Cell Structure and Function

Robert Hooke Cell

● In 1665, he discovered tiny compartments in a  The cell is the basic structural unit of life.
thin slice of cork using his compound
microscope. He called these compartments Type of Eukaryotic Cell
cells. 1. Animal Cell - An animal cell is a type of
eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has a
Cell Theory true, membrane-bound nucleus along with
● The classical cell theory was proposed by other cellular organelles.
Theodor Schwann in 1839. 2. Plant Cell - Plant cells are eukaryotic cells with a
1. All organisms are made of cells. true nucleus along with specialized structures
2. Cells are the basic units of life. called organelles that carry out certain specific
● These parts were based on a conclusion made functions.
by Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1838,
after comparing their observations of plant and Parts and Functions of a Typical Cell
animal cells. 1. Plasma/Cell membrane
3. Cells come from preexisting cells that have  “security guard’
multiplied.  controls the kind of substance that enters the
 The third part, was described by Rudolf Virchow cell
in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula  Without the plasma membrane, any substance
(all cells come from cells). can go in and out of the cell
4. DNA is passed between cells during cell 2. Nucleus
division.  contains the DNA
5. Cells of all organisms within a similar  “brain of the cell”
species are mostly the same, both  It controls all the activities occurring inside the
structurally and chemically. cell
6. Energy flow occurs within cells. 3. Nucleolus
 where ribosomes are produced
Type of Cells 4. Nuclear Membrane
 Separates the nuclear contents from the
1. Prokaryotic Cell contents of the cytoplasm.
pro = before; karyon = nucleus 5. Nucleoplasm
● DNA (NO NUCLUES)   It is the gel-like material that fills the nucleus.
● CYTOPLASM  6. Chromosome
● RIBOSOME   Carriers of genes responsible in transmitting
● CELL MEMBRANE  hereditary characteristics.
● NO NUCLEUS  7. Cytoplasm
● NO MEMBRANE-BOUND  A jelly-like substance
ORGANELLES   Contains the organelles of the cell
ORGANELLES
2. Eukaryotic Cell  are specialized parts of the cell that perform
eu = true; karyon = nucleus specific functions
● DNA (IN NUCLEUS)  8. Mitochondrion
● CYTOPLASM   powerhouse of the cell
● RIBOSOME   Releases the energy needed for cell activities
● CELL MEMBRANE   supply energy by undergoing cellular respiration
● NUCLEUS   produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
● MEMBRANE-BOUND 9. Ribosomes
ORGANELLES   protein factory of the cell
  carry out the instructions coming from the
nucleus to synthesize proteins
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types of ER:
a) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 No ribosomes
 Involved in the synthesis of lipids and
carbohydrates that are used to build the
cell membrane
b) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Presence of ribosomes
 Involved in the production of various
proteins in the cell, antibodies, insulin, as
well as transportation of proteins into the
smooth ER.

11. Golgi Body

 “Mailman of the cell”
 Responsible for transporting, modifying, and
packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for
delivery to targeted destinations
12. Vacuoles
 “storage rooms of the cells”
 membrane bound structure which main
function is for storage of food, water, and even
waste
13. Lysosomes
 “suicide bags of the cell”
 act as the waste disposal system of the cell by
digesting or breaking down the thrash or
unneeded materials in the cytoplasm
14. Centrioles
 cylindrical structure which plays an important
role in cell division
 can only be found on animal cells
15. Chloroplast
 contain the pigment chlorophyll that captures
energy from sunlight for photosynthesis
 the site of photosynthesis
o Chlorophyll provides green color to
leaves and helps in the process of
photosynthesis.
16. Cell Wall
 outer covering positioned next to the cell
membrane in most plant cells, fungi, bacteria,
algae, and some archaea.
 made of cellulose that protect, support, and
give plants their shape.