Ec QB Sem Ii 2023-24 Updated - 240421 - 231137

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UGC Autonomous
Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Osmania University
Accredited by NBA | Accredited ‘A’ grade by NAAC |Certified by ISO.
Department of Science and Humanities

Academic Year: 2023-24
I-B.E. II-SEMESTER
QUESTION BANK
[SEE]
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
[U23CH201]
[Common for CSE, CSD, CE and MECH]
Prepared
By
Course Coordinator
Dr.Rehana Anjum
Associate Professor
Course Faculties:
Dr Md Sameer Ahmed, Associate Professor
Prof.Anjum Begum, Assistant Professor
Prof.Arshiya Anjum, Assistant Professor
Prof.Sameera Begum, Assistant Professor
Prof. G Thulsi, Assistant Professor
Prof.G Radhika, Assistant Professor
Prof.E.Pushpalata, Assistant Professor
Note: A question bank is versatile and flexible FAQs that cover the entire syllabus of a subject. It is used by students and teache rs for learning and assessment purposes
only.
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(UGC Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE/Recognized by Government of Telangana /Affiliated to Osmania University
/Accredited by NBA/Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC / Accredited by NABL
B.E –II SEMESTER,SEE QUESTIONBANK-2024
Engineering Chemistry
(Common To All Branches)
UNIT: I ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BATTERY CHEMISTRY
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

CO BTL
1. Represent Quinhydrone electrode and write the electrodic reaction CO1 BTL2
for reduction process.
Represent Quinhydrone electrode
2. What is Lithium-ion battery? CO1 BTL1

Lithium–IonBattery(LIB)
Lithiumionbatteryisasecondarybattery.Lithiumionbatteriesarerechargeable
batteries.
Construction The primary functional components
of a Li-ionbatteryare,
Anode(-ve):Porous Graphite
Cathode (+ve): Lithium metal
oxide (Li1-xCoO2) Electrolyte: A
non-aqueous medium used
aselectrolyte,usuallywhichisamixtur
eoforganiccarbonate(ethylenecarbon
ate)containing complex ([LiPF6])of
lithium ions.Anode and cathode
are separated by
Electrical insulating separator

(diaphragm) which permeable to
lithium ions.
3. Distinguish between electrolytic and electrochemical cells. CO1 BTL2
4. What is a battery? Give an example? CO1 BTL1
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

connected parallelly or in series that converts stored chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Primarybatteries : Eg: Zinc– Carbon battery
Secondary batteries
Rechargeable batteries) : Eg: Lead- Acid battery ,Lithium ion battery.
5. Calculate the electrode potential of Zn | Zn 2+ electrode at 250c. (E0 CO1 BTL2
Zn | Zn2+ = 0.76 V)
6. Calculate the electrode potential of Zn+2 | Zn electrode at 250c. (E0 CO1 BTL2
Zn+2 | Zn = - 0.76 V)
7. Represent the Calomel electrode and writes its electrode reaction. CO1 BTL2
Calomel electrode is represented as Pt-Hg/Hg2Cl2/KCl(aq).
8. Find the EMF of the following cell CO1 BTL2

Zn / Zn+ 2(1 M)// Cu2+(1M) / Cu given
E0(Zn| Zn2+ ) = 0.76 V & E0( Cu2+ Cu) = 0.34 V
9. Calculate the electrode potential of copper electrode at 25 0C, if CO1 BTL2
CuSO4 = 0.001 M and E0(Cu2+ | Cu) = 0.34 V
10. Define single and standard electrode potentials. CO1 BTL1
Single Electrodepotential:
Tendency of an electrode to lose or gain electrons when it is in
contact with its own ionic solution is called as electrode potential.
The tendency of an electrode to lose electrons i.e.to get oxidised, is
called Oxidation potential,where as,the tendency of an electrode
togain electrons i.e.to get reduced,is calledReduction potential.
Standardelectrodepotential:
The potential of an electrode, at a given temperature, depends upon

the concentration ofsolutionofits ions.
“The tendency of a pure metal or pure gas at 1 atm pressure to
undergo oxidation or reduction when it is in contact with 1M
solution of its ions at 250C, is called as standard
electrodepotential.
11. Mention two half-cell reactions of methanol – oxygen fuel cell. CO1 BTL2
12. What is galvanic cell? Write its anodic and cathodic reactions. CO1 BTL2
GALVANIC CELL
A device in which chemical energy is changed to electrical energy.
13. Differentiate reversible cell from irreversible cells? CO1 BTL2
s.no Reversible cells Irreversible cells

1 Cell reaction reversible Cell reaction is irreversible
2 Cell reaction occurs when two Cell reaction occurs may occur when two
electrodes are connected electrodes are not connected externally
externally
3 It is a galvanic cell It is an electrolytic cell
14. Write half-cell and complete cell reaction for given cell notation. CO1 BTL2
Zn/Zn+ 2 // Ag+/Ag
15. Write a note on Glass electrode. CO1 BTL1
The representation of glass electrode is, Ag/AgCl/0.1N HCl/Glass
membrane. Thepotentialofthe glasselectrode is given as,𝐸𝐺=𝐸0−0.0591𝑝𝐻
𝐺
UNIT- II WATER CHEMISTRY AND CORROSION
16. Explain sacrificial anodic method of protecting corrosion. CO2 BTL2

In this method, the metallic structure to be protected is electrically connected to a more
active or anodic metal than the metallic structure to be protected. The more active metal acts
as anode and gets corroded slowly; while the parent structure (metallic structure to be
protected)is forced to act as cathode of galvanic cell, hence protected. As this more active
metal is sacrificed its life in the process of saving metallic structure from corrosion, it is
known as sacrificial anode and, therefore, this method is called as sacrificial anodic
protection
17. What are the specifications of potable water. CO2 BTL1
Specifications of Potable water/Drinking/Municipal water (any four)

Water which safe to drink is said to be potable water or drinking water. Potable
water should have following specifications,
1. Should be sparkling clear and odorless
2. Water should be pleasant in taste.
3. Water should be perfectly cool and its turbidity should not
exceed10ppm.
4. It should be free of objectionable minerals
such as lead, arsenic, chromium and
manganese salts.
5. pH should be around 8
6. Dissolved salts should be less than 500ppm
7. It should be free from disease–producing microorganisms.
8. Chloride,Fluoride&Sulphate contents should be less than
250ppm, 1.5ppm and250 ppm respectively
18. How does Zinc protect the Iron from corrosion? CO2 BTL2
Galvanising is a method of rust prevention. The iron or steel object is coated in a thin
layer of zinc. This stops oxygen and water reaching the metal underneath – but the
zinc also acts as a sacrificial metal. Zinc is more reactive than iron, so it oxidises rather
than the iron object.
19. A sample of water gives an analysis 13.6 mg/L of CaSO4 , 7.3 mg/L CO2 BTL
of Mg(HCO3)2. Calculate the total hardness and permanent 2
hardness.
20. Define the term “Reverse osmosis”. CO2 BTL1

REVERSEOSMOSIS:
When two solutions of unequal concentration are separated by a semi-permeable
membrane, flow of solvent takes place from dilute to concentration side, due to
increase in osmostic pressure, which is termed as osmosis.
However, when a hydrostatic pressure in excess of osmotic pressure is applied on the
concentrated side, the solvent flow is reversed from concentrated side to dilute side,
across the membrane. This principle is termed as reverse osmosis
21. A Sample of hard water contains the following dissolved salts per CO2 BTL
litre. CaCl2 = 111 mgs, CaSO4 = 1.36 mgs, Ca(HCO3)2 = 16.2 mgs, 2
Mg(HCO3)2 = 14.6 mgs, Silica = 40 gms, Turbidity = 10 mgs.
Calculate the temporary, permanent and total hardness of water in
ppm
22. Explain the significance of Break Point Chlorination. CO3 BTL1
Significanc: Involves in addition of sufficient amt. of chlorine to oxidise :organic

matter, reducing substances.
Dosage of applied chlorine to water rich inorganic compound or ammonia is
gradually increased.
All tastes, odour disappear at breakpoint
water free from bad tastes and odours
23. Explain the principle of cathodic protection. CO3 BTL2
Cathodic protection:
The principle involved in this method is to force the metal to be protected (Parent metal) to
behave like cathode. Therefore, corrosion of the parent metal is prevented.
There are two types of cathodic protections,
(a)Sacrificial anodic protection (b)Impressed current cathodic protection.
24. When copper is in contact with Iron what will be corroded and why? CO3 BTL2
When copper comes in contact with iron, it makes the process of rusting faster.
This is because copper has higher reduction potential than iron, and makes the
oxidation of iron faster hence rusting
25. 50 ml of sample water consumed 20 ml of EDTA before boiling and CO2 BTL3
5 ml of the same EDTA after boiling. Calculate the total, permanent
and temporary hardness.
26 What is hardness of water? Write its unit. CO3 BTL2
Hardness of Water: Hardness of water is “the characteristic that prevents
lathering of soap”.(Or)It is defined as“ the soap consuming capacity of
water”.
Units of hardness:
Parts per million(ppm
Milligrams per litre (mg/L)
Clarke’s degree(°Cl):
Degree French(°Fr):
Relationship between various units of hardness:
1ppm=1mg/L=0.1°Fr=0.07°Cl;1mg/L= 1ppm= 0.1°Fr=0.07°Cl.
27. How can the cation and anion exchanger can be regenerated? CO3 BTL2
REGENERATIONOFRESINS:
28. What is the electroless nickel plating process? CO3 BTL2
Electroless Nickel Plating (ENP) is the deposit of a nickel-alloy coating by

chemical reduction – without the electric current that’s used in electroplating
processes.
The majority of ENP for engineering purposes is a nickel phosphorus deposit

containing 2 to 14% phosphorus.
The higher the phosphorus content the greater the corrosion resistance, however
the compromise on increased phosphorus content is a decrease in hardness.
29. What do you mean by break point chlorination? CO2 BTL1
Involves in addition of sufficient amt. of chlorine to oxidise :organic matter,

reducing substances.
Dosage of applied chlorine to water rich inorganic compound or ammonia is
gradually increased.
All tastes, odour disappear at breakpoint
water free from bad tastes and odours
30. Calculate the total hardness of 1000 litre of a water sample CO2 BTL
containing the following impurities:16.2 mg/L -Ca(HCO3) 2, 11.1 3
mg/L -CaCl2, 60 mg/L - MgSo4 & 19 mg/L - MgCl2
UNIT: III ENGINEERIN GMATERIALS
31. What is Polymer? Give an example. CO4 BTL1

