FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

FORENSIC SCIENCE – application of science principles to matters involving the law.

FORENSIC SPECIALIST – A person that practices forensics such as; DNA Examiner, Ballisticians, Forensic Photographer and
ETC.

DR. EDMUND LOCARD – A French criminologist, Father of Modern Forensics, established the world’s first crime lab.

- LOCARD - SHERLOCK OF LYONS FRANCE (1910)

- EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE – “In every contact there is a trace” suspect nag iwan ng evidence doon sa crime
scene kaya ang investigator maaari din makakuha ng evidence sa crime scene.
- INSTITUTE OF CRIMINALISTICS – first crime laboratory in France.

CHEMISTRY – study of different chemical principles, its properties; drugs, explosives. Compositions of drugs, blood, and
other biological samples.

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY – application of chemical principles in connection with the administration of justice.

FORENSIC CHEMIST – a person the practices Forensic Chemistry, to aid an investigation to solve legal problems.

- Analyze examination of different physical evidence related to crime.

o examination of biological evidence/samples of blood, semen, fibers, hairs.

TOXICOLOGY – detection of substance that is present.

- Stude of different toxics or poisonous substances that can affect a living organism.
o Arsenic

FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY – Use of toxicology to aid Medico legal investigations of death and poisoning.

- For legal matters in solving crimes or for administration of justice.

PROF. MATHIEU ORFILA – Father of modern forensic Toxicology. He researches poisons’ effect to human body.

- LAFARGE CASE - Expert witness against Madam Marie Lafarge (after poisoning her husband, Charles Lafarge
with Arsenic)
- MARSCH TEST – to identify arsenic from the body of Charles Lafarge.
- BOOK: TRAITES DES POISONS TREATIES ON POISONS.

CRIME SCENE – an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.

- Location where crime happens, space where physical evidence can be found.
o 2 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
 INDOOR CRIME SCENE
 OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE – Articles and materials that can prove that a crime really happened.

o TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (CAT)

 CORPUS DELICTI EVIDENCE – body of the crime/facts of the crime really happened.
 Robbery – stolen property
 Homicide – cadaver, autopsy result.
 ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – links the offender to the crime; identity of a person thru gamit.
 TRACING EVIDENCE – locates the offender; footprint impressions.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE – appropriate protocols are followed, resulting in the
generation of useful evidence.

- SUFFICIENCY OF SAMPLE – enough and sufficiency of evidence or samples; weight, volume, or pieces.
o Inadequate samples can lead to inconclusive results, sufficient samples that can be used for
comprehensive testing and analysis.
- STANDARD FOR COMPARISON – comparative analysis
o Standard - known samples from a known individual
o Questioned sample – crime scene.
- MAINTENANCE OF INDIVIDUALITY – packed individually, prevent from contamination.
o Maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.
- LABELLING AND SEALING – avoid confusion.
o Preserved its evidentiary value.

CHAIN OF CUSTODY – written record of all the individuals who maintained unbroken control over certain items of
evidence collected from the crime scene. It aims to establish:

- Maintain credibility of the evidence.

- For the transparency and accountability in holding of the evidence.
o The date and time at which the evidence was handled.
o Those who had contact with the evidence.
o What changes, if any, were made in the evidence; and
o The circumstances under which the evidence was handled.

FOUR STAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

1. Collection or reception of specimen to be examined;

a. Sufficiency of samples
b. Standard for comparison
c. Maintenance of individuality
d. Labeling and sealing
2. Actual examination
3. Communication of results of examination; and
4. Court appearance

SCOPE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

- Chemical side of criminal investigation

- Analysis of any material
- Not limited to purely chemical questions involved in legal proceedings.
- Invaded other branches of forensic sciences; notably legal med, ballistics, questioned documents and
photography.

GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE OF CHEMISTRY

- GO SLOWLY – taking time to conduct the test, ensures thoroughness and accuracy of results.
- BE THOROUGH – ensure reliable and no mistakes are made, careful observations.
- TAKE NOTES – to ensure that all data is properly documented and can easily viewed and shared when
necessary.
- CONSULT OTHERS – consult others who have already handled a similar case.
- USE IMAGINATION – think ahead of the potential outcome, it increases your critical thinking skills.
- AVOID COMPLICATED THEORIES – Explain in layman terms, to easily understand.
 FAILURE TO CONSIDER THE GOLDEN RULES WILL CONTRIBUTE TO DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE/SPECIMEN. THE
OTHER REASONS OF FORENSIC DISASTER ARE:

- IMPROPER PACKING OF SPECIMEN

- FAILURE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMEN
- IMPROPER PRECAUTION USE IN TRANSMITTING THE SPECIMEN
- LACK OF PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT TAMPERING OF THE SPECIMEN

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORENSIC CHEMIST “REPUBLIC ACT NO 754. ALSO KNOWN AS THE CHEMISTRY LAW”

- Be able to spend hours rigorously applying analytical techniques to evidence.

