For Training Purpose Only

Bachelor of Aviation Maintenance

Engineering Technology

AVT 3413
Aviation Legislation
CLO 5
CAR 21 Aircraft Certification
10.5(a) General

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SUBPART H - CERTIFICATES OF AIRWORTHINESS AND RESTRICTED CERTIFICATES
OF AIRWORTHINESS

CAR 21.171 Scope

This Subpart establishes the procedural requirements for issuing airworthiness certificates.

CAR 21.172 Eligibility

Any natural or legal person under whose name an aircraft is registered or will be registered, or
his representative, shall be eligible as an applicant for an airworthiness certificate for that
aircraft under this Subpart.

CAR 21.173 Classification

Airworthiness certificates shall be classified as follows:
(a) Certificates of airworthiness shall be issued to aircraft which conform to a type-certificate or
type acceptance certificate that has been issued in accordance with this regulation
(b) Restricted certificates of airworthiness shall be issued to aircraft:
1. Which conform to a restricted type-certificate or type acceptance certificate that has been
issued in accordance with this Regulations; or
2. Which have been shown to the Authority to comply with specific airworthiness
specifications ensuring adequate safety.

CAR 21.174 Application

(a) Pursuant to CAR 21.172, an application for an airworthiness certificate shall be made in a
form and manner established by the Authority.
(b) Each application for a certificate of airworthiness or restricted certificate of airworthiness
shall include:
1. The class of airworthiness certificate applied for;

2. with regard to new aircraft:

(i) A statement of conformity:

- issued under CAR 21.163(b), or
- issued under CAR 21.130 and validated by the Authority,
- or,
For an imported aircraft, a statement signed by the exporting Authority that the
aircraft conforms to a design approved by the Authority
(ii) A weight and balance report with a loading schedule.
(iii) The flight manual, when required by the applicable certification specifications for
the particular aircraft.

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 3. with regard to used aircraft:
- A statement by the Authority of the State where the aircraft is, or was, registered,
reflecting the airworthiness status of the aircraft on its register at time of transfer.
- A weight and balance report with a loading schedule.
- The flight manual when such material is required by the applicable airworthiness
code for the particular aircraft.
- Historical records to establish the production, modification, and maintenance
standard of the aircraft, including all limitations associated with a restricted
certificate of airworthiness..
- a recommendation for the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness or restricted
certificate of airworthiness and an airworthiness review certificate following an
airworthiness review in accordance with CAR M.

(c) Unless otherwise agreed, the statements referred to in subparagraphs (b)(2)(i) and (b)(3)
shall be issued no more than 60 days before presentation of the aircraft to the Authority.

CAR 21.175 Language

(a) The manuals, placards, listings, and instrument markings and other necessary information
required by applicable certification specifications shall be presented in English language.

CAR 21.177 Amendment or modification

An airworthiness certificate may be amended or modified only by the Authority.

CAR 21.179 Transferability

(a) Where the ownership of an aircraft has changed and if it remains on the register the
certificate of airworthiness or restricted certificate of airworthiness conforming to restricted
type certificate shall be transferred with the aircraft.
(b) Where ownership of an aircraft has changed and the aircraft has a restricted certificate of
airworthiness not conforming to a restricted type certificate as per CAR 21.173(b)(2) shall be
transferred together with the aircraft provided the aircraft remains on the register.

CAR 21.180 Inspections

The holder of the airworthiness certificate shall provide access to the aircraft for which that
airworthiness certificate has been issued upon request by the Authority.

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CAR 21.181 Duration and continued validity
(a) An airworthiness certificate shall be issued for an unlimited duration. It shall remain valid
subject to:

1. Compliance with the applicable type-design and continuing airworthiness requirements;

and
2. The type-certificate, restricted type-certificate or type acceptance certificate under which
it isissued not being previously invalidated under CAR 21.51 or CAR 21.76.
3. The certificate not being surrendered or revoked.
4. ARC remains valid.

(b) Upon surrender or revocation, the certificate shall be returned to the Authority.

CAR 21.182 Aircraft identification

Each applicant for an airworthiness certificate under this Subpart shall demonstrate that his
aircraft is identified in accordance with Subpart Q of this regulation.