Polymers are high molecular weight giant molecules formed by linking together of small
molecules, monomers, by means of covalent bond/chemical bond.
Examples: poly ethylene, poly (vinyl chloride), Bakelite, etc.
.
32. Define degree of polymerization. CO4 BTL1
Number of monomers/repeat units present in the polymer is called “Degree of

polymerization”.
Example
33. Write the properties and applications of PVC . CO4 BTL2

Properties
Rigid PVC is a colourless, odourless and non-inflammable.
2. It has excellent oil resistance and resistance to weathering.
Applications
1. Leather cloth used for car seat, covers etc
2. Kitchen upholstery, ladies hand bags, plastic rain coats
3. Baby pants, swim suits etc.
34. Distinguish between addition polymerization from condensation CO4 BTL2

polymerization
Addition polymerization/Chain growth polymerization:
 Addition polymerization is a reaction that yields a polymer which is an exact multiple
of monomers, without the elimination of by-products.
 Monomers having double bonds such as alkenes, alkynes, undergo addition
polymerization.
Condensation polymerization/step polymerization:
 Condensation polymerization is a reaction occurring between two bi – or poly
functional monomers having polar functional groups.
 It always accompanies with elimination of small molecules like H2O, HCl, NH3, etc.
 For example, >C=O, -COOH, -OH and –NH2 carrying monomers undergo condensation
polymerization.
35. Distinguish between homo polymer and co – polymer. CO4 BTL2
Homo polymers: The polymers which are made up of identical monomer units are
called as homo polymer.
….−M−M−M−M−M−M−M−……
Examples: polythene, polystyrene, poly (vinyl chloride), etc.
 Co-polymers: The polymers which are made up of different monomers are known
as co-polymers.
Examples: Buna-S, etc.

36. What is the requirement for a simple organic compound to function CO4 BTL2
as a monomer?
The small molecules to act as a monomer, their functionality should be at least two
it must have at least one double bond or functional groups
37. Define monomer and its functionality.
Monomers: The small individual molecules which combine with each other to form
large molecules are called monomers.
Examples: Ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, etc.
Functionality of Monomer: “The Number of bonding sites present in a monomer” is

called functionality of monomer
NameofMono Structure Functiona

mer lity
Ethene CH2=CH2 2
1,3-butadiene CH2=CH- 2
CH=CH2
38. What is conducting polymer? Give one example. CO4 BTL2
The polymers which can conduct electricity due to extensive conjugation are called as
conducting /conductive polymers.
39. Explain the applications of conducting polymers. CO4 BTL2
List down applications(any four )

 It is used in photo voltaic devices.
 It is used as non linear optical material
 It is used in Transistors Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 Lasers used in flat televisions
 Solar cells
 Electro chromic displays and optical fitters
 In electronics
 In rechargeable batteries
 Displays in mobile telephones and mini-format television screens
 anti-static substances for photographic film
 Corrosion Inhibitors
 Compact Capacitors
 Anti Static Coating Electromagnetic shielding for computers “Smart Windows"
40. Write a note on biodegradable polymers. CO4 BTL1
Biodegradable polymers are defined as “the polymeric materials that undergo

degradation by environmental factors like sunlight, temperature changes or by the
action of micro organisms like algae, fungi and bacteria” Example: Polylactic acid.
the advantages of Biodegradable polymer.
 They are easily compostable.

 It is used to produce non toxic products
 It is capable of maintaining good mechanical integrity until degradation
 It is used for packing ,agriculture, and medicine
41. Give the synthesis of Nylon 6,6 CO4 BTL2
Nylon 66:
Preparation: It is prepared by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid with
hexamethylene diamine.
Properties:
42. Write a note on properties and application of Kevlar CO4 BTL2
43. Write a note on properties and application of BUNA S CO4 BTL2
Properties: Buna-S has the following properties,

 High abrasion resistance and load bearing capacity.
 Good Resilience.
 It swells in oils and solvents.
 It gets readily oxidized due to the presence of unsaturation.
Uses: SBR is used for making,
 Automobile tyres, foot wear components.
 Insulation for electrical wires.
 Conveyor belt, tank lining.
44. Write a short note on Doping. CO4 BTL2

Doping is “addition of impurities or creation of positive or negative charge.
The conducting polymers with high conjugation can be easily oxidised of reduced as they
have low ionisation potential. Their conductivities can be increased by creating positive or
negative charge on polymer backbone by oxidation or reduction.
Doping is two types: P-Doping (Oxidative doping) & N-Doping (Reductive doping)
45. Write a applications of poly lactic acid CO4 BTL
1
Applications of poly lactic acid (ANY FOUR)

Packaging: PLA is used in food packaging, disposable cups, cutlery, and containers
due to its biodegradability and compatibility with food.
Medical Devices: It's used in medical implants, sutures, and drug delivery systems due
to its biocompatibility and ability to degrade in the body.
3D Printing: PLA is popular in 3D printing due to its ease of use, biodegradability,
and ability to produce intricate designs.
Textiles: It's used in making textiles and clothing, providing a sustainable alternative
to traditional synthetic fibers.
Biomedical Engineering: PLA is employed in tissue engineering, creating scaffolds
for tissue regeneration and wound healing.
Films and Coatings: It's used to make biodegradable films for packaging, agricultural
films, and coatings for paper.
UNIT: IV CHEMICAL FUELS
46. Classify fuels with suitable examples. CO5 BTL2
47. Define LCV of a fuel. CO5 BTL1

Lower calorific value or Net calorific value:
It is defined as“ the net heat produced, when unit mass or unit volume of the fuel is burnt
completely and the combustion products are allowed to escape.
Net calorific value = Gross calorific value– Latent heat of water vapors formed
LCV or NCV= HCV– Latent heat of water vapour formed
𝟗𝑯
LCV =HCV– 587cal/g (Latentheatofsteamis587cal/g.)
x
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where, His the percentage of hydrogen.

NCV = GCV – 0.09H ×587 kcal/kg
48. Explain determination of moisture content in coal. CO5 BTL1
49. Define HCV of a fuel. CO5 BTL1

Higher calorific value or Gross calorific value:
It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated; when unit mass or unit
volume of the
fuelhasbeenburntcompletelyandtheproductsofcombustionarecooleddowntor
oomtemperature.Measuredheatincludeslatentheat of water vapour
produced.
HCV (or)𝐺𝐶𝑉 = 1 /100 (8080 𝐶 + 34500 (𝐻 – 𝑂/8 ) + 2240 𝑆) Cal/g or Kcal/kg
50. List down significance of proximate analysis. CO5 BTL1

Significance (or) Importance of Proximate Analysis :
MOISTURE:
Moisture High moisture content in coal is undesirable because it, i) Reduces Calorific Value of
coal
Hence, lesser the moisture content, better is the quality of coal.
VOLATILE MATTER:
The coal with higher volatile content,
Has lower Calorific Value Will give more quantity of coal gas when it is heated in absence of
air.
ASH:
High ash content in coal is undesirable because it (a) increases transporting, handling, storage
costs, (b) is harder and stronger, (c) has lower Caloific Value.
FIXED CARBON:
Fixed Carbon It is the pure carbon present in coal. Higher the fixed carbon content of the coal,
higher will be its Caorific Value
51. What are the requirements of good fuel? CO5 BTL2

A good fuel should satisfy the following requirements:
It should have ahigh calorific value.
An ideal fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.
Its moisture content should below.
Low volatile matter content.

It should not produce harmful products like CO2,SO2,H2S and other poisonous gases on
combustion since they pollute the atmosphere.
A fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter.
It should be economical and easily available.
52. Write the advantages of gaseous fuels. CO5 BTL2

Advantages of gaseous fuels:
1. Gaseous fuels can be easily transported through the pipes.
2. They do not produce any ash or smoke during burning.
3. They have high calorific value than the solid fuels.
4. They have high thermal efficiency.
53. Distinguish between Gross and Net calorific value of a fuel. CO5 BTL2
HighercalorificvalueorGrosscalorificvalue:
It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated; when unit mass or unit
volume of the
fuelhasbeenburntcompletelyandtheproductsofcombustionarecooleddowntor
oomtemperature.Measuredheatincludeslatentheat ofwatervapourproduced.

LowercalorificvalueorNetcalorificvalue:
Itisdefinedas“thenetheatproduced,whenunitmassorunitvolumeofthefuelisburntco
mpletelyandthe combustionproductsare allowedtoescape.
Net calorific value = Gross calorific value– Latent heat of water
vapour formedLCVor NCV= HCV– Latent heatof
watervapourformed
𝟗𝑯
x
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where,His thepercentageofhydrogen.
54. Give Dulong’s formula and relate HCV to LCV. CO5 BTL2
Higher calorific value or Gross calorific value:
Lower calorific value or Net calorific value:

Net calorific value = Gross calorific value– Latent heat of water
vapour formed LCV or NCV= HCV– Latent heat of water vapour
formed
𝟗𝑯
x
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where, His the percentage of hydrogen.

55. What is the effect of hydrogen and oxygen on the calorific value of CO5 BTL2
fuel?
Hydrogen :
Higher the % of carbon and hydrogen, better the quality of coal and higher is its
calorific value.
Oxygen
1. Lower the % of oxygen higher is its calorific value.
2. As the oxygen content increases its moisture holding capacity increases and
the calorific value of the fuel is required..
56. A sample of coal has the following composition by mass Carbon 75 CO5 BTL2
%, Hydrogen 6%, Oxygen 8%, Nitrogen 2.5 %, and Ash 7 %.
Calculate the higher calorific value of a coal.
57. Write the composition of Liquid petroleum gas. CO5 BTL1
It is obtained as one of the top fractions in the fractional distillation of petroleum.
Composition Its approximate composition is
n-Butane = 70 %
Isobutane = 17 %
n-Propane = 11 %
Butylene and Ethane = rest.
Calorific Value Its Calorific Value is 27,000 kcals/m3 .
Uses i. It is used as a fuel for domestic cooking.
ii. Used for heating industrial furnaces.
iii. Used as an alternate for Gasoline in automobiles.

