Computer Systems Science & Engineering Tech Science Press

DOI: 10.32604/csse.2023.023307
Article

Disaster Monitoring of Satellite Image Processing Using Progressive Image

Classification
Romany F. Mansour1,* and Eatedal Alabdulkreem2

1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharga, 72511, Egypt
2
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author: Romany F. Mansour. Email: romanyf@sci.nvu.edu.eg
Received: 02 September 2021; Accepted: 20 December 2021

Abstract: The analysis of remote sensing image areas is needed for climate detec-
tion and management, especially for monitoring flood disasters in critical environ-
ments and applications. Satellites are mostly used to detect disasters on Earth, and
they have advantages in capturing Earth images. Using the control technique,
Earth images can be used to obtain detailed terrain information. Since the acquisi-
tion of satellite and aerial imagery, this system has been able to detect floods, and
with increasing convenience, flood detection has become more desirable in the last
few years. In this paper, a Big Data Set-based Progressive Image Classification
Algorithm (PICA) system is introduced to implement an image processing tech-
nique, detect disasters, and determine results with the help of the PICA, which
allows disaster analysis to be extracted more effectively. The PICA is essential
to overcoming strong shadows, for proper access to disaster characteristics to false
positives by operators, and to false predictions that affect the impact of the disas-
ter. The PICA creates tailoring and adjustments obtained from satellite images
before training and post-disaster aerial image data patches. Two types of proposed
PICA systems detect disasters faster and more accurately (95.6%).

Keywords: Clustering; segmentation; progressive image classification algorithm;

satellite image; disaster detection

1 Introduction
Disaster conservation has become one of the most active areas in remote sensing research, as preserving
human life is our top priority after a disaster—to allow for swift response operations following catastrophic
disasters, such as landslides and flood adjustments. Previous studies rely on sensors that only focus on
detected changes. They manually categorize and adjust comparisons based on image processing
techniques and disaster-induced change detection methods. The efficiency of the extraction mechanism
can be improved through detection accuracy and mounting machine learning (ML). In the machine
learning literature, a significant number was detected. Bag Overlays Recommended Appearance-Words
were placed to identify mass destruction using artificial neural network cyclone track prediction. In this
year’s evaluation, the feed-forward multi-layer neural network is applied for measuring the efficacy of the

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
work is properly cited.
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neural network classification. Then, the three-dimensional view features are used to detect corruption. On the
other hand, the learning method performed identified serious geological hazards. One of the most famous
deep learning approaches, PICA, is being tested for better results during disasters, including avalanches,
earthquakes, and landslides. Mainly focused on sensors, they are simple for this disaster detection system.
Consequently, they ran into some important issues. For example, the range of confirming that a disaster
has occurred is insufficient for verbal communication, limited by the number of sensors, and depends on
whether the correct, accurate data is sent. Also, satellite images of disasters involving operators cannot
handle large-scale detection quickly. Therefore, this information can lead to misunderstandings and
negligence of disasters. Based on this example, based on previous research. Therefore, the advantage of
such a system is the depth of its capacity to detect disasters established by each assisted automatic
disaster learning monitor. Such an operation occurs in a wide range of satellite images. The proposed
Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) is employed for enhancing the system performance.