- Clearly and concisely answers challenges to his findings, and
- Possess moral integrity.

FUNCTIONS OF A FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

- Examination of dangerous drugs as well as volatile substances (RA 9165 and PD 1619)
- Examination of explosive and/or explosive ingredients (PD 1866)
- Examination of firearms and paraffin casts to detect gunpowder nitrates and gunpowder residue (GPR)
- Conduct gunpowder examination of clothing.
- Examination of human internal organs
- Examination of fake products
- Conduct blood alcohol determination
- Urine and other bodily fluids
- Research and training
- Delivers lectures on forensic chemistry and toxicology.
- Provide expert opinion in court.
- Respond to queries of all investigative units.
- Conduct clandestine laboratory investigations.

WHO MAY BE WITNESS?

- ORDINARY WITNESS – State facts based on their personal knowledge, nakita and narinig or naano ng
kanilang ibat ibang senses.
o Sight – visual
o Hearing – auditory
o Touch - cutaneous
o Taste – gustatory
o Smell - olfactory
- EXPERT WITNESS - opinions based on their skills, education, and expertise.

THE FORENSIC CHEMIST AS AN EXPERT WITNESS IN COURT

- EDUCATION – master’s or Ph.D

- TRAINING – undergone training and seminars
- EXPERIENCE

WHAT ARE THE QUALIFICATIONS OF AN ORDINARY WITNESS?

- He must have the organ and power to perceive.

- The perception gathered by his organ of sense can be imparted to others.
- He does not fall in any of the exceptions provided for Sec. 26, Rule 123, Rules of Court.
BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS

- Circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor of perpetrator

- Disputed parentage
- Determination of cause of death
- Direction of escape
- Origin of flow of blood
- Approximate time crime was committed.

Blood – circulation tissue of the body. Blood is red because of hemoglobin. It is Opaque. Normal pH of our blood is 7.35-
7.45.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

SOLID MATERIAL – 45%

- WBC – destroy harmful microorganisms.

- RBC – circulates oxygen.
- BLOOD PLATELETS – prevent and stop bleeding.

LIQUID – 55%

- PLASMA – suspend solid materials (WBC, RBC, BP)

RED BLOOD CELLS / RBC (ERYTHROCYTES) – carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS / WBC (LEUKOCYTES) – attacks destroy harmful microorganisms and thus serve as one of the
body’s defenses against infections.

BLOOD PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES) – To prevent and stop bleeding.

PLASMA (55%) – cells are suspended.

- Water 90%
- Solid 10% (largely protein in nature and consist of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.

SERUM – is a straw – yellow liquid formed when clotted blood is allowed to stand sometime and the clot contracts.

PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF BLOOD

- Blood is difficult to search for, the collection, preservation, packing and transportation of specimen
suspected to contain blood is another.
- Blood offers little resistance to decomposition.
- It undergoes a rapid change.
- To preserve blood, it will maybe add SODIUM FLUORIDE for a week at room temperature or indefinitely in a
refrigerator.
- 40-50 degrees centigrade is the ideal preserving temperature for blood and other perishable specimens.
- Collection of blood stains should be done as soon as possible.

BLOOD COLLECTION

FLUID BLOOD – use and galing siya sa mga violent crime, it can also be used in disputed parentage, hence in
DNA Testing also.
DRIED BLOOD OR BLOOD STAINS – this are collected from smooth surfaces, hard surfaces, glazed surface,
and bulky objects.
BLOOD EXAMINATION

PRELIMINARY TEST – if a substance if a blood or not.

CONFIRMATORY TEST – if the findings are correct.

PRECIPITIN TEST – if human or animal blood.

BLOOD GROUPING TEST – is it A B AB or O.