58. List down significance of Ultimate analysis. CO5 BTL1
i) Carbon and Hydrogen
calorific value.
ii) Nitrogen
1. Nitrogen does not have any calorific value, and its presence in coal is
undesirable.
2. Good quality coal should have very little nitrogen content.
iii) Sulphur
Though sulphur increases the calorific value, its presence in coal is undesirable
because
1. The combustion products of sulphur, i.e, SO2 and SO3 are harmful and
have corrosion effects on equipments.
iv) Oxygen
the calorific value of the fuel is required.
59. Explain determination of nitrogen by kjeldahl’s method CO5 BTL2

Determination of Nitrogen in Coal :
1 gram of accurately weighed powdered coal is digested in conc. H2SO4 in

Kjeldahl’s flaskand heated. It is treated with excess of KOH when the solution
becomes clear. Liberated ammonia is distilled over and absorbed in a known
volume of standard solution of acid. The unused acid is determined by back
titration with standard solution of NaOH.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑋 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋14

% Nitrogen = 𝑊𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑂𝐴𝐿 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑇𝐴𝐾𝐸𝑁 𝑋 1000
𝑋100
60. Give the composition and uses of CNG. CO5 BTL1
CNG(Compressed Natural Gas):
It is a natural gas compressed to high pressure.
Composition: Methane (CH4)=70-90%, Ethylene(C2H2) = 5-10%, H2=3% &Rest= CO +CO2
CalorificValue:12,000–14000Kcal/m3
Uses:Mainly used as automobile fuel, as a domestic fuel.
UNIT: V GREEN CHEMISTRY
61. Explain the various sources of Bio Diesel. CO6 BTL2

Bio diesel is a natural and renewable domestic fuel alternative for diesel engines made from
vegetable oils such as soya bean oil, palm oil, peanut oil & Sunflower seed oil.
62. Explain the constitute of composites. CO6 BTL1

Constituents of composites:
Composites consist of body constituents and structural constituents. The body constituent
encloses the composite and gives it its bulk form. The continuous matrix phase is the body
constituent. The structural constituent determines the internal structure of the composite,
and is known as ‘dispersed phase’. The Matrix phase may be metal, ceramics or polymers.
The dispersed phase can be fiber, particle, flake, whisker et
63. Explain atom economy in green chemistry by taking suitable CO6 BTL2
example.
64. Differentiate between Matrix and Reinforcement in a composite. CO6 BTL2
Matrix phase:
It is a continuous body constituent of composite, enclose the composite and gives it
bulk form. The Matrix phase maybe a metal, ceramic or polymer
Dispersed phase or Reinforcement:
It is a structural constituent of composite ,which determines the internal
structure of composite.
Dispersed phase maybe fibres, particles, flakes and whiskers
65. Define composite material. CO6 BTL1
Composite: A Composite is a material made from two or more different material
swhich have distinct physical and chemical properties those individual materials that
combined
Examples:
Wood (a composite of cellulose fibres& lignin)

Bone (a composite of strong protein Collagen ,and hard material apatite)
The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form
bricks for building construction
Concrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists
gravel (aggregate) held with a matrix of cement.
66. What is trans esterification? CO6 BTL1

Bio diesel is produced from the seeds of Jetropa and Rape seed vegetable oils and
these are not used directly as diesel fuel due to their high viscosities & high flash
point. Therefore Trans – esterification of Vegetable oils is done to reduce the
viscosity.
Transesterficationis“theprocessofconversionofvegetableoils/animaloils/fatsintobiodi
esel”.
Intransesterfication,theorganicgroupR″ofanesterexchangeswiththeorganicgroup
R′ofanalcohol.Thesereactionsareoftencatalyzedbyanacidorbase.
E.g.; Triglycerides(1)reacts with alcohols(2)to give alkyl esters(3) of a fatty acid

and glycerol(4)
Base catalyzed transesterfication pre dominantly is used for production of bio diesel
67. Give example of clean technology. CO6 BTL2

Green technology or clean technology is processes that reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances’.
Examples:
1. Atom Economy-A reaction to be considered as green synthesis, the atom
economy must be very high, approaching or equal to100%.
2. Catalysis: catalysts increases specificity of the reaction and reduces the
formation of byproducts .A catalyst also lowers active at ion energy of the energy
,there by reducing the energy consumption .

1.
68. Explain carbon neutrality of bio – diesel. CO6 BTL2
Bio diesel is a Carbon neutral:
Biodiesel is said to be carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the
plants for photosynthesis process is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the
fuel is burnt .So, there will be no net increase of CO2 emission to the atmosphere
69. Write any four properties of composites. CO6 BTL2

Characteristic properties of Composite Materials:
The composites show extra ordinary combination of properties like

toughness and strength with low weights & high temperature resistance.
Compared to steel and aluminum ,composites are lighter ,have low
coefficient of thermal expansion and
Have superior strength, stiffness &fatigue resistance.
They have better corrosion & oxidation-resistance
70. What is carbon neutrality of biodiesel? CO6 BTL1
Bio diesel is a Carbon neutral: Biodiesel is said to be carbon-neutral because the
carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants for photosynthesis is process is equal to
the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel is burnt. So,there will be no net
increase of CO2 emission to the atmosphere
71. Define atom economy. CO6 BTL1
72. Give concept &importance of Green Chemistry. CO6 BTL1
73. Define green catalyst. CO6 BTL2

Catalysis :Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents
74. Write any four engineering applications of composite materials. CO6 BTL2
Applicationsofcomposites:
Transportation: Composites are used in the manufacturing of
automobile parts, racing vehicle components and engine parts.
Marine:They are used as propeller shafts, hulls, spars (forracingboats) etc.
Aerospace: They are used in military aircrafts ,helicopters, missiles and
rocket components etc.
Consumer product: They are used in sporting goods like tennis rackets,
and in musical instruments etc.
Composite Applications in Building & Construction
75. Give the synthesis of Biodiesel. CO6 BTL2

these are not useddirectly as diesel fuel due to their high viscosities & high flash
point. Therefore Trans – esterification ofVegetable oilsis done toreducetheviscosity.
Transesterficationis“theprocessofconversionofvegetableoils/animaloils/fatsintobiodi
esel”.
Intransesterfication,the organic group R″of

anesterexchangeswiththeorganicgroupR′ofanalcohol.Thesereactionsareoftencata
lyzedbyanacidorbase.
UNIT: I ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BATTERY CHEMISTRY
CO
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
76. a) Write the cell reaction and calculate the emf of the cell at 25o C. CO1 BTL3
Zn / Zn+ 2 // Fe+3 / Fe2+/ Pt

(0.01M) (0.1 M)
0 2+
(E Zn/Z = 0.76V) and (E0 3+
/ 2+ = 0.77V)
n Fe Fe
77. Explain how pH is determined using quinhydrone electrode. CO1 BTL3
QuinhydroneElectrode:
Construction and working of Quinhydrone electrode:
The Quinhydrone electrode is an
example of redox electrode, which is
constructed by adding a pinch of
Quinhydrone powder, which is an
equimolar mixture of quinone and
hydroquinone to a acid solution,
under test, taken in a beaker. An
inert Pt electrode is dipped into the
solution for making electrical
contact.The electrode is represented a H+; Q QH/Pt(.aq) 2
It will either act a sanode or cathode depending on the other electrode to which it is
connected.
DeterminationofpHofasolutionusingquinhydroneelectrode:
The electrode potential of Quinhydrone electrode, which is reversible to H+

ions,depends on pH of a solution; therefore it is used to determine pH of a
solution. Todetermine pH of a solution, quinhydrone electrode is combined
with a
referenceelectrodelikecalomelelectrode.ThecellconsistsofQuinhydroneandC
alomelelectrodeisrepresentedas,
Pt, Hg/ Hg2Cl2,Cl-(Sat ,aq)// H+(aq),Q,QH2/Pt.
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=0.457−0.0591𝑝𝐻
0.457−𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑝𝐻=
0.0591
78. For a cell Zn(s)/Zn2+(0.01M // H+(0.01M) /Pt|H2(1atm), calculate CO1 BTL3

emf of the cell if standard electrode potentials of Zinc electrode
and Hydrogen electrode are +0.76V and 0.00V respectively.
79. Differentiate between Electrolytic cell from electrochemical cell. CO1 BTL2
80. What are reference electrodes? Describe the construction, working CO1 BTL3
and applications of calomel electrode.
Calomel electrode: It consists of mercury at the bottom over which a paste of
mercury mercurous chloride is placed. A solution of potassium chloride is then
placed over the paste. A platinum wire sealed in a glass tube helps in making the
electrical contact. The electrode is connected with the help of the side tube on the
left through a salt bridge with the other electrode to make a complete cell.
The electrode is represented as Pt, Hg/ Hg2Cl2, Cl- (aq) The potential of the
calomel electrode depends upon the concentration of the potassium chloride
solution.
81. Write the electrode representation and electrode reaction for the CO1 BTL3
reduction process of Calomel electrode
calomel electrode: It consists of mercury at the bottom over which a paste of

mercury mercurous chloride is placed. A solution of potassium chloride is then
placed over the paste. A platinum wire sealed in a glass tube helps in making the
electrical contact. The electrode is connected with the help of the side tube on the
left through a salt bridge with the other electrode to make a complete cell.
The electrode is represented as Pt, Hg/ Hg2Cl2, Cl- (aq) The potential of the
calomel electrode depends upon the concentration of the potassium chloride
solution.
82. What is secondary battery? Describe the construction working and CO1 BTL3
applications of Lead acid battery.
Lead-Acidbattery
The lead acid battery was invented in1859 by French physicist

GastonPlanté. It is the oldest rechargeable battery.
Construction
Negativeelectrode:SpongyLead(Pb)
Positive electrode: Lead plate
coated with
PbO2Electrolyte:30%H2SO4solutio
n.
It consists of a group of Lead plates coated with

Itisasecondarybattery. spongy Lead, which acts as anode and
alternating with a group of lead plates coated
with PbO2 acts as cathode. These two are
separated by insulating material like thin
wooden or fibre glass sheets. These plates are
immersed in a solution of about 30% H2SO4.
The cell is represented as,

