Unit 2 MC 26 Frqquestionsonly

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AP Chemistry (Marcus H S)
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Unit 2 - Molecular and Ionic

Compound Structure and Properties
2.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

2.2 Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy
2.3 Structure of Ionic Solids
2.4 Structure of Metals and Alloys
2.5 Lewis Diagrams
2.6 Resonance and Formal Charge
2.7 VSEPR and Bond Hybridisation
ISPS Chemistry Mar 2022 page 1 Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties Questions
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2.1 MC Questions
1. On the basis of the information opposite, which of
the following arranges the binary compounds in
order of increasing bond polarity?
O
A CH < SiCl < SF
4 4 4
B CH4 < SF4 < SiCl4
C SF4 < CH4 < SiCl4 D SiCl4 < SF4 < CH4
2. Which of the following has the bonds arranged in order of decreasing polarity?
O
A H−F > N−F > F−F B H−I > H−Br > H−F
C O−N > O−S > O−Te D Sb−I > Sb−Te > Sb−Cl
3. Which of the following scientific claims about the bond in the molecular compound HF is
most likely to be true?
A There is a partial negative charge on the H atom.
B Electrons are shared equally between the H and F atoms.
C The bond is extremely weak
O
D The bond is highly polar
4. Which of the following compounds contains both ionic and covalent bonds?
A SO3 B C2H5OH C MgF2 D H2S O

E NH Cl 4
5. Two pure elements react to form a compound. One element is an alkali metal, X, and the
other element is a halogen, Z. Which of the following is the most valid scientific claim
that can be made about the compound?
A It has the formula XZ2.
B It does not dissolve in water.
O
C It contains ionic bonds.
D It contains covalent bonds.
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6. The elements C and Se have the same electronegativity value, 2.55. Which of the following
claims about the compound that forms from C and Se is most likely to be true?
A The carbon-to-selenium bond is unstable.
O
B The carbon-to-selenium bond is nonpolar covalent.
C The compound has the empirical formula CSe .
D A molecule of the compound will have a partial negative charge on the carbon atom.
7. Of the following compounds, which is the most ionic?
A SiCl4 B BrCl C PCl3 D Cl2O O

E CaCl 2
8. Of the following single bonds, which is the LEAST polar?
A N—H B H—F O
C O—F D I—F E O—H
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2.2 MC Questions
1. Which of the following can be inferred
from the diagram opposite that shows
the dependence of potential energy on
the internuclear distance between two
atoms?
A The atoms form a bond with
a bond length of 25 pm .
OB The atoms form a bond with

a bond length of 75 pm.
C The net force between the atoms is attractive at 25 pm.
D The net force between the atoms is attractive at 75 pm
2. Which of the following graphs correctly shows the relationship between potential energy
and internuclear separation for two hydrogen atoms?
A B
C O
D
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3. The potential energy as a function
of internuclear distance for three
diatomic molecules, X2, Y2, and Z2,
is shown in the graph opposite.
Based on the data in the graph,
which of the following correctly
identifies the diatomic molecules,
X2, Y2, and Z2?
X2 Y2 Z2 X2 Y2 Z2
O
A H2 N2 O2 B H2 O2 N2
C N2 O2 H2 D O2 H2 N2
4. The potential energy of a system of two

atoms as a function of their internuclear
distance is shown in the diagram opposite.
Which of the following is true regarding
the forces between the atoms when their
internuclear distance is x?
O
A The attractive and repulsive forces are
balanced, so the atoms will maintain an
average internuclear distance x.
B There is a net repulsive force pushing the atoms apart,
so the atoms will move further apart
C There is a net attractive force pulling the atoms together,
so the atoms will move closer together.
D It cannot be determined whether the forces between atoms are balanced, attractive,
or repulsive, because the diagram shows only the potential energy.
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5. Based on the data in the tables opposite,
which of the following statements provides
the best prediction for the boiling point of
NaCl ?
O
A NaCl will have a lower boiling point than NaF because the coulombic attractions are
weaker in NaCl than in NaF .
B NaCl will have a boiling point between that of NaF and MgO because the covalent
character of the bonds in NaCl is intermediate between that of MgO and NaF.
C NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the ions are spaced farther
apart in NaCl .
D NaCl will have a higher boiling point than MgO because the energy required to
transfer electrons from the anion to the cation is larger in NaCl than in MgO .
6. The lattice energy of a salt is related to the energy required to separate the ions. For which
of the following pairs of ions is the energy that is required to separate the ions largest?
(Assume that the distance between the ions in each pair is equal to the sum of the ionic
radii.)
A Na+(g) and Cl−(g) B Cs+(g) and Br−(g)
O
C Mg2+(g) and O2−(g) D Ca2+(g) and O2−(g)
7. The melting point of MgO is higher than that of NaF. Explanations for this observation
include which of the following?
I. Mg2+ is more positively charged than Na+.
II. O2- is more negatively charged than F-.
III. The O2- ion is smaller than the F- ion.
A I only
O
B I and II only
C I and III only
D II and III only
D I, II and III
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2.3 MC Questions
1. Which of the following correctly indicates whether the
solid represented by the particulate model shown opposite
conducts electricity and explains why or why not?
A It conducts electricity because it is made of
positive and negative ions.
B It conducts electricity because it is made of

