ELP | ENGLISH FOR BA

2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER

Module 1:
o Binoculars are stronger than
8 parts of any glasses.
10.Compound Nouns
speech NOUN - A compound noun is a noun made up
of two or more words that can stand on
their own. When combined, the words
A noun is a word that represents a person, take on a new meaning that may or
thing, concept, or place (e.g., “John,” “house,” may not be related to the original
“affinity,” “river”). Most sentences contain at words.
least one noun or pronoun. Nouns are often, but Examples:
not always, preceded by an article (“the,” “a,” or o Cake shop, French fries, High-
“an”) and another determiner such as an flyer, Schoolteacher,
adjective. It is the name of a place, person, thing, Snowstorm, Rainfall, Poison ivy,
or event. Court-martial, Toothpaste, Rain
Forest, Sister-in-law.
TYPES OF NOUNS 11.Denominal Nouns (Suffixes)
- A denominal noun is a noun that is
1. Common Nouns (General)
formed from another noun, usually by
- Common name of people or things
adding a suffix. For example, "villager"
2. Proper Nouns (Specific)
is a denominal noun formed from the
- Proper name of a particular person,
noun "village".
thing, place, or event.
- Denominal can also refer to an
3. Concrete Nouns (Tangible)
adjective formed from a noun, usually
- A concrete noun is a noun that refers
with the addition of a suffix. For
to a physical thing, person, or place.
example, "hopeless", "earthen",
Concrete nouns can be perceived with
"cowardly", "childish", and
the five senses: touch, hearing, sight,
"Reaganesque" are denominal
smell, and taste.
adjectives.
4. Abstract Nouns (Intangible)
12.Verbal Nouns
- An abstract noun is a noun that refers
- A verbal noun is a noun that comes
to something non-physical, or
from a verb, but it doesn't function as
conceptual. Abstract nouns include
a verb. It has all the characteristics of
emotions, feelings, characteristics,
a regular noun and none of the
philosophical concepts, states of being,
characteristics of a verb.
and time.
- A gerund is a verb form that ends in "-
5. Collective Nouns (Group)
ing" and is used as a noun. For
- A collective noun is a noun that refers
example, "walking" is a gerund.
to a group of people, animals, or
Examples:
things.
o "Running from zombies is hard
6. Countable Nouns (Count nouns)
- A countable noun is a noun that can be work."
counted and can appear in both o "Jogging is a good exercise that
singular and plural forms. will help you prepare, but you
7. Uncountable Nouns have to do it every day."
- Uncountable nouns are nouns that are o "Killing the president was an
not usually expressed in a plural form atrocious crime."
and cannot be quantified. They are o "He was chastised for not
also known as mass nouns. leaving a tip for the server."
8. Special Singular Nouns o "Creating a backup file might
- Some nouns end with s but are usually be a good idea."
singular. They take a singular verb GENDER OF NOUNS
with an s ending in the Present Simple. Female – Feminine
Example: Beauty, Softness, Mildness
o Diseases: measles, rabies. Male – Masculine
o Fields of study and occupation: Strength, Manliness, Vigor, Virility
economics, ethics, linguistics, Object - Neuter
politics, physics, gymnastics.
o Games: dominoes, darts, cards
PRONOUN
9. Special Plural Nouns
- Some nouns only have a plural form,
ending with s or without. A pronoun is a word that stands in for a
Example: noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the same
o The police are looking for the noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can
robbers. refer to people, things, concepts, and places.
o I like these pants / jeans /
shorts. Latin “Pro-nomen” English “For noun”
o Use either scissors or nail Antecedent – The word that is replaced by
clippers. pronoun.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS - Theirs: "You have a cat - that cat is
Singular Plural yours"
First Person I/me We/Us - Whose: "You have a cat - that cat is
Second You You yours"
Person 3. Reflexive Pronoun
Third Person He/Him, They/Them - Reflexive pronouns are words that
She/Her, It refer to a person or thing. They are
often used when the subject and
When you think of pronouns, you most object of a verb are the same.
likely think first of personal pronouns. Personal - Adds the word “Self.”
pronouns are pronouns that change form based
on their grammatical person—that is, based on
whether they refer to the person speaking or
writing (the first person), the person or thing
being spoken to (the second person), or the
person or thing being spoken about (the third
person).