Pb(s),PbSO4(s)/H2SO4(aq)(30%)/PbSO4(s),PbO2(s),
Pb(s)
Working
DuringDischarging DuringCharging
During discharging, Lead- Acid During charging, Lead-Acid battery

battery acts as electrochemical cell acts aselectrolyticcell.
(Voltaic cell). At Negative Electrode (Cathode):
At Negative Electrode :(Anode):
Pb(s) ------- >Pb2++2e-
Pb2++SO42 >PbSO4(Precipitate)
PbSO4(s) >Pb2++SO42-
2- 2+ -
Pb(s)+SO4 >PbSO4(s)+ 2e Pb +2e------------ >Pb(s)
2-
PbSO4+2e ------- > Pb(s)+SO4
APPLICATIONS
:note : refer handwritten pdf
83. What is Lithium-ion batteries? Explain their advantages and CO1 BTL2
applications.
Lithium–IonBattery(LIB)
Lithiumionbatteryisasecondarybattery.Lithiumionbatteriesarerechargeableb
atteries.
Construction The primary functional components of
a Li-ionbatteryare,
Anode(-ve):PorousGraphite
Cathode (+ve): Lithium metal oxide
(Li1-xCoO2)Electrolyte: A non-aqueous
medium used
aselectrolyte,usuallywhichisamixtureof
organiccarbonate(ethylenecarbonate)co
ntaining complex ([LiPF6])oflithium
ions.
Anode and cathode are separated
by
electricalinsulatingseparator(diaphragm
)whichpermeableto lithiumions.
84. What is reference electrode? Give two examples and represent CO1 BTL2
them and write their electrode reaction for reduction process.
85. Write the electrode representation and electrode reaction for the CO1 BTL3
reduction process of Quinhydrone electrode
QuinhydroneElectrode:
Construction and working of Quinhydrone electrode:
The Quinhydrone electrode is an example of redox electrode, which is constructed by
adding apinch of Quinhydrone powder, which is an equimolar mixture of quinine and
hydroquinone to a acid solution, undertest,taken in abeaker.An inert Pt electrode is
dipped into the solution form eletrical contact.
The electrode is represented as H+; Q; QH/Pt.
(aq) 2
Itwilleitheractasanodeorcathodedependingontheotherelectrodetowhichitisconnected.
DeterminationofpHofasolutionusingquinhydroneelectrode:
The electrode potential of Quinhydrone electrode, which is reversible to H +

ions,depends on pH of a solution; therefore it is used to determine pH of a solution.
Todetermine pH of a solution, quinhydrone electrode is combined with a
referenceelectrodelikecalomelelectrode.ThecellconsistsofQuinhydroneandCalomelelect
rodeisrepresentedas,
Pt, Hg/ Hg2Cl2,Cl-(Sat ,aq)// H+(aq),Q,QH2/Pt.
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=0.457−0.0591𝑝𝐻
0.457−𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑝𝐻=
0.0591
86. Write the cell reaction and calculate the EMF of the cell CO1 BTL3
Cu | Cu2+ (0.1 M) || H+ (0.01 M), H2 (1 atm) | Pt
87. Determine the EMF of the following cell at 250C with the help of CO1 BTL3
Nernst equation by finding the net reaction.
Mg | Mg2+ (0.01 M) || Cu2+ | Cu
E0(Mg2+ | Mg ) = - 2.364V & E0( Cu |Cu2+) = - 0.334 V
88. Differentiate between primary, secondary and fuel cell. CO1 BTL2
89. List down the applications of calomel electrode and Nernst equation. CO1 BTL2
ApplicationsofNernstEquation:
1. Nernstequationisusedtostudytheeffectof
electrolyteconcentrationonelectrodepote
ntial.
2. Nernstequationcanbeusedtocalculatecell
potentials/Electrodepotentialsundernon-
standardandnon-equilibriumcondition.
3. Determinationofunknownconcentrationo
foneoftheionicspeciesinvolvedinaredoxre 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
actionispossiblewithhelpofNernstequatio
nprovided𝐸0
concentrationofotherionicspeciesisknown.
SCE Applications
The SCE is used in pH measurement, cyclic voltammetry and generalaqueous
electrochemistry.
This electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference electrode work inthe
same way. In both electrodes, the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the
solubility of the metal salt.
The calomel electrode contains mercury, which poses much greaterhealth
hazards than the silver metal used in the Ag/AgCl electrode.
90. What is secondary battery? Explain in detail construction, working CO1 BTL3
and applications of lead-acid battery.
Secondary batteries are those batteries which can be recharged by passing electric current
through them and hence can be used over again e.g., lead storage battery.
LeadAcid Battery
Construction
Negativeelectrode:SpongyLead(Pb)
Positive electrode: Lead plate
coated with
PbO2Electrolyte:30%H2SO4solutio
Itisasecondarybattery. n.
It consists of a group of Lead plates coated with

spongyLead, which acts as anode and
alternating with a group oflead plates coatedwith
PbO2 acts as cathode. These twoare separated by
insulating material like thin wooden orfibre
glass sheets. These plates are immersed in a
solutionofabout 30% H2SO4.
Thecellisrepresentedas,
Pb(s),PbSO4(s)/H2SO4(aq)(30%)/PbSO4(s),PbO2(s),
Pb(s)
Working
DuringDischarging DuringCharging
Duringdischarging,Lead- During charging, Lead-Acid battery a

Acidbatteryactsaselectrochemicalcell At Negative Electrode (Cathode):
(Voltaic cell).
At Negative Electrode :(Anode): PbSO4(s) >Pb2++SO42-
Pb(s) >Pb2++2e- Pb2++2e ------------>Pb(s)
2+ 2
Pb +SO4
2-
------------------------>PbSO4(Precipita PbSO4+2e ------- > Pb(s)+SO 4
te)
2- -
Pb(s)+SO4 --------- >PbSO4(s)+ 2e
UNIT- II WATER CHEMISTRY AND CORROSION
91. Explain principle and method of determination of hardness of water CO2 BTL3
by EDTA method.
I. Principle: Hardness of water is estimated by a complexometric titration

which
involvesEDTA(EtheleneDiamineAceticAcid)asacomplexingagent.EDTAf
orms1:1stable,colourlesscomplexeswithCa +2/Mg+2 ionsatpH =9-10.
In this titration, Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) is used as indicator which

shows blue colour in itsfree state. When EBT is added to Hard water
sample buffered to pH = 10, the water sampleturnstowine-
redcolourduetotheformationofunstable[Ca-EBT]/[Mg-EBT] complex.
During titration, EDTA first combines with freely available Ca+2/ Mg +2 ions of sample waterto
form stable and colourless [Ca-EDTA]/[Mg-EDTA] complex and when all freely availableCa +2/
Mg +2 ions are complexed with EDTA; further added EDTA displaces EBT from [Ca-EBT/Mg-
EBT]complex.Thus,attheendpointthecolourofthesolutionchangesfromwineredtoblue.
92. Calculate temporary and permanent hardness in the following water CO2 BTL2
sample containingCa(HCO3)2 = 10.5 ppm ,Mg(HCO3)2 = 12.5 ppm,
CaSO4 = 7.5 ppm, CaCl2 = 8.2 ppm, MgSO4 = 2.6 ppm.
93. Explain Ion – exchange method for softening of water CO2 BTL3
Softening of water by ionexchange method: This method is also known as de-
mineralization process.
Principle: When a sample of water containing different salts (Electrolytes) come in

contact with anion-exchange resin,the ions of same sign are exchanged between
the resin and the water sample.
The ion-exchange resins are insoluble, porous; cross linked polymeric materials
(generally these areco-polymers of styrene and di-vinyl benzene). The functional
groups attached to the chains of thepolymersare responsiblefor ion-
exchangeproperties.
Ionexchangeresins areoftwotypes;
1. Cationexchangeresins:
Itconsistsoffixedanions(SO–,COO-)an3 dexchangeablecations(H +ions).
2. Anionexchangeresins:
Itconsistsoffixedcations (N+R3
Regeneration of resins:
When resins get saturated they need to be regenerated. The cation exchange
resin is regenerated byusingdil. HCl, where as anion exchange resinis regenerated
by dil. NaOH.
Advantages:
1. This method is capable reducing hardness to almost zero.

2. It can be used to soften acidic/alkaline water.
Disadvantages:
1. This method is expensive.

2. It can’t remove organic impurities and colloidal impurities.
94. What is cathodic protection? Explain sacrificial anode method of CO3 BTL3
protecting corrosion.
The principle involved in this method is to force the metal to be protected (Parent
metal) to behave like cathode. Therefore, corrosion of the parent metal is
prevented. There are two types of cathodic protections, (a) Sacrificial anodic
protection (b) Impressed current cathodic protection.
sacrificial anode method

In this method, the metallic structure to be protected is electrically connected to a
more active or anodic metal thanthe metallic structure to be protected. The more
active metal acts as anode and gets corroded slowly; while the parent structure
(metallic structure to be protected) is forced to act as cathode of galvanic cell, hence
protected. Asthis more active metal is sacrificed its life in the process of saving
metallic structure from corrosion, it is known assacrificial anode and, therefore,
thismethod is called as sacrificial anodic protection
95. What is hardness of water? Describe the complexometric method CO2 BTL3
using EDTA for the determination of hardness of water.
Hardness of Water: Hardness of water is “the characteristic that prevents
lathering of soap”. (Or) Itisdefined as “the soap consuming capacity of water”.
Cause of Hardness: Hardness of water is caused by the presence of certain soluble salts of
Ca, Mg,and salts of
some other heavy metals
I. Principle: Hardness of water is estimated by a complexometric titration
which involves EDTA (Ethelene Diamine Acetic Acid) as a complexing
agent. EDTA forms 1:1 stable, colourless complexes with Ca +2/Mg+2 ions
at pH = 9 -10.
In this titration, Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) is used as indicator which

shows blue colour in its free state. When EBT is added to Hard water
sample buffered to pH = 10, the water sample turns to wine-red colour
due to the formation of unstable [Ca-EBT]/[Mg-EBT] complex.
During titration, EDTA first combines with freely available Ca +2/ Mg +2 ions of sample water
to form stable and colourless [Ca-EDTA]/[Mg-EDTA] complex and when all freely available Ca
+2
/ Mg +2 ions are complexed with EDTA; further added EDTA displaces EBT from [Ca- EBT/Mg-
EBT] complex. Thus, at the end point the colour of the solution changes from winered to
blue.
96. What is corrosion of metals? Describe the mechanism of CO3 BTL3
electrochemical corrosion by
a) Hydrogen evolution and
b) Oxygen absorption
Corrosion of Metals:
Corrosion is a process of gradual deterioration or destruction of metals or
alloys from its surfacedueto unwanted chemical or electrochemical interaction
of metal with its environment.
Examples:
1. Formation of a layer of reddish brown scale of hydrated ferric oxide
on the surface of iron.Formation of a green film of basic carbonate [CuCO3+Cu
(OH)2] on the surface of Copper
Wet or Electrochemical corrosion:

Wet or electro chemical corrosion is common type of corrosion which
occurs under wet ormoist conditions. It is observed when (i) a metal is in
contact with a conducting liquid , and/or
(ii) dissimilarmetals are dipped partially in aqueous corrosive environment.
97. What is the principle involved in Cathodic protection? Discuss the CO3 BTL3
two types of cathodic protection.
The principle involved in this method is to force the metal to be protected (Parent
metal) to behave like cathode. Therefore, corrosion of the parent metal is
prevented. There are two types of cathodic protections, (a) Sacrificial anodic
protection (b) Impressed current cathodic protection.
sacrificial anode method
In this method, the metallic structure to be protected is electrically connected to a
more active or anodic metal thanthe metallic structure to be protected. The more
active metal acts as anode and gets corroded slowly; while the parent structure
(metallic structure to be protected) is forced to act as cathode of galvanic cell, hence
protected. Asthis more active metal is sacrificed its life in the process of saving
metallic structure from corrosion, it is known assacrificial anode and, therefore,
thismethod is called as sacrificial anodic protection
a) Impressed current cathodic protection