THE PRELIMINARY TEST FOR BLOOD (COLOR TEST)

BENZIDINE TEST/ADLER’S TEST– Positive -> Blue/Intense blue

o Most used in preliminary test for blood.

o Solution: Benzidine solution
o Positive: Blue/Intense Blue

PHENOLPHTALEIN TEST – Positive -> Pink

o Solution: Phenolphthalein solution

o Positive: Pink/permanganate

GUAIACUM TEST – Positive -> Blue

o Solution: Guaiacum Resin

o Positive: Blue

LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN TEST – Positive -> Green/Bluish green

o Solution: Leucomalachite solution

o Positive: Green/Bluish Green

LUMINOUS/OL TEST – Positive -> Light/Blue Light

o Solution: Luminol reagent

o Positive: Blue light
o Use only for dark areas.
o The most sensitive test even faded bloodstain, can be detected on to this test.

THE CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BLOOD

- MICROSCOPIC TEST – directly ilalagay sa microscope to check if may mga components pa ng blood.
o BLOOD CORPUSCLES
 Blood or not
 Blood – human or animals?
 Human maliliit ang cells, Animals malalaki.
- MICROCHEMICAL TEST– blood lalagyan ng chemical solution at may iba pang test na icoconduct then
ichcheck sa microscopic test.
o HEMOCHROMOGEN TEST (TAKAYAMA)
 S: Hemochromogen solution
 P: Pink/Salmon Pink/Feathery Crystals
 o TEICHMANN’S TEST (HEMATIN CRYSTAL)
 S: Glacial acetic acid
 P: Brown/Large rhombic crystals
o ACETONE-CHLOR-HEMIN OR WAGENAAR TEST
 S: Diluted acetic acid + Acetone
 P: Brown/ Multi-shaped crystals
- SPECTROSCOPE TEST – idadaan sa spectroscope equipment, ichcheck yung wavelength

PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS OF BLOOD

1. SOLUBILITY TEST – Recent blood shed is soluble in saline solution and imparts a bright red color.
2. HEAT TEST – blood stain when heated, will impart a muddy precipitate. (COAGULUM FORMATION -
pamumuo)
3. LUMINESCENCE TEST – Stains on dark fabric mixed with mud , paint, etc. Emit bluish white luminescence in a
dark room.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF BLOOD

PRECIPITIN TEST – determine whether the stain/blood is of human or animal origin.

THE FOUR BLOOD GROUPS

GROUP “O”

GROUP “A”

GROUP “B”

GROUP “AB”

AGGLUTINOGEN OR ANTIGEN – stimulates the production of agglutinins or antibodies.

ANTIBODY OR AGGLUTININ – cause agglutination or clumping together of the red blood cells.
SEMEN

SPERMATOZOON is a living organism, normally present in the seminal fluid consisting of the head, neck and tail. It is
from 50 to 55 microns in length.

SPERM – tail is the longest.

2.5 to 5.0 cubic centimeters of semen per ejaculation. Semen contains 60 million spermato
zoa per cubic centimeter, 80% of which are motile after 45 minutes. After 3 hours not more
than 20% become abnormal in forms.

Specimens may be examined for seminal fluid and spermatozoa:

- Wearing apparel of the victim and of the alleged accused.

- Vaginal smear from the victim.
- Stains on the body of the victim and of the accused.
- Stains found at the site of the commission of the offense.

GROSS EXAMINATIONS: [SEMEN]

a. Inspection by means of the naked eye or with the use of the hand lens; grayish white to faint yellow,
map like contour with silvery appearance. Hardened with shiny borders.
b. Inspection by means of Ultraviolet light; bluish fluorescence.

MICRO-CHEMICAL EXAMINATIONS [SEMEN]

Moisten a portion of the stained fabric with a very diluted hydrochloric acid solution. ½ to 5 hours (soak). Allow liquid
portion to dry on the slide.

- FLORENCE TEST
o S: Florence solution
o P: Brown
- BARBERIO’S TEST
o S: Picric acid
o P: Yellow
o M: needle shaped crystals

ACID PHOSPHATASTE TEST

o S: Acid phosphataste solution

o P: Deep purple
o N: remain yellow/no change in color

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
 - A dried spermatic fluid stain on the slide is stained with hematoxylin or methylene blue and counter-stained
with eosin.
- yung semen titingnan under microscope (pero di siya reliable, kasi may diseases na aspermia [walang
spermatozoa] at oligospermia [konti ang spermatozoa])

BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

- PRECIPITIN TEST – tinitingnan lang kung yung semen ay galing sa tao o sa animals.

COLLECTION, PRESERVATON, PACKING AND TRANSIT OF SPECIMEN

- Seizure of apparel
- Should be no friction between apparel and the stain.
- Not to be rolled for transit.
- Thoroughly dried before packing.
- Fluid semen should be placed in a test tube. It may be preserved by a drop of 10% solution of formalin
during hot weather.