CAR 21.183 Issue of certificates of airworthiness

The Authority shall issue a certificate of airworthiness for:

1. new aircraft:
(i) Upon presentation of the documentation required by CAR 21.174(b)(2).
(ii) When the aircraft conforms to an approved design and is in condition for safe
operation. This may include inspections by the Authority.

2. used aircraft:
(i) upon presentation of the documentation required by CAR 21.174(b)(3)
demonstrating that:
— the aircraft conforms to a type design approved under a type-certificate or type
acceptance certificate and any supplemental type-certificate, change or repair
approved in accordance with this Part, and to applicable airworthiness directives,
and
— the aircraft has been inspected in accordance with the applicable provisions of CAR
M; and
(ii)when the aircraft conforms to an approved design and is in condition for safe
operation. This may include inspections by the Authority.

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CAR 21.184 Issue of restricted certificates of airworthiness
Limitations for use will be associated with restricted certificates of airworthiness including
airspace restrictions as necessary to take account of deviations from essential requirements for
airworthiness laid down in the Regulation

SUBPART P - PERMIT TO FLY

CAR 21.701 Scope
Permits to fly shall be issued in accordance with this Subpart to aircraft that do not meet, or
have not been shown to meet, applicable airworthiness requirements but are capable of safe
flight under defined conditions and for the following purposes within scope of Subpart G and
Subpart J of this Regulation:

1. development;

2. showing compliance with regulations or certification specifications;

3. design organizations or production organizations crew training;

4. production flight testing of new production aircraft;

5. flying aircraft under production between production facilities;

6. flying the aircraft for customer acceptance;

7. delivering or exporting the aircraft;

8. flying the aircraft for Authority acceptance;

9. market survey, including customer’s crew training;

10. exhibition and air show;

11. flying the aircraft to a location where maintenance or airworthiness review are to be
performed, or to a place of storage;

12. flying an aircraft at a weight in excess of its maximum certificated takeoff weight for flight
beyond the normal range over water, or over land areas where adequate landing facilities
or appropriate fuel is not available;

13. record breaking, air racing or similar competition;

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14. flying aircraft meeting the applicable airworthiness requirements before conformity to the
environmental requirements has been found;

15. for non-commercial flying activity on individual non-complex aircraft or types for which a
certificate of airworthiness or restricted certificate of airworthiness is not appropriate.

The applicant for a permit to fly may be a person other than the registered owner of the aircraft.
In particular, the organizations designing, modifying or maintaining the aircraft should normally
be the holder of the associated permits to fly.

CERTIFICATE OF AIRWORTHINESS FOR EXPORT

GCAA CAR Part V Chapter 2 Sections 13 contains the requirements for the issue of a
Certificate of Airworthiness for Export

The Certificate of Airworthiness for Export is not a statutory document, either internationally
under ICAO or nationally under the UAE Federal Civil Aviation Law. When issued in the UAE, it
signifies, as at the date of issue that, for those significant derogations from the requirements as
defined in paragraph 13.2 below, the aircraft is such that UAE Certificate of Airworthiness could
be issued or renewed, as appropriate, in accordance with the requirements. Certificate of
Airworthiness for Export is only issued for complete aircraft.

DEROGATIONS FROM THE REQUIREMENTS

The following will be listed on the reverse of the Certificate of Airworthiness for Export:
(a) Significant deviations from the approved build standard;
(b) Derogations from GCAA requirements, additional requirements, and special conditions;
(c) Mandatory modifications and inspections with which compliance has not been shown; and
(d) in respect of equipment installed on the aircraft:
(i). such equipment which is fitted but has not been approved by the GCAA;
and (ii). equipment appropriate to the certification category where this is not
fitted.

APPLICATION

An application shall be submitted to the GCAA on the appropriate form accompanied by the
fees published by the GCAA.

COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS

When the GCAA is satisfied that this Section has been complied with, the Certificate of
Airworthiness for Export will be issued.

Any additional requirements and/or special conditions prescribed by the responsible

Authority shall be notified to the GCAA in writing.