In this method, an impressed D.C current is applied, through D.C current source
by a battery, between the metallic structure to be protected which is forced to
act as cathode and an insoluble electrode like platinum, graphite or nickel which
is buried in conducting medium adjacent to the metallic structure to be protected
and acts as anode of an electrolytic cell as shown in the figure. The impressed D.C
current applied nullifies the corrosion current thus the metallic structure is
protected from corrosion.
The metals which are commonly used as insoluble anodes are Graphite, Scrap
iron, etc.This type of cathodic protection is applied to buried structures such as
tanks and pipelines, since, their operating and maintenance costs are less, and
they are well suited for large structures and long term operations.
98. a) What are the disadvantages of hard water? Explain the methods of CO2 BTL3
removal of hardness of water by Ion – Exchange method.
b) 50 ml of sample water consumed 20 ml of EDTA before boiling
and 5 ml of the same EDTA after boiling. Calculate the total, CO2
permanent and temporary hardness.
a) DISADVANTAGES OF HARDWATER / CAUSES OF HARDNESS:
The following are the disadvantages when hard water is used for various purpose:
(i) DOMESTIC USE:
(a) Washing and Bathing : Hard water does not form lather easily with soap is wasted
(b) Drinking : Hard water causes bad effects on our digestive system.
Sometimes, stone formation takes place in kidneys
(c) Cooking : The boiling point of water is increased due to the presence of salts.
Hence, more fuel and timeare required for cooking.
(c) Textile Industry : Hard water causes wastage of soap. Precipitates of
calcium and magnesiumsoap adhere to the fabrics and cause problem
(d) Paper Industry : Calcium and Magnesium salts in water may effect the quality
of paper.
(e) Sugar Industry : Water containing sulphates, carbonates, nitrates
(f) affects the crystallisation of sugar.
Softening of water by ionexchange method: This method is also known as de-
mineralization process.
Principle: When a sample of water containing different salts (Electrolytes) come in

contact with anion-exchange resin,the ions of same sign are exchanged between
the resin and the water sample.
The ion-exchange resins are insoluble, porous; cross linked polymeric materials
(generally these areco-polymers of styrene and di-vinyl benzene). The functional
groups attached to the chains of thepolymersare responsiblefor ion-
exchangeproperties.
Ionexchangeresins areoftwotypes;
3. Cationexchangeresins:
Itconsistsoffixedanions(SO–,COO-)an3 dexchangeablecations(H +ions).
4. Anionexchangeresins:
Itconsistsoffixedcations (N+R3
Regeneration of resins:
When resins get saturated they need to be regenerated. The cation exchange
resin is regenerated byusingdil. HCl, whereasanionexchange resinis
regeneratedbydil. NaOH.
Advantages:
3. This method is capable reducing hardness to almost zero.

4. It can be used to soften acidic/alkaline water.
Disadvantages:
3. This method is expensive.

4. It can’t remove organic impurities and colloida limpurities.
99. Explain the Mechanism of Electrochemical corrosion. CO3 BTL4
Wet or Electrochemical corrosion:

Wet or electro chemical corrosion is common type of corrosion which
occurs under wet ormoist conditions. It is observed when (i) a metal is in
contact with a conducting liquid , and/or
(ii) dissimilarmetals are dipped partially in aqueous corrosive environment.
100. 0.5 gm of CaCO3 was dissolved 0.1 M HCl and diluted to 100 ml. CO2 BTL3
50 ml of this solution required 48 ml of EDTA solution. 50 ml of the
same water sample on boiling, filtering required 15 ml of EDTA
solution. 50 ml of same sample on boiling filtering required 10 ml of
EDTA solution. Calculate temporary, permanent and total hardness
of water sample.
101. Factors affecting rate of corrosion? CO2 BTL3
Nature of metal
Position of the metal in Galvanic Series:
Galvanic series gives real and useful information regarding the corrosion
behaviour of metalsand alloys in a given environment.
When two metals are electrically combined and exposed to corrosive environment
the metal with lower potential acts as anode and undergoes corrosion where as the
metal with higher potential acts as cathode.
b) Purity of metal: In general higher the purity of the metal, lesser the rate of
corrosion. Thus zinc of 99.95 % purity undergoes corrosion at rate of about 5000
times more compared to zinc of 99.999% purity
c) humidity in air: Higher the humidity (moisture content) higher will
be the rate of corrosion. Moisture acts assolvent for O2, H2S, SO2 etc to
furnish the electrolyte essential for setting corrosion cell.
Gases like H2S and SO2 increase the acidity of the medium by their
dissolution in water.
Therefore, the rate of corrosion increases as humidity increases
Nature of surface oxide film

 If the corrosion product formed is stable, non-porous and
strongly adherent layer itprevents further corrosion.
 If corrosion product formed is highly unstable the metals do not
undergo corrosion.
 If the corrosion product formed is porous or volatile metals undergo
severe corrosion.
 If the corrosion product is soluble in medium to which it is
immersed, corrosion of themetal occurs with a faster rate
102. Calculate total and temporary hardness of water if 5 g of CaCO 3 was CO2 BTL4
dissolved in dil. HCl & diluted to 1000 ml. 50 ml of this solution
required 48 ml of EDTA solution for titration. 50 ml of hard water
sample required 15 ml of EDTA solution for titration. 50 ml of same
water sample on boiling, filtering etc. required 10 ml of EDTA
solution
103. 0.5 gm of CaCO3 was dissolved 0.1m HCl and diluted to 100 ml. CO3 BTL4
50ml of this solution required 48 ml of EDTA solution for titration.
50 m1 of same sample required 15 ml of EDTA solution. 50 ml of
the same on boiling, filtering required 10 ml of EDTA solution.
Calculate temporary, permanent and total hardness of water sample.
104. What is the difference between wet and dry corrosion? CO3 BTL2
105. What is chlorination? Explain in detail break point chlorination. CO3 BTL2
BREAK-POINT CHLORINATION
Involves in addition of sufficient amt. of chlorine to oxidise :organic matter,

reducing substances. Dosage of applied chlorine to water rich in organic
compound or ammonia is gradually increased.Four stages:
• The addition of chlorine at the dip or break : ’ breakpoint’ chlorination.
This indicates the point at which free residual chlorine begins to appear. All tastes,
odour disappear at break point : water free from bad tastes and odours
UNIT: III ENGINEERIN GMATERIALS
106. Differentiate between CO4 BTL2

a) Addition polymerization from condensation polymerization.
b) Monomer from polymer
addition polymerisation condensation Polymerisation
Polymerisationpppolymerization.polyme
Functionality of the monomer is multiple Functionality of the monomer is
bonds like double bond which is bifunction,tri,poly like reactive
Polymerization takes place by self Its due to slow step wise
addition of monomers. condensation of the functional
No byproducts formed Byproducts formed like H2O,HCl..
Molecular weight is sum of molecular Not the sum

weights of monomers
The mechanism of polymerization Slow step wise condensation
carried out in 3 steps ini,prop,termi
Homopolymers are formed Heteropolymers are formed.
- M-M-M-M-
It is Highly exothermic process as the pi Not so much
bonds are converted to sigma bond
An initiator is needed to start A catalyst is needed
Polymer has same composition like Polymer has different composition

monomer. than monomer.
Monomers: The small individual molecules which combine with each other to
form largemolecules are called monomers.
Examples: Ethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, etc.
POLYMERS
(Poly = many; Mers = Part):
Polymers are high molecular weight giant molecules formed by linking
together of smallmolecules, monomers, by means of covalent bond/chemical
bond.
.
107. Give the preparation, properties and Engineering applications of CO4 BTL3
Nylon 6:6
Nylon 66:
Preparation: It is prepared by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid
with hexamethylene diamine.
Properties:
 They are translucent, whitish, horny, high melting (160 - 2640C) polymers.
 They are resistance to high temperature and abrasion.
 They are insoluble in benzene and acetone and soluble in phenol, formic
acid etc.
 They have good strength and absorb little moisture.
Uses of Nylons:
 Nylon 6:6 is used for making socks, dresses, carpets etc.
 It is also used in making gears, bearings, bushes etc.
 It is used for jacketing electrical ware and protects the electrical
insulation.
108. Define and write one example for each: CO4 BTL2
a) Polymer
b) Degree of polymerization.
c) Co – Polymer
(Poly = many; Mers = Part):

Polymers are high molecular weight giant molecules formed by linking
together of smallmolecules, monomers, by means of covalent bond/chemical
bond.
. Degree of polymerization”.
Number of monomers/repeat units present in the polymer is called “Degree of
polymerization”.Example:
1. Co-polymerization:
 Co-polymerization is the joint polymerization of two or more monomers.
 This is mainly to vary the properties of polymers
over a wide range.Examples:
i. Buna-S (SBR)
109. Write the preparation and properties and applications of CO4 BTL3
BAKELITE
Bakelite:
It is the condensation polymer of phenol and formaldehyde. It is also known as
phenoplast andPF resin.
Preparation: Bakelite preparation involves the following steps:
Step (i):
Phenol and formaldehyde react to form methylol derivatives which act as monomers for
subsequent polymerization
Step (ii): In presence of acid catalyst when mole ratio P/F>1.
The methylol derivatives condense with phenol to form dihydroxy diphenyl

methane. These on further condensation give low molecular weight linear
polymers which are fusible , soluble and are known as “Novalacs”
Step (iii):
Further heating of Novalac in presence of hexamethylenetetramine [(CH2)6N4]

as curing agent produces a hard, rigid , insoluble and infusible 3-D cross linked
polymer known as “Bakelite”.
Properties:
 Bakelite is hard, infusible and insoluble strong material.
 They have excellent heat, chemical resistance, but are affected by strong
caustic alkalis.
 They have good electrical insulation characteristics.
They have good abrasion resistance
 Uses:
 For making electrical insulating parts like switches, plug etc.
 For making telephone parts, cabinets for radio & television.
 In paints and varnishes.
 As ion exchange resin in softening of water by ion-exchange method
110. Write the preparation and properties and applications of CO4 BTL3
1) BUNA – S.
2) Kevlar
BUNA -S
SBR is a copolymer which is prepared by the co-polymerization of 1, 3-butadiene (75%)
andstyrene (25%)
Properties: Buna-S has the following properties,
 High abrasion resistance and load bearing capacity.
 Good Resilience.
 It swells in oils and solvents.
 It gets readily oxidized due to the presence of unsaturation.
Uses: SBR is used for making,
 Automobile tyres, foot wear components.