Examples:
TYPES OF PRONOUNS
- "myself," "yourself," "himself,"
1. Object Pronoun "herself," "itself," "ourselves,"
- Object pronouns are pronouns that "yourselves," and "themselves" are all
receive the action in a sentence. They reflexive pronouns.
refer to the person or thing affected by
an action. Object pronouns usually 4. Demonstrative Pronoun
come after a verb or preposition. - Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns
- Used as the Direct/Indirect objects or that replace nouns, situations,
the object of the prestation. activities, or noun phrases to point to
specific objects, people, or things.
Singular Plural They can also include "none",
Me Us "neither", and "such".
You You
Him, Her, It Them Examples:

- This: "This is an apple”

Examples: - That: "See the croissant? I want that."
- These: "These birds are smaller than
- "The server brought her a sandwich". those birds"
- "The woman took it to the vet". - Those: "Those would refer to the
- "The teacher gave us a lot of flamencos"
homework". VERBS
2. Possessive Pronoun
- Possessive pronouns are pronouns that Verbs are words that show an action,
indicate ownership. They replace occurrence, or state of being. They are used to
possessive nouns to show ownership in express specific actions and are used when
a sentence. discussing someone doing something.
- Things belong to people.
- The verb "be" is an irregular verb that
can be used as an auxiliary verb or as
a main verb. It has eight different
forms: be, am, is, are, was, were,
being, and been.

VERB “TO BE”

Subject Past Present Future
I Was Am Will be
You Were Are Will be
He, She, It Was Is Will be
Examples:
We Were Are Will be
- Mine: "This hat is mine" You Were Are Will be
- Yours: "You have a cat - that cat is They Were Are Will be
yours" Here are the different forms of "to be"
- His: "He has a car - it is his" verbs:
- Hers: "You have a cat - that cat is
yours" - Present tense: Am, are, is.
- Ours: "I have a bag - this is mine" - Past tense: Was, were.
- Past participle: Been.
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2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
- Present participle: Being. Plural = Verb – “S”

TYPES OF VERBS 2. Present Perfect | Has and Have

- Tells an action that occurred in the
1. Auxiliary Verb “Helping Verbs”
past but still happening in the present.
- Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping
The main verb here is in the past
verbs, are used to help the main verb
participle as it is combined with has
and express tense, mood, or voice.
(singular) or have (plural)
They are placed before the main verb
and can be used to form negatives and Example:
questions.
1. My Professor in English has
Subject Present Past discussed the lessons with
I, We, You, Do Did confidence.
They 2. Those attendees in the online
He, She, It Does Did training have appreciated the
Subject Present Past speakers.
I, We, You, Do Did
They 3. Present Perfect Continuous
He, She, It Does did - Tells an action occurred over a period
Singular: Does | Has | Did of time in the past but still continuing
in the present. The main verb hero is in
Plural: Do | Have | Had the past participle as it is combined
with has + LV Been + V-ing or Have
Examples:
+ LV Been + v-ing.
- Have: (has, had)
Subject: + Have/has + Been + Present
- Be: (am, is, are, was, were, being,
participle
been)
- Do: (does, do, did) Example:
- Modal auxiliaries: (must, can, will,
should) - My Professor in English has
been discussing the lessons
In use: with confidence.
- Those attendees in the online
- "Does Sam write all his own reports?"
training have been
- "The secretaries haven't written all the
appreciating the speakers.
letters yet."
- "In no way did I mean to imply you
4. Past Tense
were lying"
- Tells an action that is already
completed or finished. It makes use of
2. Regular and Irregular Verbs
the time expressions like yesterday,
Regular verbs are those verbs forming their last week, two years ago, last year
past tense and the past participle by just adding (Already completed)
“d” or “ed”.
Examples:
Examples:
- Some of the researchers
- Talk; Talked received certificates of
- Communicate; Communicated recognition last year.
- Solve; Solved - My Professor appreciated the
- Compute; Computed whole class yesterday.