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REGISTRATION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT

GENERAL
GCAA CAR Part V Chapter 1 Sections 1 contains the requirements to register and
deregister aircraft in the United Arab Emirates. The following paragraphs summarize the
essential information relating to the registration of aircraft in the United Arab Emirates.

Registration
An aircraft shall not be registered or continue to be registered in the United Arab Emirates, if
it appears to the Authority that:

a) the aircraft is registered outside the United Arab Emirates

b) an unqualified person holds any legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in the
aircraft or any share therein
c) the aircraft is lost, completely destroyed or withdrawn from use.
d) it would be inexpedient for the aircraft to be, or continue to be, registered in the United
Arab Emirates
e) if any of the requirements of SECTION 2 are violated.

NOTE: CAR Part V Chapter 1 Section 2 outlines the requirements for fixing and
displaying Nationality and Registration marks on the airframe

Registration Qualifications and Procedures

The following persons or entities shall be qualified to hold legal or beneficial interest by way
of ownership in an aircraft registered in United Arab Emirates or a share therein:

a) Nationals of the United Arab Emirates

b) Corporate bodies having their principal place of business in the United Arab Emirates
c) Government departments of the United Arab Emirates.

For other persons residing or having a place of business in the United Arab Emirates and
holding a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in an aircraft, or a share, the GCAA
may register the aircraft in the United Arab Emirates.

If an aircraft is leased to a qualified person, the GCAA may register the aircraft in the United
Arab Emirates in the name of the lessor for the duration of the lease agreement.

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 NOTE: The application process and required documentations for aircraft registration and
de-registration are provided in Civil Aviation Advisory Publication 58 (CAAP 58).

Certificate of Registration

Upon receiving an application for the registration of an aircraft in the United Arab Emirates
and being satisfied that the aircraft may properly be so registered, the GCAA shall register
the aircraft, wherever it may be, and shall include in the register the following:

a) the nationality mark of the aircraft and the registration mark assigned to it by the GCAA
b) the name of the designer of the aircraft and its designation as per the Type
Certificate, if applicable
c) the serial number of the aircraft
d) the name and address of every person who is entitled as owner to a legal interest in
the aircraft or share, or in the case of an aircraft which is the subject of a lease
agreement or any other aircraft property related agreement, the name and address of
the involved parties (e.g. lessor and the lessee)

The GCAA shall furnish to the person in whose name the aircraft is registered, or to his
representative, a Certificate of Registration which shall include the previously mentioned
information and the date on which the certificate was issued.

Figure 1. Certificate of Registration (Front)

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 Figure 2. Certificate of Registration (Back)

If at any time after an aircraft has been registered in the United Arab Emirates an unqualified
person becomes entitled to a legal or beneficial interest by way of ownership in an aircraft or
a share, the registration of the aircraft shall become void and the Certificate of Registration
shall be returned by the registered owner to the GCAA.

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CAR Part V Chapter 1 Section 2

NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

GCAA CAR Part V Chapter 1Section 2 states the requirements for the fixing and display of
Nationality and Registration marks for aircraft registered in the United Arab Emirates.

NATIONALITY MARKS

The nationality mark and registration mark of the aircraft shall consist of a group of
characters without ornamentation. The UAE’s nationality mark shall be the capital
letter/numeral A6 in Roman/Arabic.

The registration mark of UAE registered aircraft shall:

(a) Be assigned by the GCAA Aircraft Register; and

(b) Be a group of three capital letters in Roman characters appearing after and
separated from the nationality mark by a hyphen; and
(c) Be formed by solid legible lines and painted on the aircraft or affixed thereto by
any other means ensuring a similar degree of permanence; and
(d) Be displayed to the best possible advantage considering the contrast in color with
the background and having regard to the construction or features of the aircraft; and
(e) Be kept clean and visible at all the times.

Figure 3. Example of Nationality and Reg 1

The nationality and registration marks shall also be inscribed on a fireproof metal plate or
other fireproof material of suitable physical properties, affixed:

(a) in the case of an aeroplane having an empty weight not exceeding 150 kg, either
in accordance with paragraph (b) or in a prominent position onto the wing

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 (b) in the case of any other aircraft in a prominent position to the fuselage or car
or basket, as the case may be, and near to the main entrance to the aircraft
(c) in the case of an unmanned free balloon, affixed conspicuously to the exterior of the
payload.