2 Literature Survey
A new framework is proposed for integrating a multi-temporal regional climate zone classification of
Open Street Map (OSM) data with satellite images. The stack is equipped with the most common data
fusion method but doesn’t take the heterogeneity of multi-modal optical image data and OSM into
account [1]. It presents frame images that match the shooting modes of China’s new Gaofen-4 nominal
projection model. At the end of the experiment, numerous models were designed to compare a detailed
analysis of the difference between the three shows with the nominal grid [2]. The detection algorithm
systemized image-based analysis, filtering fire pixels, and time analyses are not clear to confirm the actual
test—the fire detection comparison between predicted and measured values based on the system [3].
Remote sensors onboard aircraft and satellites absorb light reflected from the surface of the Earth. Various
image processing techniques are needed to transmit the data to the image [4].
The above includes a brief introduction to service-based flood monitoring, its technology, and the
development of significant hazard information products [5]. The main reason for this is that many
products are related to the predominant spatial data infrastructure—a complicated theoretical explanation
of body dynamics. Academic tasks are more complex than modeling a cycle laser field, especially on a
dynamic time-scale spatial database [6]. Monitoring changes in urban growth is an essential issue in
urban planning and disaster management [7]. Earth images are enormous and complicated because they
have been selected as a neural network dedicated to image enhancement, a specific location with no place
to detect and improve it [8] automatically.
At present, due to the accumulation of toxic substances in waste cities and the more dangerous air
pollution present in mines of some cities, including the City of Cerro de Pasco [9], Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) satellite imagery was used to attempt to monitor the occurrence of natural disasters.
Microwave ovens in the lower part of Polar metric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR-2) emits
backscattered waves received on the surface of the earth as observation data [10]. A new solution is
presented in three-axis on the stable center of gravity subpixel star to the satellite with a geostationary
earth observation focus sensor. A small two-dimensional array is used to capture star points, which is
better than a linear array of detectors [11]. Polar metric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar is used to
examine the possibility of wide area land cover classification [12].
Instead of a continuous need for regular monitoring of damage, drought, and other natural disasters,
satellite images can be used to modify the overall monitoring of dam reservoirs and water resources of
river basins [13]. It has extensive coverage of a series of pan-chromatic sensor spectral satellites, from
geosynchronous to sun-synchronized optical radar, so that the system has a higher spatial and temporal
resolution, as well as high spectral capabilities [14]. The main objective of this research was to define the
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appropriate spectral characteristics of rice flood development related to remote sensing image data, domain
scale mapping, and detection methods [15]. Residential areas are essential places for human habitation and
living. Utilizing remote detection innovation to distinguish local locations is of special incentive for land
asset arranging and use, and for fiasco anticipation and alleviation in different regions [16].
Therefore, we analyzed image data from remote sensing satellite for recognizing the changes in forest
cover. Since the original data has jobs and severe pollution defects, we decided to design a mechanism to
restore the image due to the lack of spatial and temporal surface reflection information [17]. The aim is to
reduce the over-segmentation algorithm with minimal loss of data and to transform the image size by
splitting the image pixels into supergroups, which provides an easy way to take advantage of the
interdependence of adjacent pixels [18]. Land Observing Technology Satellite-2 (LOTS-2) specializes in
agricultural and natural resource monitoring. The resources monitored by LOTS-2 include forests and
sea/land ice. As technology develops, the Earth observation satellite was introduced for environmental
monitoring to prevent and mitigate disasters [19]. Earth observation satellite constellations with near real-
time surveillance systems are expected to be used for the management of disaster. Though, since these
satellites are over a few minutes late, they mayn’t have enough time to send all of their observations to a
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite’s ground station [20]. Many recent approaches have presented feature
extraction processes based on deep learning, which are used in this paper [21–34]. Two thin covers detect
the coarse resolution of images acquired at different times with land changes, and the excellent spatial
and temporal resolution of the image resolution change identifies new super-resolution methods [35].

3 Materials and Methods

The Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) system implements machine learning methods
to detect or identify disaster areas to optimize the performance of their outcomes. This methodology is better
suited for one of the applications given in the following. It is part of one of the significant technological
branches of performance learning, and technology that detects areas of change or, in this scenario,
disasters. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the presented system.

Input Image
Image Preprocessing

Feature IIC
Extraction Segmentation

PICA Output
Classification Image

Figure 1: The proposed system block diagram

The suggested classification algorithm system consists of two stages: the testing and the training phases.
This section presents studies that produce unique high precision results. The purpose of our research is to
learn about the changes from previous disasters. In other words, the difference in the learning image
feature change detection was obtained from the pre-disaster image (3 RGB channels) and the post-disaster
image (3 RGB channels). In most previous studies, the query image is a feature-absorption only from
disasters to meet the nature of disasters treated as change detection. Therefore, previous studies can be
obtained from the early stages of error results. This focuses on reducing error from the initial (learning)
phase, detecting changes in the image before and after the disaster, and detecting the means of change
1164 CSSE, 2023, vol.44, no.2

caused by a disaster. Most importantly, our method is faster and more accurate than previous studies in
disaster detection speed.