Irregular verbs do not follow the general rules 5. Past Perfect Progressive
of using “d” or “ed”. An irregular verb is a verb - Tells a continuous action in the past
that doesn't follow the usual rules of grammar. which was completed before another
For example, "eat" is an irregular verb because past action had + LV Been + Verb-
its past tense is "ate" and its past participle is ing
"eaten".
Examples:
TENSES
- Some of the researchers had
1. Present Tense | Do and Does been presenting their
- Tells that an action is currently researches when the rain fall.
happening or continuously happening. - They had been painting the
building before the investigator
Simple Present: The NEUST Professor came.
writes books every year. (Habitual)
Present Continuous: She is writing 6. Future Tense
a book in English now. (Ongoing) - a verb form that describes events that
Singular = Verb + “S” have not yet happened but are
expected to happen in the future.
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2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
Examples: Example:

- "They will go to Kentucky on  Lebron threw the basketball before the

Thursday". buzzer.
- "Esmerelda will not be  Lebron shot the basketball from the free
attending the movie premiere". throw line.
- "I will write my paper this  Lebron scored three points.
weekend".
PASSIVE VOICE
- "The party will be so fun!"
Passive voice is used when the subject is
7. Future Continuous the recipient of the action.
- Tells an action that will happen in the
future and continue for an expected Example:
length of time. It is constructed this
 The ball was thrown by Lebron.
way: Subject + will + LV Be + Verb-
 The basket was shot by Lebron.
ing
 The score was made by Lebron.
Examples:
Other Examples:
- The students will be leaving
Active voice: Francesca receives the flower.
the room at 12:00 noon.
- One of the students will be Passive voice: The flowers are received by
taking the examinations soon. Francesca.

Active voice: The little boy accidentally broke

8. Future Perfect Progressive
the door.
- Tells a continuous action that will be
completed in the future. It is Passive voice: The door was accidentally broken
constructed this way: Subject + will by the boy.
+ have + LV Been + Verb-ing
Active Voice: Josh kicked the soccer ball.
Examples:
Passive voice: The soccer ball was kicked by
- Serina will have been taking Josh.
the Board of Exam by next
summer. Active Voice: The girls watched a movie.
- They will have been finishing
Passive voice: A movie was watched by the
the project by the time the
girls.
summer ends.
Active Voice: The goats ate the plants.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Passive voice: The plants were eaten by the
Transitive
goats.
“Direct Object”
FORMULAS
- Answers the question “What and
3. Active Voice
Who”.
- Need object to complete their Subject + verb + Object
meaning.
Ex: The students in the classroom finish
Intransitive their project proposal.

Refers to words that do not do something. 4. Passive Voice

- Do not answer the question “What Object + LV + Verb-past participle + by +

and Who”. subject
- Cannot have direct object after
Ex: The project proposal is finished by the
them.
student.

VOICES OF VERBS ADDITIONAL NOTES!!!

1. Present: Will + verb

Voices Past: Would + verb
It is the form a verb takes to indicate Past Perfect: Would Have + PP
whether the subject of the verb performs or 2. Have Been (Nakapunta na, tapos
receives the action. bumalik)
Have Gone (Nakapunta lang ‘di pa
2 KINDS OF VOICES nakakabalik)
3. Make (New Thing)
ACTIVE VOICE
Do (Task, Activities) – on a regular basis.
Active voice is used to show that the
subject of the sentence is performing or causing
the action.
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2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
3. Limiting (Definitive) – Limits or defines
ADVERBS
the meaning of the noun.
a. Numeral: Four girls, Forty-four
Refers to words that modify 3 things: verbs, plates.
adjectives, and another adverb. 4. Ordinal adjectives – indicate order.
a. It was twilight on the fourth of
I. ADVERB OF MANNER July.
- Tells how an action is done which is b. My partner and I celebrated our
usually placed after the main verb. 10th anniversary.
- Ends in “Ly” 5. Indefinite – indicate number, too.
Ex. several students, few reminders
Ex: The girl is running quickly.
6. Pronominal – is a word commonly used a
II. ADVERBS OF TIME pronoun that modifies a substantive.
- Tells when action happens and it Ex: this book, these books
usually uses the time expressions now, that girl, those girls
then, today, tomorrow, tonight, etc.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
- “Time of Expression”
1. Positive is the simple (uninflected) form
Ex: Now, Then, Today, Tomorrow,
of adjective.
Tonight
Ex: Beautiful, good, tall
III. ADVERB OF PLACE
- Answers the question “where” – where 2. Comparative compares two things.
the action took place.
- Describes Tells where an action One syllable, add r or er.
happens. Some of the common
high-higher, brave-braver
adverbs of place are:
Disyllables, add more.
Ex: In, On, near, below, far
More careful, more active
IV. ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
- Tells how often an action is done. 3. Superlative compares three or more.