Figure 4. Owner’s Nameplate (Registration 1)

Note: The identification plate shall be replaced whenever the aircraft registration changes.

Position of the Marks

For aircraft and gliders, the Nationality and Registration marks must be displayed on the
horizontal and vertical surfaces of the wings or fuselage as follows:

Horizontal Markings

a) On aircraft having a fixed wing surface, the marks shall appear on the lower surface
of the wing structure, and shall be on the left half of the lower surface of the wing
structure unless they extend across the whole surface of both wings. So far as
possible the marks shall be located equidistant from the leading and trailing edges of
the wings. The tops of the letters shall be towards the leading edge of the wing;
b) On aircraft having no fixed wing surface the marks shall appear on the lower surface
of the fuselage on the line of symmetry and shall be placed with the tops of the letters
towards the nose.

Figure 5. Horizontal markings

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 Vertical Markings

a) The marks shall also be on each side of the aircraft either on the fuselage or on the
upper halves of the vertical tail surfaces.
b) On aircraft having a fixed wing surface, the marks, if placed on the fuselage (or
equivalent structure), shall be between the horizontal tail surfaces and the wing.

1. When on a single vertical tail surface, the marks shall be on both sides.
2. When there is more than one vertical tail surface, the marks shall be on the outer
sides of the outboard vertical tail surfaces.

Figure 6. Vertical markings

Size of the Marks

For aircraft and gliders, the Nationality and Registration marks on the wings and fuselage
must be the following sizes:

a) Wings;
1. The letters constituting each group of marks shall be of equal height.
2. The height of the letters shall be at least 50 centimeters.

b) Fuselage or Vertical Tail Surfaces;

1. The marks on the fuselage shall not interfere with the visible outlines of the
fuselage.

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 2. The marks on the vertical tail surfaces shall be such as to leave a margin of at
least 5 centimeters along each side of the vertical tail surface.
3. The letters shall be of equal height.
4. The height of the letters constituting each group of marks shall be at least 30
centimeters.
5. Where marks are required to be carried on the lower surface of aircraft having
no fixed wing surface, the height of the marks shall be at least 50 centimeters,
provided that where owing to the structure of the aircraft, the appropriate
height specified in this paragraph is not reasonably practicable, the height of
the marks shall be the greatest height reasonably practicable under the
circumstances.

Figure 7. Size of Markings

For airships and free balloons, the Nationality and Registration marks must be the following
sizes:

a) The letters constituting each group of marks shall be of equal height.

b) The height of the letters shall be at least 50 centimeters.

Width and Spacing of the Marks

The width and spacing of the letters of the Nationality and Registration marks must be the
following sizes:

a) The width of each letter (except the letter I) and the length of the hyphen between the
Nationality mark and Registration marks shall be two-thirds of the height of a letter.
b) The letters and hyphens shall be formed by solid lines and shall be of a color clearly
contrasting with the background on which they appear.
c) The thickness of the lines shall be one-sixth of the height of a letter.
d) Each letter shall be separated from the letter which it immediately precedes or
follows, by a space of not less than one-quarter of a letter width. A hyphen be
regarded as a letter for this purpose.

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 Figure 8. Width and Spacing of the Marks

SUBPART I - NOISE CERTIFICATES

CAR 21.201 Scope

This Subpart establishes the procedural requirements for issuing noise certificates for all aircraft
registered in the United Arab Emirates.

Relationship to International Standards

ICAO Annex 16 - International Standards and Recommended Practices – Environmental

Protection Volume 1 - Aircraft Noise, contains standards applicable to all aircraft for noise
certification purposes where such aircraft are engaged in international air navigation.

The Annex requires that noise certification shall be granted on the basis of satisfactory evidence
that the aircraft complies with national requirements which are at least equal to the applicable
standards specified in the Annex.

Applicability

Noise certification is required for every UAE registered civil aircraft engaged in international air
navigation which are classified under ICAO Annex 16, Volume I, PART II chapters 2 through 12.

CAR 21.203 Eligibility

Any natural or legal person under whose name an aircraft is registered or will be registered, or
his representative, shall be eligible as an applicant for a noise certificate for that aircraft under
this Subpart.

