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    Nphoton 2007 264

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    Nphoton 2007 264

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    nphoton.2007.264

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    paper

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    Nphoton 2007 264

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    Nguyen Nguyen Phuoc
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    NEWS & VIEWS

    a wet etch and calcination, respectively, to show light localization in planar cavities example, insertion and propagation losses
    create the so-called inverse opals2,7 with and waveguiding of telecommunication- and the polarization and dispersion of the
    arbitrary air-core defects (Fig. 2d). wavelength light along a line defect with coupled light) need to be quantitatively
    This technique ensures that the two 90° bends. characterized. Fortunately, both optical
    crystal lattice around the defects The significance of this work is modelling and characterization techniques
    is retained during the TPP and the that both passive and active optical for microphotonics are already available
    subsequent removal of the template. components, which are crucial for all- and relatively mature. Although many
    Most importantly, in situ confocal optical integrated circuits, could be easily challenges remain before the ultimate
    monitoring is possible during direct and cheaply created using this mainly realization of all-optical integrated
    defect ‘writing’ by adding a fluorescent self-assembly-based approach. Optically circuits, Rinne and colleagues’ work
    dye to the monomer solution, which active materials, such as quantum dots, represents a major advance towards
    enables submicrometre-scale registration nonlinear materials or even liquid this goal.
    accuracy of the defects with the crystals, could be incorporated into 3D
    surrounding crystal lattice. The team photonic crystals to provide on-demand References
    use their technique to create various light manipulation. To achieve practical 1. Qi, M. et al. Nature 429, 538–542 (2004).
    2. Vlasov, Y. A., Bo, X. Z., Sturm, J. C. & Norris, D. J. Nature 414,
    high-quality structural defects with sub- photonic-crystal devices for next-
    289–293 (2001).
    100-nm edge resolution. These include generation optical telecommunication 3. Rinne, S. A., García-Santamaría, F. & Braun, P. V. Nature
    vertical and multi-bend waveguides, and high-speed optical computing, the Photon. 2, 52–56 (2008).
    Y-shaped splitters, and planar cavities, geometry of the embedded defects needs 4. Yablonovitch, E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987).
    5. John, S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486–2489 (1987).
    all of which are incorporated into 3D to be well-defined by both experiment 6. Braun, P. V., Rinne, S. A. & García-Santamaría, F. Adv. Mater.
    silicon inverse opals with a complete and theoretical modelling, and the optical 18, 2665–2678 (2006).
    photonic bandgap. Rinne et al.3 also performance of the components (for 7. Blanco, A. et al. Nature 405, 437–440 (2000).

    Metamaterials
    Lost in space
    When you think of metamaterials,
    wormholes might not be the first things
    that spring to mind. But scientists working
    in the USA and the UK are suggesting that
    these materials could actually be used to
    make devices that act as invisible tunnels
    for electromagnetic waves (Phys. Rev. Lett.
    99, 183901; 2007).
    The concept of a wormhole is familiar
    in cosmology. Now Allan Greenleaf and
    colleagues describe how to build a
    device that affects the propagation of
    electromagnetic waves in such a way that
    the topology of space seems to change.

    © 2007 APS
    They consider a wormhole manifold
    made from two components ‘glued’
    together: a space containing two holes
    located some distance apart, and a curved to the other through the tunnel without also have implications for magnetic
    handle-shaped tunnel or wormhole that being seen by an external radiation probe resonance imaging (MRI). Scientists
    connects those two holes. or observer. could use a wormhole to build a tunnel
    With special combinations of the The paper outlines a number of or ‘scope’ that does not disturb the
    electric permittivity and magnetic applications that could result from uniform magnetic field needed for
    permeability in this system, the wormhole devices. A wormhole device, imaging. Instead, the scope would make
    researchers describe how electromagnetic for example, could function as an invisible it possible to have metals, magnetic
    waves can be made to behave as if optical tunnel or cable. Such a cable could materials or other components in the
    they travel through the curved handle be used to measure electromagnetic fields area being imaged without disturbing the
    from one hole to the other. In practice, without disturbing them, as the tunnel MRI process, perhaps even as part of a
    metamaterials could be used to specify the does not radiate energy to the outside medical procedure.
    electromagnetic parameters as needed. Of world except from its ends. Finally, these wormholes could give
    course, there is no tearing apart and gluing Alternatively, electromagnetic rise to virtual magnetic monopoles. By
    together of space; rather the researchers wormholes could be used in light-based enabling a magnetic field to enter one end
    are meeting certain mathematical computers, where active components of the wormhole and disappear inside, the
    electromagnetic field conditions (using could be placed inside the tunnels with other end of the tunnel would behave as a
    metamaterials as their basis) to make only visible exits for the input and magnetic monopole. Intriguing work.
    waves behave as if they pop from one hole output of signals. The research might Amber Jenkins

    nature photonics | VOL 2 | JANUARY 2008 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics 11


    © 2007 Nature Publishing Group

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