GUNPOWDER AND EXPLOSIVES

- GUNPOWDER OR PROPELLANT: the propellant is the PRIMARY PROPULSIVE FORCE in a cartridge which
when exploded will cause the bullet to be driven forwards the gun muzzle.

THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWDER PROPELLANT USED

BLACK POWDER – A mixture of potassium nitrate (75%), sulfur (15%) and charcoal (10%)

SMOKELESS POWDER
o SINGLE BASE – contains either cellulose nitrate or nitroglycerine.
o DOUBLE BASE – powder is composed of both cellulose nitrate and nitroglycerine.
SEMI-SMOKELESS POWDER – Mixture of 80% of black and 20% of the smokeless powder.

GUNSHOT WOUND – open wound produced by the penetration of bullet slug within the tissues of the body.

CONTACT – gun muzzle pressed against, or within an inch or two of the body.
CLOSE DISCHARGE – 6 inches to 2ft.
DISTANCE DISCHARGE – over 2ft. or 3ft.

2 TYPES OF GUNSHOT WOUND

o ENTRANCE WOUND – dito madalas hinahanap yung gunpowder nitrates (EVERTED)
o EXIT WOUND – palabas yung bullet (PROTRUDING)
POSSIBLE LOCATION OF NITRATES WHEN BLACK POWDER EXPLODES

- Residue of the barrel of the gun

- In or around the wound
- On the clothing of the fired upon at close range
- On the exposed surface of the hand of the person firing the gun

DETERMINING PRESENCE OF GUNPOWDER

PARAFFIN TEST – test performed to extract the nitrates embedded in the skin.

- Conduct using hot wax. Opening the pores to EXTRACT the gunpowder nitrates.

DIPHENYLAMINE TEST OR DPA TEST (DERMAL NITRATE TEST, DPA, LUNG’S TEST, GONZALES TESTS)

S: DPA REAGENT

- To DETECT THE PRESENCE OF NITRATES, a test to determine whether a person fired a gun or not.

Discovered by: TEODORO GONZALES of Mexico City

POSIBILITIES THAT A PERSON MAYBE FOUND NEGATIVE FOR NITRATES EVEN IF HE ACTUALLY FIRED A GUN

- Use of automatic pistol

- Direction of wind
- Wind velocity
- Excessive perspiration
- Use of gloves
- Knowledge of chemicals that will remove nitrates. [Vinegar]

POSIBILITIES THAT A PERSON MAYBE FOUND POSITIVE FOR NITRATES EVEN IF HE DID NOT ACTUALLY FIRED A GUN

- Gunpowder particles may have been blown on the hand directly from the barrel of the gun being fired by
another person.
- Attempt to shield the body arising the hand in some instances result in the implanting of powder particles on
hand.

HAIR AND FIBERS

TEXTILE FIBERS

NATURAL FIBERS
o PLANT FIBERS
 Cotton – Flattened, spiral twist.
 Flax -
 Ramie
 Sisal
 Jute – Smooth, parang may lines.
 Hemp – Transverse lines, usually blunt. [parang putol]
 Kapok
 Coir
 Abaca – smooth, uniform, tips are fines points.

PLANT - Sinusunog para malaman na plant fibers siya; burn rapidy, smells like burning leaves, steady flame.

o ANIMAL FIBERS
 Silk – laway na parang special type of worms, structureless
 Wool – sources of woolen fiber: alpaca, cashmere, mohair

ANIMAL – smells like burning feather/hair; burn very slowly, easily extinguish.

MAN-MADE FIBERS
o POLYESTER
o NYLON FIBERS
o ACRYLICS
o RAYONS
o ACETATES

THE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL FIBERS MAY BE DIFFERENTIATED AS FOLLOWS:

 - IGNITION TEST
a. Animal fibers – Fume turns red litmus to blue.
b. Vegetable fibers – Vapor turns blue litmus to red.
- CHEMICAL TEST
a. Animal fibers – Turn yellow.
b. Vegetable fibers – No change in color
- PICRIC ACID TEST
a. Wool and silk – Yellow
b. Cellulose – No change.
- MILLION REAGENT TEST
a. Wool and silk – Turn brown.
b. Cellulose fibers – Turn black.
- SOAKED IN TANNIC ACID
a. Wool and silk – No change.
b. Cellulose fibers – Black.
- HEATED WITH 10% NaOH:
a. Wool and silk – Dissolve.
b. Cellulose – Not affected.