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CAR 21.204 Application
(a) Pursuant to CAR 21.203, an application for a noise certificate shall be made in a form and
manner established by the Authority.
(b) Each application shall include:

1. with regard to new aircraft:

(i) A statement of conformity:
(ii) The noise information determined in accordance with the applicable noise
requirements.

3. with regard to used aircraft:

(i) The noise information determined in accordance with the applicable noise
requirements, and
(ii) Historical records to establish the production, modification, and maintenance
standard of the aircraft.
(c) Unless otherwise agreed, the statements referred to in subparagraphs (b)(1) shall be issued
no more than 60 days before presentation of the aircraft to the Authority.

CAR 21.205 Issue of noise certificates

The Authority shall issues a noise certificate upon presentation of the documents required by
CAR 21.204(b) and in accordance with CAR V chapter 1 section 4.

CAR 21.207 Amendment or modification

A noise certificate may be amended or modified only by the Authority.

CAR 21.209 Transferability

Where ownership of an aircraft has changed the noise certificate shall be transferred together
with the aircraft.

CAR 21.210 Inspections

The holder of the noise certificate shall provide access to the aircraft for which that noise
certificate has been issued upon request by the Authority for inspection.

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CAR 21.211 Duration and continued validity
(a) A noise certificate shall be issued for an unlimited duration. It shall remain valid subject to:

1. Compliance with the applicable type-design, environmental protection and continuing

airworthiness requirements; and
2. The type-certificate or restricted type-certificate under which it is issued not being
previously invalidated under CAR 21.51.
3. The certificate not being surrendered or revoked.

(b) Upon surrender or revocation, the certificate shall be returned to the Authority.

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SUB PART J.MASS AND BALANCE

CAR–OPS 1.605 General

(a) An operator shall ensure that during any phase of operation, the loading, mass and center
of gravity of the aeroplane complies with the limitations specified in the approved Aeroplane
Flight Manual, or the Operations Manual if more restrictive.

(b) An operator must establish the mass and the center of gravity of any aeroplane by actual
weighing prior to initial entry into service and thereafter at intervals of 4 years if individual
aeroplane masses are used and 9 years if fleet masses are used. The accumulated effects
of modifications and repairs on the mass and balance must be accounted for and properly
documented. Furthermore, aeroplanes must be reweighed if the effect of modifications on
the mass and balance is not accurately known.

(c) An operator must determine the mass of all operating items and crew members included in
the aeroplane dry operating mass by weighing or by using standard masses. The influence
of their position on the aeroplane center of gravity must be determined.

(d) An operator must establish the mass of the traffic load, including any ballast, by actual
weighing or determine the mass of the traffic load in accordance with standard passenger
and baggage masses as specified in CAR–OPS 1.620.

(e) An operator must determine the mass of the fuel load by using the actual density or, if not
known, the density calculated in accordance with a method specified in the Operations
Manual. (See IEM OPS 1.605(e).)

(f) An aeroplane shall be operated, if applicable, within the mass limitations imposed by
compliance with the applicable noise certification Standards in Annex 16, Volume I, unless
otherwise authorized in exceptional circumstances for a certain aerodrome or a runway
where there is no noise disturbance problem, by the competent authority of the State in
which the aerodrome is situated.

NOTE: Appendix 1 to CAR–OPS 1.605 Mass and Balance – General contains the
detailed requirements for determining the mass and balance of aircraft.

Mass and Balance of Aircraft

An operator shall specify, in the operations manual, the principles and methods involved in
the loading and in the mass and balance system that meet the requirements of CAR-OPS
1.605. This system must cover all types of intended operations. Each weight change has to
be recorded and registered in the weight and balance sheet of the aircraft. A scheduled
aircraft weighing has to be established. For every flight a weight calculation (load sheet)
must be performed and signed by the pilot.

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 GCAA CAR Part V Chapter 1 Section 6 states the following regarding the mass and balance
of aircraft.