particles of different sizes.
O
C It does not conduct electricity because its ions cannot move freely within the solid.
D It does not conduct electricity because there are small spaces between the particles.
2. The particle-level diagram opposite represents the structure of solid KF.

Although the molar mass of KCl is greater than that of KF, the density
of KCl is actually less than that of KF.
Which of the following representations of the
structure of KCl best helps to explain this phenomenon?
O
A B
C D
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3.
The energy required to dissociate an ionic solid into gaseous ions (lattice energy) for the
compounds NaF and MgF2 is shown in the table above.
On the basis of Coulomb’s law, which of the following best helps to explain the large
difference between the lattice energies of NaF and MgF2 ?
A The solubility of MgF2 is less than that of NaF .

B The electronegativity of Mg is greater than that of Na .
C The mass of the Mg cation is greater than that of the Na cation.
O
D The charge of the Mg cation is larger than that of the Na cation.
4. Of the following diagrams, which best represents the structure of solid KF ?
A O
B
C D
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5. Which of the following diagrams best illustrates how a displacement in an ionic crystal
results in cleavage and brittleness?
O
A before displacement after displacement
B before displacement after displacement
C before displacement after displacement
D before displacement after displacement
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2.4 MC Questiona
1. Copper atoms and zinc atoms have the same atomic radius, 135 picometers. Based on this
information, which of the following diagrams best represents an alloy containing only
copper and zinc atoms?
A O
B
C D
2. A particle-level diagram of a metallic

element is shown opposite. Typically,
metals are both malleable and ductile.
The best explanation for these properties
is that the electrons involved in bonding
among metal atoms are
A unequally shared and form nondirectional bonds
B unequally shared and form highly directional bonds
O
C equally shared and form nondirectional bonds
D equally shared and form highly directional bonds
3. Steel is an alloy containing Fe atoms and C atoms. Which of the following diagrams best
represents the particle-level structure of steel?
A O
B
C D
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4.
To make Au stronger and harder, it is often alloyed with other metals, such as Cu and Ag.
Consider two alloys, one of Au and Cu and one of Au and Ag, each with the same mole
ratio of Au.
If the Au/Cu alloy is harder than the Au/Ag alloy, then which of the following is the best
explanation based on the table above.
A Cu has two common oxidation states, but Ag has only one.

B Cu has a higher melting point than Au has, but Ag has a lower melting point than
Au has.
O
C Cu atoms are smaller than Ag atoms, thus the interfere more with the displacement
of atoms in the alloy.
D Cu atoms are less polarizable than Au or Ag atoms, thus Cu has weker interparticle
forces.
5. Which of the following diagrams best depicts an alloy of Ni and B?
O
A B
C D
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11. Steel is an alloy consisting of Fe with a small amount of C. Elemental Cr can be added to
steel to make the steel less likely to rust; Cr atoms react with oxygen in the air to form a
nonreactive layer of chromium oxide on the surface of the steel, preventing the oxidation
of underlying Fe atoms.
A sample of steel-chromium alloy contains 15 percent Cr by mass. Which of the following
diagrams best shows a particle-level view of a surface section and an interior section of the
alloy represented below at the left? (The atomic radii of the atoms involved are given in the
table below at the right.)
O
B
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2.1 - 2.4 FRQ - some questions were used in Unit 1

