structures, other properties and to
the environment, and can injure or kill people and animals.
3. Signs of an impending tsunami include an earthquake originating
in the oceanic crust; sudden retreat of seawater before an abrupt
surge or rise of water towards the coastline; and an unusual roaring
or rumbling sound of an approaching tsunami wave.
Answer Key
References

Commission on Higher Education. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction.

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. 2017. Disaster Readiness

and Risk Reduction - Reader. Pasig City.
“Hazards.” 2018. Usgs.Gov. 2018. https://www.usgs.gov/natural-
hazards/earthquake-hazards/hazards.

Nelson, Stephen A. Earthquake Hazards and Risks. 7 Sept. 2016, pp. 1–7,
www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqhazard_risk.pdf. Accessed
8 May 2020.
Parena Jr., J.S., and J.D.A. Ramos. 2016. Exploring Life through Science Series:
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne. 2015. “Top 5 Most Destructive Earthquakes in the
Philippines.” Sunstar. August 1, 2015.
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/23096.
“Philippine Institute for Development Studies.” n.d. www.Pids.Gov.Ph. Accessed July
12, 2020. https://www.pids.gov.ph/gallery/263.
PHIVOLCS Staff. 2018. “Earthquake Hazards.” Dost.Gov.Ph. 2018.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-
hazards.
Quebral, V.S. 2016. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Cubao, Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
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https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/introduction-to-
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