 Operators of aircraft operating under CAR-OPS 1 or 3 requirements as well as

operators of aircraft exceeding 5700 Kg MTOM (Maximum Take-Off Mass) shall follow
the requirements of CAR-OPS 1 or 3, Subpart J to establish the mass and the center of
gravity.
 Operators of aircraft below 5700 KG MTOM not operating under CAR-OPS 1 or 3 shall
carry out actual weighing of aircraft at the time of delivery and, thereafter at intervals
not exceeding 5 years.
 All operators shall re-weigh aircraft at such times as required by the GCAA, responsible
Design Organizations or Manufacturers as applicable.

Weight and Centre-of-Gravity Definitions

Basic Weight Basic Weight is the weight of the aircraft and all its basic equipment, plus that of
the declared quantity of unusable fuel and unusable oil. In the case of turbine-engine aircraft the
Maximum Total Weight Authorized of which does not exceed 5700 kg, it may also include the
weight of usable oil.

Basic Equipment Basic Equipment is the inconsumable fluids, and the equipment which is
common to all roles for which the Operator intends to use the aircraft.

Variable Load Variable Load is the weight of the crew, of items such as the crew’s baggage,
removable units, and other equipment, the carriage of which depends upon the role for which
the Operator intends to use the aircraft for the particular flight.

Disposable Load Disposable Load is the weight of all persons and items of load, including fuel
and other consumable fluids, carried in the aircraft, other than the Basic Equipment and
Variable Load.

Maximum Total Weight Authorized (MTWA) – is the Maximum Total Weight Authorized for
the aircraft and its contents, at which the aircraft may take off anywhere in the world, in the
most favorable circumstances in accordance with the Certificate of Airworthiness or Flight
Manual.

Reaction – is the load at each separate weighing point.

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Weight and Centre-of-Gravity Schedule

A Weight and Centre-of-Gravity Schedule details the Basic Weight and c.g. position
of the aircraft, the weight and lever arms of the various items of load including, fuel
oil and other fluids.
The Schedule is normally divided into Part A – Basic Weight, Part B – Variable Load
and Part C – Loading Information (Disposable Load).

a) A Weight and Centre-of-Gravity Schedule shall be provided for each aircraft, the
MTWA of which exceeds 2730 kg (6000 lb).

b) For aircraft not exceeding 2730 kg (6000 lb) MTWA, either a Weight and Centre of-
Gravity Schedule shall be provided or alternatively, a Load and Distribution
Schedule which complies with BCAR, Section A, Chapter A7–10 and Section B,
Chapter B7–10.

c)For new aircraft exceeding 2730 kg (6000 lb) MTWA, but not exceeding 5700 kg
(12 500 lb) MTWA, the information contained in Parts B and C of the Schedule
may be given as part of the Weight and Balance Report.

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Radio Station License and Approval

CAR Part V Chapter 1 SECTION 5. RADIO AND RADIO NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT

5.1 APPLICATION FOR RADIO LICENCE

5.1.1 Licenses to operate a radio station in an aircraft are issued by the Telecommunication
Regulatory Authority (TRA) of the UAE to whom application shall be made (Refer to TRA
website: www.tra.gov.ae).
Note: Refer to CAR-OPS 1 and 3, Subpart L for radio and navigation equipment requirements.

Aircraft Radio Station License and Approval

The aircraft radio station license must be accessible and stored with other airworthiness
certificates in the cockpit in accordance with CAR-OPS regulations.

The license authorizes the applicant to carry out the necessary ground and flight tests before a
certificate is issued.

The Application for a Certificate of Approval of Radio Installation is defined under National
regulations.

Aircraft without a C of A: Application is a routine matter after formal application for a C of A is

made.

Aircraft with a C of A: If, after the issue of a C of A, a Certificate of Approval is desired,

Grant of Approval: This is based on a survey by the followed by ground and flight tests to prove
satisfactory functioning.

Flight Test: In accordance with the GCAA requirements.

Operation of Installation: Shall not be operated, whether or not the aircraft is in flight, except in
accordance with conditions of the license issued under the law of the country in which the
aircraft is registered and by a person duly licensed or otherwise permitted to operate the station
under that law. ANO Article 46(1)

Change of Ownership: A change of aircraft ownership invalidates the Radio Installation

License. The new owner shall apply to the Radio Communications Agency for a new license.

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