1. Answer the following questions related to the chemical bonding in substances containing
halogens.
a) What type of chemical bond is present in the molecules of halogens such as Cl2?
The response indicates that the bond is covalent. (No explanation is required,
however, the bond is covalent because the two atoms have the same electronegativity
and will form a nonpolar covalent bond.)
b) All of the halogens have the same molecular formula. Which molecule will have the
longest bond length? Justify your choice in terms of atomic structure.
The response indicates Iodine or I2 .
The response gives an explanation such as the following.
I2 has the longest bond length because the radius of the atom is greater than the radii
of the other halogen atoms. Thus, the distance between the nuclei of atoms
in I2 is greater than it is in smaller halogens.
c) Cl2 reacts with the element Sr to form an ionic compound. Based on periodic
properties, identify a molecule, X2 , that is likely to to react with Sr in a way similar
to how Cl2 reacts with Sr. Justify your choice.
The response meets both of the criteria below:
F2 , Br2 , I2 or At2 is written.
the element chosen is in the same group or family as Cl2 .
d) A graph of potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Cl atoms is given
below. On the same graph, carefully sketch a curve that corresponds to
potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Br atoms.
The sketched curve meets both ( 2 marks) of the criteria below:
The curve has its minimum value to the right of where the given curve has its
minimum value(because the length of the bond is greater than that of the bond).
The minimum value of the curve is higher than (i.e., above) the minimum value of
the given curve (because the strength of the bond is less than that of the bond).
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2. White gold is a common alloy of gold and
palladium that is often used in jewelry.
The atomic radii of the metals are given in
the table opposite
A particular ring is made from an alloy that is 75 mole percent gold and 25 mole percent
palladium.
Using the box below, draw a particle-level diagram of the solid alloy consisting of 12 atoms
with a representative proportion of atom types.
Your diagram should clearly indicate whether the alloy is interstitial or substitutional. Use
empty circles for gold and shaded circles for palladium.
1 point is earned for the correct number of each type of circle.

1 point is earned for showing an acceptable arrangement (i.e., regular array of circles of
about the same size).
Diagram should show 12 circles in a regular array, 9 empty and 3 shaded.
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2.5 MC Questions
1. Which of the following has as a central atom with less than an octet of electrons?
A H2O B NH3 O
C BH 3
D CH4 E SiH4
2. Which of the following has two lone pairs of electrons?
O
A HO 2
B NH3 C BH3 D CH4 E SiH4
3. Which of the following is isomeric with CH3CH2CHO ?
A CH3CH2CH2CH3 B CH3CH2CH2OH O
C CH COCH 3 3
D CH3COOH E CH3CH2CH2NH2
4. The electron-dot structure (Lewis structure) for which of the following molecules would
have two unshared pairs of electrons on the central atom?
O
A HS 2
B NH3 C CH4 D HCN E CO2
5. Which of the following molecules contains only single bonds?
A CH3COOH B CH3CH2COOCH3 O
C CH 2 6
D C6H6 E HCN
6. Which of the following is an isomer of CH3OCH3 ?
A CH3CH3 B CH3COOH O
C CH CH OH 3 2
D CH3CH2CH3 E CH3CH2OCH2CH3
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2.6 MC Questions
1.
The diagram above shows two resonance structures for a molecule of C6H6.
The phenomenon shown in the diagram best supports which of the following claims about
the bonding in C6H6 ?
O
A In the C6H6 molecule, all the bonds between the carbon atoms have the same
length.
B Because of variable bonding between its carbon atoms, C6H6 is a good conductor of
electricity.
C The bonds between carbon atoms in C6H6 are unstable, and the compound
decomposes quickly.
D The C6H6 molecule contains three single bonds between carbon atoms and three
double bonds between carbon atoms.
2. Which of the following Lewis diagrams best represents the bonding in the N2O molecule,
considering formal charges?
A O
B
C D
3. For which of the following molecules are resonance structures necessary to describe the
bonding satisfactorily?
A H2S O
B SO 2
C CO2 D OF2 E PF3
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4.
Which of the following statements, if true, would support the claim that the NO3− ion,
represented above, has three resonance structures?
O
A The NO3− ion is not a polar species.
B The oxygen-to-nitrogen-to-oxygen bond angles are 90°
C One of the bonds in NO3− is longer than the other two.
D One of the bonds in NO3− is shorter than the other two.
5. Which of the following molecules has an angular (bent) geometry that is commonly
represented as a resonance hybrid of two or more electron-dot structures?
A CO2 O
B O 3
C CH4 D BeF2 E OF2
6. Resonance is most commonly used to describe the bonding in molecules of which of the
following?
A CO2 O
B O 3
C H2O D CH4 E SF6
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2.7 MC Questions
1. Which of the following complete Lewis diagrams represents a molecule containing a bond
angle that is closest to 120°
A B C O
D
2.
Lewis diagrams of molecules of three different hydrocarbons are shown above. Which of
the following claims about the molecules is best supported by the diagrams?
A All the atoms in molecule 1 lie in one plane.
B All the molecules have the same empirical formula.
C The C-C-C bond angle in molecule 2 is close to 180°.
O
D The strongest carbon-to-carbon bond occurs in molecule 3.
3. In the following diagrams, elements are represented by X and Z, which form molecular
compounds with one another. Which diagram represents a molecule that has a bent
molecular geometry?
A OB C D
4. The geometry of the SO3 molecule is best described as
O
A trigonal planar B trigonal pyramidal
C square pyramidal D bent E tetrahedral
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5.
Lewis electron-dot diagrams for CO2 and SO2 are given above. The molecular geometry
and polarity of the two substances are
A the same because the molecular formulas are similar
B the same because C and S have similar electronegativity values
C different because the lone pair of electrons on the S atom make it the negative end of
a dipole
O
D different because S has a greater number of electron domains (regions of electron
density) surrounding it than C has
6. Which of the following Lewis electron-dot diagrams represents the molecule that contains
the smallest bond angle?
A O
B C D
7.
The hybridization of the carbon atoms in the molecule represented above can be described
as
A sp B sp2 O
C sp3 D dsp2 E d2sp
8.
What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in a molecule of ethyne, represented above?
O
A sp B sp2 C sp3 D dsp2 E d2sp
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9. Which of the following molecules contains exactly three sigma (σ) bonds and two pi (π)
bonds?
O
A C2H2 B CO2 C HCN D SO3 E N2
10. Of the following molecules, which has the largest dipole moment?
A CO B CO2 C O2 O
D HF E F2
11. Which of the following has molecules with a pyramidal shape
O
A NH3 B BH3 C H2 D H2S E HBr
12. Which of the following molecules contains polar covalent bonds but is a nonpolar
molecule?
A CH3Cl B CH2Cl2 C NH3 O