GLASS AND GLASS FRAGMENTS AND FRACTURES

GLASS is usually composed of oxides like SiO2 (silica), B2O3 (boric oxide), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). For
commercial use silica is the most important oxide.

ANALYSIS/TEST FOR GLASS

SPECTROGRAPHIC TEST – ina-identify yung composition ng glass, to determine if magmamatch ba sa question

samples to standard samples.

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS – determine the type of pattern of glass, hinahanap yung non crystalline
substances ng glass, to understand the deep understanding and composition of glass.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXAMINATION – cinocompare or dinedetermine yung iba’t ibang glass fragments para
malaman kung nanggaling sila sa iisang source

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EXAMINATION – nirereview yung iba’t ibang features na di kayang makita under the normal
lighting conditions.

GLASS AS EVIDENCE OF CRIME

- Automobile glass in case of hit and run.

- Broken windows caused by pressure, blow or bullet in case of robbery.
- Broken bottles, drinking glass or spectacles found at the scene of assault or other crimes of violence.

RADIAL FRACTURE – fracture is like web cord, makikita sa opposite side (mas nauunang maform kesa sa concentric
fracture)

CONCENTRIC FRACTURE – makikita kung saan yung point of impact or force.

MOULAGE AND OTHER CASTING TECHNIQUES

MOULAGE – Recover impressions found out at the crime scene that aids in solving the crime; ginagamit sa impressions
(Wheel, foot, tool, etc.)

CASTING MATERIAL – material which can be change from plastic or liquid state to solid condition is capable of use as
casting material.

- Commonly used casting material in the Philippines is PLASTER OF PARIS.

METALLURGY (AS APPLIED TO CRIME DETECTION)

METALLURGY – is the study of metals, inaanalyze natin yung mga composition ng metal which is crucial in
identifying the tool marking identifications, [firearm identification] It is applied to criminal investigations
such as in:
o Robbery
o Theft
o Hit and run cases
o Bomb and explosion
o Nail Examination
o Counterfeit coins
o Restoration of tampered serial numbers
METALLOGRAPHY – pero yung mga structures ng metals, deep understandings about the compositions of
structures of metals

PETROGRAPHY (AS APPLIED TO CRIME DETECTION)

PETROGRAPHY – branch of geology that studies soils and rock formations. (study of dust, dirt, safe
insulations, ceramics and other such materials, both natural and artificial)

TYPES OF SOIL

ALLUVIAL SOIL – ito yung ginagamit for crops or agriculture, matatagpuan malapit sa surrounding the bodies of
water.

COLLUVIAL SOIL – soil na may rock fragments, nakikita sa maraming bundok or history of landslides;
decompositions of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, moved by gravity.

SEDENTARY SOIL – inactive, not migratory soil. Walang rock fragments, medyo malalambot and sandy and clayie.

COLLECTION AND SUBMISSION OF EVIDENCE – Soil in form of mud is usually recovered from shoes, slippers, clothes,
tires, tools and furniture. [match from the crime scene]

APPLICATION OF SOIL ANALYSIS SCIENTIFIC CRIME DETECTION – di pareparehas yung soil na meron sa crime scene.
DUST AND DIRT – A matter in the wrong place, study of such piece of evidence may often provide the investigatior with
clues as to the occupation of previous whereabouts of a person under investigation.

DUST – matter which is dry and in finely divided form. [galing sa air]

MUD – dust mixed with water.

CLASSIFICATION OF DUST

- Dust deposited from the air.

- Road and footpath dusts
- Industrial Dusts
- Occupation Dusts

DRUGS – pharmaceutical drugs; any chemical substance intended for used in the diagnosis or treatment, cure and
prevention of disease or symptoms.

- Substance that enters human body and can change the function or structure of the human organism.

KINDS OF DOSES

MINIMAL DOSE – Smallest amount of drug that produces therapeutic effects [nakakakapagpagaling]

MAXIMAL DOSE – Largest amount of drug that produces therapeutic effects.

TOXIC DOSE – Amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.

LETHAL DOSE – It can cause death.

STIMULANT (UPPERS) – A drug that excite the central nervous system; increasing alertness, decreasing fatigue, delaying
sleep, also impale appetite and cause weight loss.

DEPRESSANTS/SEDATIVES (DOWNERS)

- Drugs that have mild calming or sleep producing effect upon the central nervous system.
- Slowdown the body function.
- BARBITURATES, ALCOHOL.