Ex: Always, often, rarely, sometimes Ex: largest, tallest

V. Adverb of Purpose
- Tells how an action is done.
Irregular Adjectives
- Also called adverb of reason
Ex: Bad, Worse, Worst
“Transitional Devices”
Good, better, best
Answers the question “Why”.
Downhill Comparison – By the use of less and
ADJECTIVES least

Ex: Less Beautiful

Adjective refers to words that give
Least Strong
descriptions to nouns in the sentences, either
persons or things. Endings of Adjectives
Articles a, an, and the also belong to able- allowable, workable
adjective. They are considered special type of
adjectives. ible- irresistible, impossible

al- conditional, formal

ary- tertiary, temporary

en- golden, shaken

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ful- careful, hopeful

DESCRIPTIVE ic- artistic, academic

Describes a substantive- render its ive- impressive, massive

meaning more precise.
less- tasteless, careless, tactless
1. Common – Applies to class of things,
some-handsome, lonesome
rather than to a particular.
Ex: Hard Lesson, Happy Moron ny-funny, skinny, lucky
2. Proper – Applies to one particular
member of a class. CONJUCTIONS
Ex: Sunday morning, French Fries,
English Literature
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2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
Conjunction is like glue. It helps things to stick IF, WHILE, BECAUSE, ALTHOUGH, AFTER,
together. BEFORE, UNLESS, WHEN, UNTIL, SINCE,
THEN, AS
A Conjunction joins words, phrases, and
sentences which are called Clauses. Examples:

THREE TYPES OF CONJUCTION We celebrated after we won the game.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions Because our train was delayed, we arrived late.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Watson listened quietly while Holmes explained
3. Correlative Conjunctions
his theory.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
One type of conjunction is the
Another type of conjunction is called
coordinating conjunction. They connect words,
correlative conjunctions. It connects words,
phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.
phrases, and clauses, which are sentences.
They connect things of equal value. (This
Correlative conjunctions are
means that they would connect a noun with
conjunctions used to illustrate how two words or
another noun or a prepositional phrase with
phrases within a sentence relate to each other.
another prepositional phrase.)
Correlative conjunctions always come
There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
in pairs. Though they can illustrate a correlation
FANBOYS to remember.
between the two words or phrases, they don't
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO necessarily have to.

Coordinating conjunctions affect the meaning of Correlative Conjunctions are not single
your sentence. words. They work in pairs.

1. "For" is also used to show a relationship There are five pairs of correlative
between things. When it is used to conjunctions:
combine two sentences, you must put a
Examples:
comma before it.
I saw both the statue of Liberty and the empire
Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.
state building.
2. "And" connects things that are alike or
I don’t want neither pickles nor tomato on my
joined together.
hamburger.
Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.
I don’t know whether to play baseball or to play
3. “Nor” is used to offer a negative choice. basketball this year.

Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza. Either the student or the teacher can answer the
question.
4. “But” is used to connect things that are
different or separated. Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the
clarinet.
Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza. RULES FOR USING COMMAS WITH
CONJUNCTIONS
5. “Or” is used to offer a choice.

Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza.