D CCl4 E N2
13. Which of the following arranges the molecules N2, O2, and F2 in order of their bond
enthalpies, from least to greatest?
O
A F2 < O2 < N2 B O2 < N2 < F2
C N2 < O2 < F2 D N2 < F2 < O2
14. Pi (π) bonding occurs in each of the following species EXCEPT
A CO2 B C2H4 C CN— D C6H6 O

E CH4
15. Which of the following molecules has the shortest bond length?
O
A N2 B O2 C Cl2 D Br2 E I2
16. According to the VSEPR model, the progressive decrease in the bond angles in the series
of molecules CH4, NH3, and H2O is best accounted for by the
A increasing strength of the bonds
B decreasing size of the central atom
C increasing electronegativity of the central atom
O
D increasing number of unshared pairs of electrons
E decreasing repulsion between hydrogen atoms
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17. Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule that contains polar bonds?
A F2 B CHF3 O
C CO2 D HCl E NH3
18. Which of the molecules represented below contains carbon with sp2 hybridization?
A CH4 B CH2Cl2 C C2H6 O

D C2H2Cl2 E C2H4Cl2
19. Which of the following has a zero dipole moment?
A HCN B NH3 C SO2 D NO2 O

E PF5
20. Which of the following species is NOT planar?
A CO32— B NO3— C ClF3 D BF3 O

E PCl3
21. The BF3 molecule is nonpolar, whereas the NF3 molecule is polar. Which of the following
statements accounts for the difference in polarity of the two molecules?
A In NF3, each F is joined to N with multiple bonds, whereas in BF3 , each F is joined
to B with single bonds.
B N — F bonds are polar, whereas B — F bonds are nonpolar.
C NF3 is an ionic compound, whereas BF3 is a molecular compound
O
D Unlike BF3, NF3 has a nonplanar geometry due to an unshared pair of electrons on
the N atom.
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2.5 - 2.7 FRQ

1. Answer the following questions using principles of chemical bonding and molecular
structure.
a) Consider the carbon dioxide molecule, CO2 , and the carbonate ion, CO32-.
i) Draw the complete Lewis electron-dot structure for each species.
1 point is earned for each Lewis electron-dot structure
Indication of lone pairs of electrons are required on
each structure
Resonance forms of CO32- are not required
ii) Account for the fact that the carbon-oxygen bond length in CO32- is greater
than the carbon-oxygen bond length in CO2.
1st point is earned for indicating double bonds are present in CO2 OR resonance
occurs in CO32-.
2nd point earned for BOTH of the above AND indicating the relative lengths of the
bond type
b) Consider the molecules CF4 and SF4.