 Insulation for electrical wires.
 Conveyor belt, tank lining.
Kevlar
Kevlar (Aramid) : It is a aromatic polyamide, therefore also known as aramid.
Preparation: It is prepared by the condensation polymerisation of
terephthalic acid dichloride and 1, 4- di amino benzene (P-amino aniline).
111. Distinguish between thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. CO4 BTL2
Thermoplastics Thermosetting polymers

They soften on heating and harden on They are not softened on heating
cooling reversibly. once set.Prolonged heating leads to
charring.
They are formed by addition or They are formed by
condensation polymerization. condensation polymerization.
They have either linear or These have 3D cross linked structures.
branched structures.
They can be recycled, re-moulded, re- They can’t be re-cycled, re-
shaped and re-used. moulded, re-shaped.
They are soluble in some organic They are insoluble in organic solvents.
solvents
They are tough & less brittle They are tough but more brittle.
Ex: PE, PP, PVC, PMMA, Teflon. Ex: PF, UF, MF
112. Explain preparation properties and uses of PVC and Nylon 6:6. CO4 BTL2
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is obtained by heating a water emulsion of Vinyl chloride
in presenceof benzoyl peroxide or H2O2 in an auto clave under pressure.
Properties
1. Rigid PVC is a colourless, odourless and non-inflammable.
3. Due to the presence of ‘Cl’ atoms, hardness and stiffness of the polymer
increases.
4. It has high chemical resistance , but soluble in ethyl chloride .
Uses of Rigid PVC: It is used for making
Baby pants, swim suits etc
Nylon 66:
Preparation: It is prepared by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid with
hexamethylene diamine.
Properties:
acid etc.
Uses of Nylons:
It is used for jacketing electrical ware and protects the electrical insulation
113. What is polymerization? Explain types of polymerization with BTL-
CO4
examples? 2
Polymerization: The process of joining together of small molecules by means of

covalent
bonds to form extremely large molecule is called polymerization.
Types of polymerization:
1. Addition polymerization/Chain growth polymerization:
 Addition polymerization is a reaction that yields a polymer which is an exact multiple
of monomers, without the elimination of by-products.
 Monomers having double bonds such as alkenes, alkynes, undergo addition
polymerization.
 It is induced by heat or light or catalyst.
Example : polyethylene
2. Condensation polymerization/step polymerization:

 Condensation polymerization is a reaction occurring between two bi – or poly
functional monomers having polar functional groups.
 It always accompanies with elimination of small molecules like H2O, HCl, NH3, etc.
 For example, >C=O, -COOH, -OH and –NH2 carrying monomers undergo condensation
polymerization.
Example : Nylon 6,6.

3. Co-polymerization:
 Co-polymerization is the joint polymerization of two or more monomers.
 This is mainly to vary the properties of polymers over a wide range.

Examples:
i. Buna-S (SBR
114. Define biodegradable polymer. Give preparation, properties and CO4 BTL3
applications of poly lactic acid.
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER:

 It is used for packing ,agriculture, and medicines
Polylactic acid: It is biodegradable thermo plastic, aliphatic polyester derived from
renewable resources such as corn starch (in USA), Tapioca products (roots, starch,
mostly in Asia) and sugar cane in rest of the world.
PROPERTIES:
Polylactic acid can be processed like most thermoplastics into fibre and film.
The melting temperature of PLLA can be increased 40-50 °C and its heat deflection
temperature can be increased from approximately 60°C to up to 190 °C by physically
blending the polymer with PDLA (poly-D-lactide).
APPLICATIONS:
Poly (lactic acid) can be processed by extrusion, injection moulding, film & sheet
casting, and spinning, providing access to a wide range of materials.
Being able to degrade into innocuous lactic acid, PLA is used as medical implants in
the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and as a mesh.
Depending on the exact type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to
2 years. In the form of fibres and non-woven textiles, PLA also has many potential
uses, for example as upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene
products, and diapers
115. Explain the mechanism of conduction in polyacetylene and write the CO4 BTL3
applications of conducting polymers.
DOPED CONDUCTING POLYMERS:

negative charge on polymer backbone by oxidation or reduction. Doping is two types:
P-DOPING (OXIDATIVE DOPING): It is done by oxidation process. Conducting polymer having
conjugation is treated with Lewis acids or I2 vapour of I2 in CCl4.
P-Doping of polyacetylene:
In p-doping, conducting polymer having conjugation is partially oxidised using a suitable
oxidising agent which leads to the formation of delocalised radical ion called, Polaron. A
second oxidation of this Polaron, followed by radical recombination yields two positive
charge carriers on each chain which are mobile. Thus, these delocalised positive charges are
current carriers for conduction
N-Doping (Reductive doping):
It is done by reduction process. Conducting polymer is treated with Lewis bases or reducing
agents
N-Doping of polyacetylene: In n-doping, the reduction process leads to formation of Polaron

and bi polaron in two steps. This followed by recombination of radical ion yields two negative
charge carriers on each chain of polyacetylene which are responsible for conduction.
116. Discuss the preparation, properties and engineering applications of CO4 BTL3
PVC.
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is obtained by heating a water emulsion of Vinyl

chloride in presenceof benzoyl peroxide or H2O2 in an auto clave under
pressure.
Properties
increases.
117. preparation properties and uses of PVC and Nylon 6:6. CO4 BTL2
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is obtained by heating a water emulsion of Vinyl
chloride in presenceof benzoyl peroxide or H2O2 in an auto clave under
pressure.
Properties
increases.
Uses of Rigid PVC: It is used for making

5. Baby pants, swim suits etc.
Nylon 66:
Preparation: It is prepared by the condensation polymerization of adipic acid
with hexamethylene diamine.
Properties:
acid etc.
Uses of Nylons:
It is used for jacketing electrical ware and protects the electrical insulation
118. Write a note on CO4 BTL2

i) Conducting polymers
ii) Biodegradable polymers.
CONDUCTIVE POLYMER:
The polymers which can conduct electricity due to extensive conjugation are called as
conducting /conductive polymers.
Intrinsically conducting polymers:

These polymers have extensive conjugation in the backbone which is
responsible for conductance.
a) Conducting polymers having conjugated π - electrons in the backbone:
These polymers contain conjugated π - electrons in the backbone
which increases their conductivity to a large extent. This is because,
overlapping of conjugated π – electrons over the entire backbone
results in valance and conduction bands. These
bands are separated by a significant band gap. The electrical
conduction occurs onlyafter thermal or photolytic activation of
electrons to give them sufficient energy to jump the gap and reach into
the lower levels of the conduction band.
b) Doped conducting polymers:
The conducting polymers with high conjugation can be easily oxidised
of reduced as they have low ionisation potential. Their conductivities
can be increased by creating positive or negative charge on polymer
backbone by oxidation or reduction.
Doping is two types:
BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER:

 It is used for packing ,agriculture, and medicines
119. Give preparation, properties and applications of poly lactic acid. CO4 BTL3
Polylactic acid: It is biodegradable thermo plastic, aliphatic polyester derived from

renewable resources such as corn starch (in USA), Tapioca products (roots, starch,
mostly in Asia) and sugar cane in rest of the world.
PROPERTIES:
Polylactic acid can be processed like most thermoplastics into fibre and film.
The melting temperature of PLLA can be increased 40-50 °C and its heat deflection
temperature can be increased from approximately 60°C to up to 190 °C by physically
blending the polymer with PDLA (poly-D-lactide).
APPLICATIONS:
Poly (lactic acid) can be processed by extrusion, injection moulding, film & sheet
casting, and spinning, providing access to a wide range of materials.
Being able to degrade into innocuous lactic acid, PLA is used as medical implants in
the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and as a mesh.
Depending on the exact type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to
2 years. In the form of fibres and non-woven textiles, PLA also has many potential
uses, for example as upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene
products, and diapers
120. Explain the mechanism of conduction in polyacetylene and write the CO4 BTL3
applications of conducting polymers.
negative charge on polymer backbone by oxidation or reduction. Doping is two types:
P-DOPING (OXIDATIVE DOPING): It is done by oxidation process. Conducting polymer having

conjugation is treated with Lewis acids or I2 vapour of I2 in CCl4.
P-Doping of polyacetylene:
In p-doping, conducting polymer having conjugation is partially oxidised using a suitable
oxidising agent which leads to the formation of delocalised radical ion called, Polaron. A
second oxidation of this Polaron, followed by radical recombination yields two positive
charge carriers on each chain which are mobile. Thus, these delocalised positive charges are
current carriers for conduction
N-Doping (Reductive doping):
It is done by reduction process. Conducting polymer is treated with Lewis bases or reducing
agents
N-Doping of polyacetylene: In n-doping, the reduction process leads to formation of Polaron

and bi polaron in two steps. This followed by recombination of radical ion yields two negative
charge carriers on each chain of polyacetylene which are responsible for conduction.
List down applications of conducting polymers

 It is used in photo voltaic devices.
 It is used as non linear optical material
 It is used in Transistors Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
 Lasers used in flat televisions
 Solar cells
 Electro chromic displays and optical fitters
 In electronics
 In rechargeable batteries
 Displays in mobile telephones and mini-format television screens
UNIT: IV CHEMICAL FUELS

121. Define Calorific value of a fuel. What is LPG? Give the CO5 BTL3
composition, calorific value and uses of LPG.
Calorific value: It is defined as “the total quantity of heat liberated, when a unit
mass or volumeof a fuel is burnt completely” in air or oxygen.
The calorific value of a solid or liquid fuel is generally expressed in Calorie/gram