1) When a conjunction is used to connect two
6. “Yet” is used to show a change. When it
independent clauses, a comma should be
is used to combine two sentences, you
used before the conjunction.
must put a comma before it.
Examples:
Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want pizza.
The professor explained the assignment in detail,
7. "So" is used to show a relationship
but the students did not seem to understand it.
between things. When it is used to
combine two sentences, you must put a 2) When a conjunction is used to connect an
comma before it. independent clause to a dependent clause,
a comma should be used.
Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.
Examples:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The professor explained the assignment in detail,
Another type of conjunction is a
and gave out the workbook.
subordinating conjunction. Connects a
dependent clause (a clause that cannot be 3) However, there is an exception to using a
written as a separate sentence) with an comma to connect two independent clauses.
independent clause. If the two independent clauses that are
being linked by a conjunction are very short,
 ELP | ENGLISH FOR BA
2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
it is okay to leave out a comma before the PREPOSITION ‘IN’
conjunction.
A. TIME
Example:
In as the preposition of time is used to
Wrong: talk about longer periods of time such as
months, years, seasons, decades and centuries.
I cooked, and he cleaned.
Examples:
Right:
I was born in 1995.
I cooked and he cleaned.
I love to go there in April.
PREPOSITIONS
She was talking about what happened in the 17th
century.
PREPOSITION ‘AT’
In summer I will lose weight.
A. TIME
MONTH YEAR
The meeting begins at three o'clock. In March In 2015
SEASON MONTH AND YEAR
The flight to Chicago leaves at 5:30 pm. In summer In July 2002
The preposition 'at' is also used in the MONTH AND DAY COMPLETE DATE
common phrase 'at night, and sunrise and On December 5 On October 12, 1987
sunset.

Examples: B. LARGEST OR MOST GENERAL PLACES

- At sunrise Country:
- At sunset I was born in the Philippines.
- At night
Province:

I was born in Nueva Ecija.

- In the morning
- In the afternoon City/Municipality:
- In the evening
I was born in Cabanatuan City.
B. PLACES IN VS. ON IN TRANSPORTATION
The preposition ‘at’ is used to speak about Use "in" for (usually) smaller vehicles or
specific locations in cities or the countryside. crafts that you have to enter and sit in (a car, a
taxi, a truck, a helicopter, a kayak, a small boat, a
"At home"
carriage, a rickshaw)
The prepositional phrase 'at home' is
Example:
only used when referring to
something that is already there. Where are you? I am already in the car.
Examples: Use "on" for large vehicles which you can stand
and walk around in (a bus, an airplane, a train, a
Susan likes staying at home and watching TV on
metro/subway car, a cruise ship, a boat).
Saturdays.
Example:
Tom is at home at the moment. Should I visit
him? I am on the Plane.

C. SOMETHING INSIDE OR ENCLOSED BY

SOMETHING ELSE
C. ACTIVITIES
Examples:
I didn’t know anyone at the party.
I am in the building now.
D. PROXIMITY
The dog is in cage.
The umbrella is at the door.
D. WEARING SOMETHING
My brother is cleaning at the kitchen.
Examples:
E. NUMBERS
Mark looks good in a white shirt.
In specific contexts, we use at with
numbers. Catriona won Miss Universe in a red gown.
Example: E. TO SHOW THE LANGUAGE, MATERIAL
USED
At 399 pesos a night for a double room, the hotel
is good value. Examples:
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2nd SEMESTER REVIEWER
Speak in English.

I paid in cash.

He spoke in a loud voice.

F. TO SHOW A STATE OR CONDITION

Examples:

Jane is in pain.

My voice is not in good shape.

Jake is in love.

PREPOSITION ‘ON’

A. TIME

'On' is used as a preposition in time

expressions with specific days of the week.

Note: 'on the weekend' is used in American

English, but 'at the weekend' or 'at weekends' is
used in British English.

B. PLACE

'On' is used flat surfaces both big and small.

Examples:

We played football on the field.

The book is on the table over there.

C. COMBINATION OF MONTH AND DAY

Example:

I was born on January 24.

D. SOMETHING HANGING

Examples:

Pictures are hanging on the walls.

The lizard is crawling on the ceiling.

E. FESTIVALS OR HOLIDAYS THAT ARE

ONLY ONE-DAY LONG

Example:

We have a party on the Independence Day.

F. TO INDICATE SOMETHING IS
ATTACHED TO SOMETHING ELSE

On New Year’s Eve

On Christmas Day

Native Speaker would say:

At Christmas