i) Draw the complete Lewis electron-dot structure for each species.
1 point is earned for each Lewis electron-dot structure
Lone pairs of electrons are required on each structure
ii) In terms of molecular geometry, account for the fact that the CF4 molecule is
nonpolar, whereas the SF4 molecule is polar.
1st point is earned for each molecule for proper geometry and explanation
CF4 has a tetrahedral geometry, so the bond dipoles cancel, leading to a nonpolar
molecule.
With five pairs of electrons around the central S atom, SF4 exhibits a trigonal
bipyramidal electronic geometry, with the lone pair of electrons.
In this configuration, the bond dipoles do not cancel, and the molecule is polar.
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2. Propanoic acid, C2H5COOH, is an organic acid that is a liquid at room temperature.
a) An incomplete Lewis diagram for the propanoic acid molecule is provided in the
box below. Complete the diagram, showing how the remaining atoms in the
molecule are arranged around the carbon atom marked with an asterisk (*).
Your structure should minimize formal charge and include any lone pairs of
electrons.
1 point is earned for a

correct structure.
There should be two O
atoms attached to the C
atom, one with a double
bond and one with
a single bond.
The O atom attached with
a single bond should have
an H atom attached to it.
Each O atom has two lone pairs of electrons. (Figure is required.)
b) Identify the hybridization of the carbon atom marked with the asterisk
1st point is earned for the correct hybridization. sp2

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Unit 2 - Molecular and Ionic

2.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

A There is a partial negative charge on the H atom.

B Electrons are shared equally between the H and F atoms.

C The bond is extremely weak

A SO3 B C2H5OH C MgF2 D H2S O

A It has the formula XZ2.

B It does not dissolve in water.

D It contains covalent bonds.

A The carbon-to-selenium bond is unstable.

C The compound has the empirical formula CSe .

7. Of the following compounds, which is the most ionic?

A SiCl4 B BrCl C PCl3 D Cl2O O

8. Of the following single bonds, which is the LEAST polar?

OB The atoms form a bond with

4. The potential energy of a system of two

A Na+(g) and Cl−(g) B Cs+(g) and Br−(g)

B It conducts electricity because it is made of

2. The particle-level diagram opposite represents the structure of solid KF.

A The solubility of MgF2 is less than that of NaF .

4. Of the following diagrams, which best represents the structure of solid KF ?

B before displacement after displacement

C before displacement after displacement

D before displacement after displacement

2. A particle-level diagram of a metallic

A Cu has two common oxidation states, but Ag has only one.

5. Which of the following diagrams best depicts an alloy of Ni and B?

2.1 - 2.4 FRQ - some questions were used in Unit 1

1 point is earned for the correct number of each type of circle.

2. Which of the following has two lone pairs of electrons?

3. Which of the following is isomeric with CH3CH2CHO ?

5. Which of the following molecules contains only single bonds?

6. Which of the following is an isomer of CH3OCH3 ?

B The oxygen-to-nitrogen-to-oxygen bond angles are 90°

C One of the bonds in NO3− is longer than the other two.

D One of the bonds in NO3− is shorter than the other two.

A All the atoms in molecule 1 lie in one plane.

B All the molecules have the same empirical formula.

C The C-C-C bond angle in molecule 2 is close to 180°.

4. The geometry of the SO3 molecule is best described as

C square pyramidal D bent E tetrahedral

A the same because the molecular formulas are similar

B the same because C and S have similar electronegativity values

11. Which of the following has molecules with a pyramidal shape

A CH3Cl B CH2Cl2 C NH3 O

14. Pi (π) bonding occurs in each of the following species EXCEPT

A CO2 B C2H4 C CN— D C6H6 O

A increasing strength of the bonds

B decreasing size of the central atom

C increasing electronegativity of the central atom

E decreasing repulsion between hydrogen atoms

A CH4 B CH2Cl2 C C2H6 O

19. Which of the following has a zero dipole moment?

A HCN B NH3 C SO2 D NO2 O

20. Which of the following species is NOT planar?

A CO32— B NO3— C ClF3 D BF3 O