3.1 Image Preprocessing Median Filter

To obtain some helpful information on how some images work in digital form, they are transformed
via image processing. To detect any changes in a geographical area, we need to take minimum 2 digital
images at the identical sensor and at various time periods. The algorithm gives a step-wise analysis for
using satellite image change recognition. Typically, Input image is considered at distinct time intervals—
called noise filters—and the image distortion and then redundant data are removed. The filtering
procedure is termed the image convolutional mask. With filter, the types of images depend on the sound
of the impact. Ambiguous sounds could be eliminated by an image filter. Image blurs are eliminated from
the details before extensive object extraction. The overview of enhancement technique could improve
images. The following algorithm shows the intermediate filtering-based image preprocessing technology.
Step 1: Initialization of the input images by using the satellite; that input image analysis the pixel values.
Step 2: Evaluate all the color channels with pixel intensity as well as gray level; the intensity values are
symbolized with the letter k.
k ¼ k i þ 1; when i ¼ 0 (1)
Step 3: Analyze the input earth image value in comparison with the post images, as well as subtract the
values.
Step 4: Apply the co-relative frequency of the input image.
 1    
If k ¼ If k 1  1 þ k i (2)
Step 5: Use the filtering methodology for comparing the performance of the disaster image areas with
the ground truth values.
Step 6: Stop.

3.2 Image Segmentation

Image segmentation methods are commonly applied to obtain data related to digital images or to
discover limits with objects. The division is a significant advance in picture examination—any
circumstance or setting-free division. A non-transformed context that transforms a grayscale or color
image into a binary image has similar gray levels. It divides the pixels into context groups together while
setting the binary mapped regions near the spatial position. The threshold uses two disjoint areas with
input data values and other thresholds greater than those of the most straightforward non-contextual
segmentation technique. The image can be segmented by pixel, region, or a combination of two or more
texture-based techniques until the blending process is complete. Segmentation uses an intermittent image
clustering segmentation algorithm through the following steps:
Step 1: Get the preprocessed image, analyze the value, and cluster the image.
Step 2: Initialize the bias field to the mean-variance of the input image and estimate the image weight to
initial probability.
p ¼ xjc (3)
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Step 3: Estimate the expected value of the hidden intensity value for the current value.


pnew xj ¼ pðxj jcj Þ (4)
Step 4: Turn the original p indicators into a linear combination using a new Intermittent Image
Clustering Segmentation (IICS) with comprehensive index mathematical processing.
Step 5: Set the model parameters by taking the maximum likelihood estimate according to the current
valuation of the complete data.



pold xj ¼ pnew xj (5)
Step 6: The best test results can be achieved through IICS without the pattern background image
method, but the algorithm detects limitations on the types of targets.
Step 7: Stop.

3.3 Image Classification

It is an important piece of technique in remote sensing. The PICA technique is depending on object-
based image analyses, and supervised learning classifier are 3 major kinds. Either this method could be
utilized for classification, or an approach could be utilized in this methodology. They can perform the
technique with a combination of discriminative image classification algorithms (DICAs). The Geographic
Information System (GIS) detects changes by measuring the nature of a particular area and how it has
changed over time between more than one periods. It frequently includes the comparison of satellite and
aerial images captured in areas at different time periods. Change detection can be modified using pixel-
based methods based on object changes by using mixed change detection methods. An image change
may be a change that occurs because of a shape that is different from the disappearing object or
movement. Distinguishing proof of quantitative and subjective change identification has become
significant in all territories. As of late, this identification illustrates changes in remote detection images,
which have become a significant research issue due to the pace of change in conditions, nature, and urban
territories. The Discriminant Image Classification Algorithm can be applied through the following steps:
Step 1: Initialize or re-estimate the model parameter.
Step 2: Preprocessing and enhancing quality of the image.
Step 3: Two parameter vectors: dimensional parameter of the info picture and S-dimension parameter of
multinomial conveyance.
Step 4: Randomly initializing three variables before they are updated; i.e., the scene index of sub-images
S; the binary matrix B; which indicates the class selection of each sub-image, and the matrix of the class
labels of over-segments Z.
Step 5: Sampling the class selection indicator binary vectors.
pðbm;k jps;k ; abk; sm ¼ s; nkm (6)
where nkm represent the amount of pixels related to the with k in sub-image m.
Step 6: Sample class labels for all the over-segments, instead of sample the class labels of the over-
segment.
Step 7: The quantity of class K isn’t fixed in this algorithm. The real number of classes is endless, while
only a limited number is used to show the picture.
Step 8: Check the union as well as driving the characterization outcomes. Afterward the Gibbs
examining strategy is finished, the calculation decides if intermingling has been accomplished.
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Step 9: Looping until the criterion definition stops.

