General Biology

CELL STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS
Presented by: Group 2
TOPIC OUTLINE:

Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell

WHAT IS CELL?
• A cell is the structural and
fundamental unit of life.
• The study of cells from its basic
structure to the functions of
every cell organelle is called Cell
Biology.
• Robert Hooke was the first
Biologist who discovered cells.
DISCOVERY OF CELLS
DISCOVERY OF CELLS:
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665.
• Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells
under another compound microscope with
higher magnification.
• In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist,
provided the very first insights into the cell
structure. He was able to describe the nucleus
present in the cells of orchids.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS:
• Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
• The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a
separate membrane.
• The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for
reproduction and cell growth.
• Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the
energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the
cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them
to their appropriate locations.
 TYPES OF CELL

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus.
Instead, some prokaryotes such as
• Eukaryotic cells are
bacteria have a region within the characterised by a true
cell where the genetic material is nucleus.
freely suspended. This region is
called the nucleoid.
 CELL STRUCTURE

• Cell Membrane
-The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It
controls the movement of substances in and out of the
cells.

• Cell Wall
-The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s
cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose
and pectin.
 CELL STRUCTURE
• Cytoplasm
-The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance
present inside the cell membrane.

• Nucleus
-The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the
cell, the DNA.
CELL ORGANELLES:
• Nucleolus
>The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis.
Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities
and cellular reproduction.

• Nuclear membrane
>The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by
forming a boundary between the nucleus and other
cell organelles.
CELL ORGANELLES:
• Chromosomes
>Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex
of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes.

• Endoplasmic reticulum
>The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the
transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a
primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis
of lipids, steroids and proteins.
CELL ORGANELLES:
• Golgi Bodies
>Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is
involved in the transportation of materials within
the cell.

• Ribosome
>Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell.
CELL ORGANELLES:
• Mitochondria
>The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the
cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s
energy currency.

• Lysosomes
>Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign
bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal.
Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide bags.
CELL ORGANELLES:
• Chloroplast
>Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for
photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll.

• Vacuoles
>Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in
the cell.
 CELL THEORY:
Cell Theory was proposed by the German
scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.

The cell theory states that:

• All living species on Earth are composed

of cells.
• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 CELL THEORY:
A modern version of the cell theory was
eventually formulated, and it contains the
following postulates:

• Energy flows within the cells.

• Genetic information is passed on from
one cell to the other.
• The chemical composition of all the cells
is the same.
FUNCTIONS OF
CELL
 FUNCTIONS OF CELL
Provides Support Facilitate Allows Transport
and Structure Growth Mitosis of Substances
• All the organisms • In the process of mitosis, • Various nutrients are
are made up of the parent cell divides
imported by the cells to
into the daughter cells.
cells. They form carry out various
Thus, the cells multiply
the structural basis chemical processes
and facilitate the growth
going on inside the cells.
of all the in an organism.
organisms.
 FUNCTIONS OF CELL

Energy Production Aids in Reproduction

• Cells require energy to carry out • A cell aids in
various chemical processes. This reproduction through the
energy is produced by the cells processes called mitosis
through a process called and meiosis.
photosynthesis in plants and
respiration in animals.
ANIMAL CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Animal cells are typical of the
eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a
plasma membrane and
containing a membrane-bound
nucleus and organelles.
 ANIMAL CELL

Function of Animal Cell Characteristics of Animal

Cell
• A cell carries out all the
• Like the cells of all
processes of the body
eukaryotes, animal cells have
which includes producing
a nucleus and other
energy and storing it. membrane-bound organelles.
ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
 ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
• Cell Membrane
-The main role of the cell membrane is to provide protection to the cell
from its surroundings. The cell membrane or plasma membrane controls
the passage of some solutes and water into and out of the cell.
• Nucleus
-It is an organelle that contains several other sub-organelles such as
nucleolus, nucleosomes and chromatins. It also contains DNA and
other genetic materials.
• Nucleolus
-The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus
whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's
ribosomes
 ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
• Nuclear Membrane
-It is a double-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus. It is also referred
to as the nuclear envelope.
• Lysosome
-They are round organelles surrounded by a membrane and comprising
digestive enzymes which help in digestion, excretion and in the cell renewal
process.
• Cytoplasm
-The cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is
composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
• Ribosome
-They are small organelles made up of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules, and
they are the sites of protein synthesis.
 ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-The rough endoplasmic reticulum modifies and transports the proteins
made by the attached ribosomes for use or further modification.
• Golgi Apparatus
-A flat, smooth layered, sac-like organelle which is located near the
nucleus and involved in manufacturing, storing, packing and
transporting the particles throughout the cell.
• Vacuole
-Vacuoles are small storage pockets formed of a single membrane
layer containing gas (such as oxygen or carbon dioxide) or fluid (such
as water) found within cells.
 ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE
• Mitochondrion
-They are spherical or rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane.
They are the powerhouse of a cell as they play an important role in
releasing energy.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-The smooth endoplasmic reticulum modifies lipids and steroids.
• Centrioles/Centrosomes
-Centrosomes contain centrioles; the centrioles are small gatherings
of microtubules that help with cell division during mitosis. The
centrosomes organize and synthesize microtubules.
PLANT CELL
PLANT CELL
Some of the Plant
cell are different
from Human and
animals cell.
It is the process of
preparing food by
plants, utilizing
sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water
 PLANT STRUCTURE

Cell Wall Cell Membrane

• Rigid structure made of • Separates the cell from
cellulose. outside environment.
• Provides strength and • aka phospholipid bilayer
structure to cell and plant. • Has structures for
• Allows fluid to move freely
material transport
through
 PLANT STRUCTURE

Cytoplasma Central Vacuole

• Everything within the • Used for storage
cell membrane • Plays a role in plant
• Not the same as the shape and stability
cytosol • Gives plant turgor
pressure
 PLANT STRUCTURE

Golgi Apparatus Ribosomes

• Packaging and shipping • Made of proteins and
center of the cell RNA
• Modifies molecules and • Responsible for
proteins and ships them translating RNA into
out of cell
proteins
 PLANT STRUCTURE
Rough Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum Reticulum
• Aides in production and • does not contain
storage of proteins ribosomes
• Ribosomes give "rough" • Involved in lipid
texture production
• proteins made in rough • Aids in detoxification
ER sent to golgi
 PLANT STRUCTURE
Nucleolus
The Nucleus
• A spherical structure found in
• Where DNA stored and the cell’s nucleus whose
protected Information primary function is to produce
that comes out of the and assemble the cell’s
nucleus determine how ribosomes. The nucleolus is
the cell function also where ribosomal RNA
genes are transcribed
 PLANT STRUCTURE
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
• vast infrastructure of
• where cells and microtubules and
organisms get energy
microfilaments
• main producer of ATP,
• Give cells shape and
the energy currency of
structural support
the cell
 PLANT STRUCTURE
Central Vacuole
Centrosomes
• Used for storage
• Responsible for the
• Plays a role in plant
production microtubules
shape and stability
• play a critical role in
mitosis helping the cell
• Gives plant turgor
divide pressure
 PLANT STRUCTURE

Chloroplast
• convert energy from the sun to form basic carbohydrates
• source for nearly all life
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT
CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT
CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT
CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!