(cal/g) orKilocalorie/kg (kcal /kg) or British thermal unit /lb
It is obtained as one of the top fractions in the fractional distillation of petroleum. It is easily
liquified and so can be economically stored and transported in cylinders.
Composition Its approximate composition is
n-Butane = 70 %
Isobutane = 17 %
n-Propane = 11 %
Butylene and Ethane = rest.
Calorific Value Its Calorific Value is 27,000 kcals/m3 .
Uses
i. It is used as a fuel for domestic cooking.
ii. Used for heating industrial furnaces.
Used as an alternate for Gasoline in automobiles.
122. A sample of coal was found to have the following percentage CO5 BTL3
composition C = 75 %, H = 5.2%, O = 12.1%, N = 3.2 % and ash =
4.5%.
a) Calculate the minimum air required for complete combustion
of 1 Kg of coal.
b) Also calculate the HCV and LCV of coal sample.
(Gross C.V in K. Cal / Kg, C = 8080, H = 34500, S = 2240)
123 Calculate the lower calorific value of fuel if the percentage of
hydrogen in the fuel is 12 and HCV is – 1499 KJ,
124. Calculate the Gross and Net calorific values of a coal having CO5 BTL3
the following compositions, C = 63 %, H = 19 %, O = 03 %,
2 2
S = 13 % and ash=2. Latent heat of steam is = 587 cal/gm.
125. What is analysis of coal? Explain proximate analysis of coal and CO5 BTL4
write its significance and importance.
Analysis of coal:
The composition of coal varies widely and hence it is necessary to analyse the coal
samples so that it helps to know the quality of coal.
It means finding out weight percentage of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash in
coal
Significance (or) Importance of Proximate Analysis :
MOISTURE:
Moisture High moisture content in coal is undesirable because it, i) Reduces Calorific Value of
coal
Hence, lesser the moisture content, better is the quality of coal.
VOLATILE MATTER:
The coal with higher volatile content,
Has lower Calorific Value Will give more quantity of coal gas when it is heated in absence of
air.
ASH:
High ash content in coal is undesirable because it (a) increases transporting, handling, storage
costs, (b) is harder and stronger, (c) has lower Caloific Value.
FIXED CARBON:
Fixed Carbon It is the pure carbon present in coal. Higher the fixed carbon content of the coal,
higher will be its Caorific Value
126. Explain in detail ultimate analysis of coal and write its significance. CO5 BTL4
Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis that involves determination of chemical
constituents such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, ash , etc. present in the
coal.
Determination of carbon and hydrogen in coal

A known weight of coal sample is burnt in dry oxygen in a combustion apparatus.
C and H of the coal are converted into CO2 and H2O respectively. H2Oand CO2
formed will be absorbed in CaCl2 and KOH tubes of known weights respectively.
C + O2-------------- > CO2
H2 + ½ O2 --------------- > H2O
Increase in the weight of KOH tube represents weight of CO2 formed. Increase
in the weight of CaCl2 tube represents weight of water formed
𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆𝐸 𝑊𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐾𝑂𝐻 𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐵 𝑋 12

% Carbon = 𝑋100
𝑊𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑂𝐴𝐿 𝑆𝐴𝑀𝑃𝐿𝐸 𝑇𝐴𝐾𝐸𝑁 𝑋 32
𝐼𝑁𝐶𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆𝐸 𝑊𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐵 𝑋 2

% Hyrogen = 𝑋100
Determination of Nitrogen in Coal :
1 gram of accurately weighed powdered coal is digested in conc. H2SO4 in

Kjeldahl’s flaskand heated. It is treated with excess of KOH when the solution
becomes clear. Liberated ammonia is distilled over and absorbed in a known
volume of standard solution of acid. The unused acid is determined by back
titration with standard solution of NaOH.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋14

% Nitrogen = 𝑋100
3. Determination of Sulphur:
Sulphur is determined from the washings obtained from the known mass of coal
burnt in bomb
calorimeter for determination of a calorific value. During this determination, S is
converted into Sulphate. The washings are treated with Barium chloride solution
to convert sulphate into Barium-sulphate which is precipitate. Precipitate is
filtered, washed and heated to constant weight
𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑝𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑋 32

% Sulphur = 𝑋100
Determination of Oxygen:
It is determined indirectly by subtracting the sum of percentages of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash from 100 %
% Oxygen = 100 % – % of (C + H + S + N )
Significance (or) Importance of Ultimate Analysis

i) Carbon and Hydrogen
calorific value.
ii) Nitrogen
1. Nitrogen does not have any calorific value, and its presence in coal is
undesirable.
2. Good quality coal should have very little nitrogen content.
iii) Sulphur
Though sulphur increases the calorific value, its presence in coal is undesirable
because
2. The combustion products of sulphur, i.e, SO2 and SO3 are harmful and
have corrosion effects on equipments.
iv) Oxygen
the calorific value of the fuel is required.
127. Describe fractional distillation of petroleum and discuss the uses of CO5 BTL3
petroleum fractions.
i) Removal of Impurities
The impurities present in the oil are the fine water droplets, NaCl, MgCl 2 ,
Sulphur etc. The crude oil is an extremely stable emulsion of oil and salt water.
ii) Fractional Distillation
The purified crude oil is heated in a furnace called oil heater where the
temperature will be around 400 C. Here the oil gets vapourised. The hot vapours
are then sent to the fractionating column It is a tall cylindrical tower consisting of
a number of horizontal stainless steel tray at short distances. Each tray is
provided with a small chimney, which is covered with a loose cap. The tower will
be hot at the lower end and comparatively cooler at the upper end. When the oil
vapours go up in the tower, they become cool and condense. The heavier
compounds having higher boiling points get cooled first and condensed in the
trays whereas the fractions having lower boiling points condense near the top of
the tower.
127. b) Calculate the amount of air required for complete combustion of CO5 BTL3
0.5 Kg of coal.
128. A sample of coal was found to contain the following composition. C CO5 BTL3
= 80 %, H = 5 %, S = 3.2 %, N = 2 % O = 1 % and ash = 12 %,
Calculate minimum amount of air required for complete combustion
of 1 kg coal sample.
129. Define fuel. Explain the classification and characteristics of a good CO5 BTL2
fuels.
A chemical fuel is defined as any combustible substance used to produce heat
bycombustion.
A chemical process which is accompanied by evolution of heat, when a
chemical fuel issubjected to burning in the presence of air or oxygen, is called as
combustion
Classification of fuels:
Characteristics of good fuel:
1. It should have a high calorific value.
2. An ideal fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.
3. Its moisture content should be low.
4. Low volatile matter content.
5. It should not produce harmful products like CO2, SO2, H2S and other
poisonous gaseson combustion since they pollute the atmosphere.
6. A fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter.
7. It should be economical and easily available.
In case of solid fuel, the size should be uniform
130. An oil analysis gives the following results, C = 85 %, H =12% and O CO5 BTL3
= 3%. Find the weight of minimum air required for burning of 1Kg
of fuel.
131. Calculate the Gross and Net calorific values of a coal having CO5 BTL3
the following compositions, C = 80 %, H =08 %, O = 08 %, S
2 2
= 2 % and ash=2. Latent heat of steam is = 587 cal/gm.
132. a) Define fuel. Describe the requirement of good fuel. CO5 BTL4
b) Calculate the amount of air required for complete combustion of
0.5 Kg of coal.
A chemical fuel is defined as any combustible substance used to produce heat
bycombustion.
A chemical process which is accompanied by evolution of heat, when a
chemical fuel issubjected to burning in the presence of air or oxygen, is called as
combustion
Characteristics of good fuel:
1. It should have a high calorific value.
2. An ideal fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.
3. Its moisture content should be low.
4. Low volatile matter content.
5. It should not produce harmful products like CO2, SO2, H2S and other
poisonous gaseson combustion since they pollute the atmosphere.
6. A fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter.
7. It should be economical and easily available.
In case of solid fuel, the size should be uniform
133. A sample of coal contains the following by weight C = 81%, H = CO5 BTL4
4%, O = 2%, N= 10%, S= 1% and remainder ash.Calculate the
volume of air required for the perfect combustion of 1 Kg of fuel
assuming STP condition
134. b) An oil on analysis gave the following results. CO5 BTL4
C = 85 %, H = 12 %, O = 3 %. Find the minimum air required for
burning of 1 Kg of fuel.
135. The percentage composition of a sample of coal by weight was CO5 BTL3
found to be C = 76%, H = 5.2% O = 12.8%, N = 2.7%, S = 1.2% and
the remainder is ash. Calculate the minimum weight and volume
required for complete combustion of 1 Kg of coal.
UNIT: V GREEN CHEMISTRY
136. What are composites? Explain the properties of composites. CO6 BTL2
Composite: A Composite is a material made from two or more different materials
which have distinctphysical and chemical properties those individual materials that
combined
The two essential constituents of composites are, 1.Matrix phase 2.Dispersed phase
3. Matrix phase:
It is a continuous body constituent of composite, enclose the composite
and gives itbulkform. The Matrix phase may be a metal, ceramic or
polymer.
Properties :
a)It binds the fibers b) It acts as medium by transmitting & distributing
the externally applied load to the dispersed phase. c) It protects the
individual fibers from chemical reaction and mechanical abrasion. d) It
keeps the reinforcing fibers in the proper position &orientation. e) It
prevents the propagation of brittle crack
4. Dispersed phase or Reinforcement:
It is a structural constituent of composite, which determines the
internal structure ofcomposite.
Dispersed phase may be fibres, particles, flakes and whiskers.
 The composite materials show properties

distinctively different from those of theindividual
materials of the composite.
 The composites show extraordinary combination of

properties like toughness andstrength with low
weights & high temperature resistance.
 Compared to steel and aluminium, composites are

lighter, have low coefficient ofthermal expansion
and have superior strength, stiffness & fatigue
resistance.
137. a) Discuss the advantages and applications of composites CO6 BTL3
b) Explain the principles of green chemistry.
Applications of composites:
Transportation: Composites are used in the manufacturing of automobile
parts,racingvehicle components and engine parts.
Marine: They are used as propeller shafts, hulls, spars (for racing boats) etc.
Aerospace: They are used in military aircrafts, helicopters, missiles and
rocketcomponentsetc.
Consumer product: They are used in sporting goods like tennis rackets, and
in musicalinstruments etc.
Principles of Green Chemistry :
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry are:
1) Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
2) Atom Economy : Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the
incorporationof all materials used inthe process into the final product.
3) Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should
be designed to use andgenerate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health
and the environment.
4) Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of
function while reducingtoxicity. Reducing
5) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg: solvents, separation
agents etc) should bemade unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.
6) Design for energy efficiency : Energy requirements should be recognized for their
environmental and economicimpacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be
conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
7) Use of Renewable Feed stocks : A raw material feed stock should be renewable rather
than depleting whenevertechnically and economically practicable.
8) Reduce Derivatives : Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/deprotection, temporarymodification of physical/chemical process) should be
avoided whenever possible.
9) Catalysis : Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric
reagents.
10) Design for Degradation : Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of
their function they do notpersist in the environment and break down in to innocuous
degradation products.
11) Real-time analysis for pollution prevention : Analytical methodologies need to be
further developed to allowfor real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the
formation of hazardous substance.
12) Inherently safer chemistry for Accident Prevention : Substances and the form of a
substance used in a
chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including
releases,explosions and fires.
138. a) Discuss the importance of trans esterification of biodiesel and CO6 BTL2
explain its significance.
b) Explain any six principles of Green Chemistry.
these are not used directly as diesel fuel due to their high viscosities & high flash
point. Therefore Trans – esterification ofVegetable oils is done to reduce the
viscosity.
Transesterfication is “the process of conversion of vegetable oils/animal oils /fats

intobiodiesel”.
In transesterfication, the organic group R″ of an ester exchanges with the

organic group R′ ofanalcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by an acid or
base.
E.g.; Triglycerides (1) reacts with alcohols (2) to give alkyl esters (3) of a fatty
acid andglycerol(4)
Base catalyzed trans esterfication predominantly is used for production of biodiesel

1. Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
2. Atom Economy : Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation
of all materials used inthe process into the final product.
3. Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should
4. Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of
5. Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg: solvents, separation
6. Design for energy efficiency : Energy requirements should be recognized for their
139. What are composite materials? Give their classification with CO6 BTL2
examples.
Composite: A Composite is a material made from two or more different
materials whichhavedistinct physical and chemical properties those individual
materials that combined
1. Matrix phase:
polymer.
Properties :
a) It binds the fibers b) It acts as medium by transmitting & distributing
The properties composites depend on relative amounts (i.e. Concentration),
distribution andorientation of the constituent materials and geometry of the
dispersed phase namely theshape, size.
140. Give principle of green chemistry and explain atom economy and CO6 BTL2
catalysis with examples.
Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
1. Atom Economy : Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation
of all materials used inthe process into the final product.
2. Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should
3. Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of
4. Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg: solvents, separation
5. Design for energy efficiency : Energy requirements should be recognized for their
6. Use of Renewable Feed stocks : A raw material feed stock should be renewable rather
7. Reduce Derivatives : Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
8. Catalysis : Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric
reagents.
9. Design for Degradation : Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of
10. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention : Analytical methodologies need to be
11. Inherently safer chemistry for Accident Prevention : Substances and the form of
a substance used in achemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for
chemical accidents, including releases, explosions and fires.
Catalysis : Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents
141. Explain properties of matrix and reinforcement phases of composite CO6 BTL2
materials with examples.
Composite: A Composite is a material made from two or more different
materials whichhavedistinct physical and chemical properties those individual
materials that combined
1. Matrix phase:
polymer.
Properties :
The composite materials show properties distinctively different from

those of theindividual materials of the composite.
The composites show extraordinary combination of properties like

toughness andstrength with low weights & high temperature
resistance.
Compared to steel and aluminium, composites are lighter, have low
coefficient ofthermal expansion and have superior strength, stiffness &
fatigue resistance.
142. Explain the classification of composites based on matrix and CO6 BTL2
reinforcement.
Composite: A Composite is a material made from two or more different materials
whichhavedistinct physical and chemical properties those individual materials that
combined
1. Matrix phase:
polymer.
Properties :
Classification of composites:
143. Explain the principle of green chemistry with examples. CO6 BTL2
1) Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
incorporationof all materials used inthe process into the final product.
3) Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should
4) Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of
5) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg: solvents, separation
7) Use of Renewable Feed stocks : A raw material feed stock should be renewable rather
reagents.
substance used in a
144. What is Biodiesel? Discuss its importance. CO6 BTL2

Bio diesel is a natural and renewable domestic fuel alternative for diesel engines made from
vegetable oils such as soya bean oil, palm oil, peanut oil & Sunflower seed oil. It is a green
fuel and does not produce CO2. It is nontoxic,bio degradable and free from sulphur
compounds. Vegetable oils contain 90-98% triglycerides along with small quantities of mono
and diglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, phosphotides, carotenes etc. Triglycerides
are esters of long chain fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid.
Bio diesel is produced from the seeds of Jetropa and Rape seed vegetable oils and these are
not used directly as diesel fuel due to their high viscosities & high flash point. Therefore
Trans – esterification of Vegetable oils is done to reduce the viscosity
Transesterfication is “the process of conversion of vegetable oils/animal oils /fats

intobiodiesel”. In transesterfication, the organic group R″ of an ester exchanges with the
organic group R′ ofan alcohol. Thesereactions are often catalyzed by an acid or base
Carbon neutral
Bio diesel is a Carbon neutral :

Biodiesel is said to be carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants
for photosynthesis process is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel is burnt.
So, there will be no net increase of CO2emission to the atmosphere
Properties of Bioiesel:
1. Biodiesel has higher cetane ratings.
2. Biodiesel has very good lubricating properties, significantly better than
standarddiesel which canprolong engine's life
Significance of biodiesel
3. Bio diesel is rapidly bio degradable & completely non-toxic
4. Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay
compared to standard diesel.Biodiesel has no or less
sulphur content
145. Write a note on clean technology. CO6 BTL2
146. a) Discuss concept and principles of green chemistry. Give one CO6 BTL2
example for clean technology.
b) Explain the classification and general applications of Composites.
Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
1. Atom Economy : Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the
incorporation of all materials used inthe process into the final product.
2. Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods
should be designed to use andgenerate substances that possess little or no toxicity
to human health and the environment.
3. Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve
efficacy of function while reducingtoxicity. Reducing
4. Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg:
solvents, separation agents etc) should bemade unnecessary wherever possible and
innocuous when used.
5. Design for energy efficiency : Energy requirements should be recognized for
their environmental and economicimpacts and should be minimized. Synthetic
methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
6. Use of Renewable Feed stocks : A raw material feed stock should be
renewable rather than depleting whenevertechnically and economically practicable.
7. Reduce Derivatives : Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/deprotection, temporarymodification of physical/chemical process)
should be avoided whenever possible.
8. Catalysis : Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric
reagents.
9. Design for Degradation : Chemical products should be designed so that at
the end of their function they do notpersist in the environment and break down in to
innocuous degradation products.
10. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention : Analytical methodologies
need to be further developed to allowfor real-time, in-process monitoring and control
prior to the formation of hazardous substance.
11. Inherently safer chemistry for Accident Prevention : Substances
and the form of a substance used in achemical process should be chosen to
minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions
and fires.
Applications of composites:
1. Transportation: Composites are used in the manufacturing of
automobile parts,racingvehicle components and engine parts.
2. Marine: They are used as propeller shafts, hulls, spars (for racing boats) etc.
3. Aerospace: They are used in military aircrafts, helicopters, missiles
and rocketcomponentsetc.
4. Consumer product: They are used in sporting goods like tennis
rackets, and in musicalinstruments etc.
147. What are composites? Describe the classification of composites CO6 BTL2
Refer 142 answer
148. What are composite materials? Give their classification with CO6 BTL2
examples.
Refer 142 answer
149. Explain green catalyst and atom economy with suitable examples. CO6 BTL2
Refer 146 answer
150 Explain twelve principles of green chemistry CO6 BTL2
13) Prevention : It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is
formed.
incorporation of all materials used inthe process into the final product.
15) Less Hazardous chemical synthesis : Wherever practicable, synthetic methods
should be designed to use andgenerate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human
health and the environment.
16) Design Safer Chemicals : Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy
of function while reducingtoxicity. Reducing
17) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries : The use of auxiliaries substances (eg: solvents,
separation agents etc) should bemade unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when
used.
19) Use of Renewable Feed stocks : A raw material feed stock should be renewable
rather than depleting whenevertechnically and economically practicable.
reagents.
substance used in a
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LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Department of Science and Humanities

UNIT: I ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BATTERY CHEMISTRY

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Represent Quinhydrone electrode

2. What is Lithium-ion battery? CO1 BTL1

Electrical insulating separator

4. What is a battery? Give an example? CO1 BTL1

Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

Calomel electrode is represented as Pt-Hg/Hg2Cl2/KCl(aq).

8. Find the EMF of the following cell CO1 BTL2

The potential of an electrode, at a given temperature, depends upon

13. Differentiate reversible cell from irreversible cells? CO1 BTL2

s.no Reversible cells Irreversible cells

UNIT- II WATER CHEMISTRY AND CORROSION

16. Explain sacrificial anodic method of protecting corrosion. CO2 BTL2

Specifications of Potable water/Drinking/Municipal water (any four)

20. Define the term “Reverse osmosis”. CO2 BTL1

Significanc: Involves in addition of sufficient amt. of chlorine to oxidise :organic

There are two types of cathodic protections,

(a)Sacrificial anodic protection (b)Impressed current cathodic protection.

28. What is the electroless nickel plating process? CO3 BTL2

Electroless Nickel Plating (ENP) is the deposit of a nickel-alloy coating by

The majority of ENP for engineering purposes is a nickel phosphorus deposit

Involves in addition of sufficient amt. of chlorine to oxidise :organic matter,

UNIT: III ENGINEERIN GMATERIALS

31. What is Polymer? Give an example. CO4 BTL1

Number of monomers/repeat units present in the polymer is called “Degree of

33. Write the properties and applications of PVC . CO4 BTL2

34. Distinguish between addition polymerization from condensation CO4 BTL2

35. Distinguish between homo polymer and co – polymer. CO4 BTL2

Examples: Buna-S, etc.

Functionality of Monomer: “The Number of bonding sites present in a monomer” is

NameofMono Structure Functiona

39. Explain the applications of conducting polymers. CO4 BTL2

List down applications(any four )

40. Write a note on bio- degradable polymers. CO4 BTL1

Biodegradable polymers are defined as “the polymeric materials that undergo

 They are easily compostable.

42. Write a note on properties and application of Kevlar CO4 BTL2

43. Write a note on properties and application of BUNA S CO4 BTL2

Properties: Buna-S has the following properties,

44. Write a short note on Doping. CO4 BTL2

Applications of poly lactic acid (ANY FOUR)

UNIT: IV CHEMICAL FUELS

46. Classify fuels with suitable examples. CO5 BTL2

47. Define LCV of a fuel. CO5 BTL1

Where, His the percentage of hydrogen.

49. Define HCV of a fuel. CO5 BTL1

HCV (or)𝐺𝐶𝑉 = 1 /100 (8080 𝐶 + 34500 (𝐻 – 𝑂/8 ) + 2240 𝑆) Cal/g or Kcal/kg

50. List down significance of proximate analysis. CO5 BTL1

Hence, lesser the moisture content, better is the quality of coal.

51. What are the requirements of good fuel? CO5 BTL2

An ideal fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.

Its moisture content should below.

Low volatile matter content.

A fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter.

It should be economical and easily available.

52. Write the advantages of gaseous fuels. CO5 BTL2