Step 10: End.

4 Results and Discussion

The presented Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) is an analysis in MATLAB 2017b,
which has the more commonly used operating manipulation and in the two-dimension information and
progresses according to the specific process for specific operations of the Progressive Image Classification
Algorithm (PICA) and conditions for implementation. The dataset used is the National Centers for
Environment Information (NCEI) (Big Data), which belongs to the method for displaying and analyzing
each of the simulation results. The upload information inspector views confirmation signals from multiple
analog data and data groups or analyses of ongoing simulations.
Fig. 2 shows the proposed Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) GUI image. This system
describes the likelihood of designing an automatic approach for extracting the output images. The PICA
approach models complete the detection of satellite images.

Figure 2: Proposed Progressive Image Classification Algorithm Satellite Image

Tab. 1 reveals that the Tracking Sensitivity, Tracking Specificity, Tracking Accuracy, Precision, and
Recall of the proposed PICA methodology is greater when compared to the other traditional approaches.
CSSE, 2023, vol.44, no.2 1167

Table 1: Performance comparison of a proposed and present methodology

MEASURES PICA ANFIS SVM
Tracking Sensitivity % 92.6 86.1 85.3
Tracking Specificity % 94.3 87.9 85.2
Tracking Accuracy % 95.6 84.8 82.4
Precision % 86.6 76.2 73.3
Recall % 89.6 73.6 72.8

Fig. 3 shows the most prominent exhibit of the Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA). It
estimates depiction accuracy, affectability, and specifications accomplished using traditional methodologies.
The PICA approach limits the variations in primary region.
PARAMETERS(%)

300
250 85.3 85.2 82.4
73.3 72.8
200 87.9
86.1 84.8 76.2 73.6
150
100 92.6 94.3 95.6 86.6 89.6
50
0

PICA ANFIS SVM

Figure 3: Graphical representations of various evaluation metrics

Fig. 4 demonstrates a comparison of the false measurements generated by various methodologies.

Clearly, it illustrates that the presented Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) method
generated a very small ratio when compared to the other techniques.

FALSE MEASUREMENT
False Measurement
20
Parameters (%)

15

10

0
SVM ANFIS PICA

Figure 4: False measurement

5 Conclusion
The proposed Progressive Image Classification Algorithm (PICA) methodology improves precision,
recall, and f-measure parameters. There is no loss of color data when combining the Progressive Image
Classification Algorithm (PICA) for determining the disaster region. RGB channels are combined after
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the disaster in six channels in advance. Hence, the traditional method, including only two channels, with a simple
subtraction method of different channels, including pre-disaster by channel, uses grayscale and grayscale disaster
(disaster area or G in extraction by channels R or B). Therefore, the new method of extraction from the affected
region gives effective outcomes without any loss of original data. The presented technique has been executed as
a possible disaster relief center in each disaster detection mechanism globally. Further, our technique is improved
by generating a rescue route for the operator to identify natural disaster in the affected areas, search for casualties
that assist victim of said disasters with remarkable outcomes, contributing to the improvements, as well as
helping to narrow our performance here. In our study, the presented methodology shows a 95.6% of
accuracy when compared to the traditional methodology.

Acknowledgement: Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number
(PNURSP2022R161), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding Statement: This project was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia, under grant No. (PNURSP2022R161).

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the
present study.

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