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WWTP Lec 5

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CE 333: Environmental Engineering II

Fall 2023 Semester


Level-3, Term II

Lecture-5: Wastewater Treatment-4

Md.Yasin
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)

1
Trickling Filter
A trickling filter , also called trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter and biological trickling
filter , is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions.

Vedio Link: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IA0Mwn8fpD0


2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-0wRzGbSqw&t=344s

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


2
Trickling Filter Process

• Trickling filters are attached-growth biological beds where wastewater is spread on the surface of
media (usually through a rotating wastewater distribution arm) supporting microbial population. •
The media can be crushed stone, plastic sheet packing formed into modules, or random plastic
packing of various surface.
• As wastewater flows between the rocks/media, the media becomes covered with a layer of
“biological slime” that adsorbs and consumes the waste trickling through the bed. • The
“biological slime” consists of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, worm, snails, etc. • Aerobic
condition is maintained by passage of air through the media.
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
3

Trickling Filter Process

Biological Process in Trickling Filtration


• Formation of Biological Slime Layers:
– Filter media is aerobic to a depth of only 0.1-0.2 mm
– The zone adjacent to the medium is anaerobic.
– The slime layers consist of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi.
– Frequently noticeable populations of larger organisms such as sludge worms and
rotifers are present.
– The top surface of a bed exposed to sunlight is coated with algae, and lower portion
of a deep filter can support nitrifying bacteria.
– Microorganisms near the surface of the bed are in a rapid growth phase, while near
the bottom they are in a state of starvation.
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
6
Biological Process in Trickling Filtration

Fig: Slime layer metabolism in Trickling Bed Reactor

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


7
Biological Process in Trickling Filtration

• The common bacteria species of trickling filters include Achromobacter,


Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes.
• Within the slime layer, the filamentous forms such as: Sphaerotilusnatans and
Beggiatoa dominate due to adverse environmental conditions. • Nitrifying
bacteria are observed in the lower part of the filter. • The common fungi species
of trickling filters are: Fusazium, Mucor, Penicillium, Geotrichum, Yeasts etc; rapid
growth of fungi often clogs the filter media.
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
8

Biological Process in Trickling Filtration

• Algae can be observed in the upper portion of the filter, exposed to sunlight.
• During daytime, algae add oxygen to the incoming wastewater. •
Phormidiun, Chlorella and Ulothrix are the most common algae species of
trickling filters.
• The protozoa organisms consume the biological films resulting effluent
turbidity decrease, and higher growth of biological films.
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
9

Trickling Filter : General Specifications

• The depth of filtering media in the filter varies from 3 - 10 ft with an average depth of 6 ft.
• The size of filtering media (crushed stones, brick, khoa, etc.) ranges from 1-4 inch in
diameter, and the materials are carefully selected for their special shape. • The underdrain
system is normally vitrified clay-block or porous bricks construction. In effect the underdrain
system is a network of tiny channels which rapidly discharge their flow into the main
collection channel which normally runs along the middle of the filter. • The final
sedimentation tank is an integral part of the trickling filter and must be considered as such.
The function of this sedimentation tank is to remove the large masses of biological growth
which flow with the effluent from the filter media.
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
12

Trickling Filter : Design


• There are numerous variable which may affect the performance, and thus the
design, of trickling filter.
• Designs have been based on empirical standards.
• Some of the factors to be considered by the design engineer are:

– Composition and the characteristics of waste material


– Organic loading to be applied on the filter
– Hydraulic loading on the filter
– Pretreatment by sedimentation
– Recirculation ratio and system
– Filter beds, their volume, area, and depth
– Aeration
– Temperature
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
13

Trickling Filter : Design

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


14
Trickling Filter : Design

• The effect of temperature on trickling filter performance may be


expressed by the following relationship:

ET = E20 (1.035) (T-20)

Where ,

ET = BOD removal efficiency at T °C


E20 = BOD removal at 20 °C

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


15

Problems
Ex. 1. Compute BOD removal from a domestic sewage in a 6 feet deep trickling filter
(TF) with a hydraulic loading of 15 mgad without recirculation.

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


16

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

• Activated sludge is defined as


the sludge settled out of
previously
agitated sewage (sewage-sludge
mixed liquor) in presence of
abundant oxygen.

• The activated sludge process is


a
system of biological waste
treatment in which biologically
active growths are continuously
circulated and contacted with
organic wastes in presence of
oxygen.

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


18

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)


Figure: Schematic Diagram of the Activated Sludge Process
Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.
19

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

• In activated sludge process, raw sewage or primary effluent is brought into an


aeration basin.
• In the aeration tank, air is bubbled into the wastewater mixture (mixed liquor)
and aerobic bacteria metabolize the dissolved and suspended organic material. •
From the aeration basin, the effluent flows into a secondary sedimentation tank,
where the cell mass are settled out.

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


20

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)


• Part of the settled biomass is wasted, and some of it is returned into the
aeration basin to maintain a viable biomass concentration.
• The settled sludge, containing living or active microorganism, which is returned
to the aeration tank, is called “activated sludge”. This “activated sludge”
increases the amount of available biomass and speed up the reaction.

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


21

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)


Process Design Consideration:
1. Mixing the activated sludge with the wastewater to be treated (mixed liquor). 2.
Aeration and agitation of this mixed liquor for the required length of time. 3.
Separation of the activated sludge from the mixed liquor, in the final clarification
process.
4. Return the proper amount of activated sludge for mixture with the wastewater.
5. Disposal of the excess activated sludge.

Md.Yasin, Assistant Professor,Dept of Civil Engn.


22

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