OPIATES/NARCOTICS

- Group of drugs that are used medically to relieve pain but have a high potential for abuse.
- Substance that lessens pain or induces stupor.

HALLUCINOGENS (DISTORTION OF THE SENSES)

- Plants chemical substances which affect the perception, sensation, behavior and produce hallucination on
the user.
HALLUCINATION – FALSE PERCEPTION (IBA YUNG NAKIKITA MO)
ILLUSION – FALSE INTERPRETATION (TAMA YUNG NAKIKITA PERO IBA YUNG INIISIP)
DELUSION – FALSE BELIEF/ GRANDEUR (GANDANG GANDA SA SARILI)

DIFFERENT METHOD OF DRUG TESTING

URINE – most commonly used specimen for illicit drugs

BREATH – most common for alcohol

URINE TEST – shows the absence and presence of drug

BLOOD TEST – actual amount of alcohol or drugs

HAIR – analysis of hair provides much longer “testing period” giving a more complete drug use history
going back as far as 90 days.

ORAL FLUIDS – kinukuha ay saliva/laway para madetect if nagddrugs

FIELD TEST FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS (PRELIMINARY TEST)

MARIJUANA – Duquenois-Levine Test (RED)

SHABU – Symone’s Test (PURPLE)

LSD – Van Urk Test (Blue purple)

OPIUM – Marquis Test (Violet)

AMPHETAMINES – Marquis Test (Red/Orange)

BARBITURATES – Dili Koppanyi/Zwikkers Test (Violet/Blue)

COCAINE – Cobalt Thiocyanate (Blue)

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

ORALLY – taken by the mouth

INHALATION – inhalation of rugby or solvent (GASEOUS FORM)
SNORTING – inhalation of drugs that in powder form (SHABU)
INJECTION – administered into the body by the use of syringe or hypodermic needle.\
BUCCAL – matatagpun sa ilalim ng lips
RECTALLY (AS SUPPOSITORY) – colon or rectum (puwet)
IONTOPHORESESIS – into the deepest layer of the skin through the special type of electric current.

TOXICOLOGY – a scientific study of poisons, especially their effects on the body and their antidotes.

ACTION OF POISONS

LOCAL – pag uminom ka poison, sasakit chan mo, which the poison may come into contact.

REMOTE – uminom ka poison natamaan utak mo; away from the site of application.

COMBINED – yung tinamaan ay yung puso utak at iba’t ibang organs mo

TYPE OF POISONING

(From MEDICAL POV)

ACUTE POISONING – uminom ka poison, namatay ka agad; death within a short time.

CHRONIC POISONING – uminom ka ng poison pero di ka namatay, dahan dahan kang namamatay, unti unti
niyang natatamaan yung mga organs mo.

(From the LEGAL POV)

ACCIDENTAL – di mo naman talaga intention patayin yung tao [usually mga bata]

SUICIDAL – taking his own life

HOMICIDAL – ibang tao yung papatayin or lalasunin mo

UNDETERMINED – di alam kung bakit namatay yung isang tao due to poison

EMBALMING – di mo na makikita yung body fluids ng tao, mahirap madetermine kung anong poison kinamatay.
PUTREFACTION – pag agnas ng katawan ng tao.

CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING ACTION OF POISON

METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION: Poisons may enter the body in the ff way:

ORALLY – poison pinadaan sa bibig ng tao

HYPODERMICALLY – using needles pinadaan sa skin ng tao

INTRAMUSCULARLY – pinadaan yung poison sa mismong muscles ng tao [faster method]

ENDODERMICALLY – skin pero sa outside na balat [lotion, soap]

BY RECTUM, VAGINA or BLADDDER – pagpasok thru private parts

BY THE LUNGS – Inhalation of poison

TREATMENT OF PATIENT SUFFERING FROM ACUTE POISONING

- EVACUATION OF THE STOMACH

- ADMINISTRATION OF EMETICS
APPLICATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTIDOTES
ANTIDOTES:
o MECHANICAL ANTIDOTES
o CHEMICAL ANTIDOTES
o PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTIDOTE
ELIMINATION THE POISON
o SUDORIFICS – sweating
o DIURETICS – urine

POSOLOGY – study of quantity of medicine, kinds of dose.

MINIMAL DOSE – Smallest amount of drug that produces therapeutic effects [nakakakapagpagaling]

MAXIMAL DOSE – Largest amount of drug that produces therapeutic effects.

TOXIC DOSE – Amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.

LETHAL DOSE – It can cause death.

SAFE DOSE – does not cause a harmful effect.