Electric Circuits Lab Manual

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
EE3271-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY
LABORATORY MANUAL
II SEMESTER – EEE
EE3271 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY LTPC0042
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Cycle – 1
1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical

circuit using fundamental laws.
2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Thevenin’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem.
Superposition theorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer
Theorem.
Cycle – 2
6. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C,R-L and RLC electric circuit transients
7. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric circuit.
8. Design and implementation of series and parallel resonance circuit.
9. Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and
unbalanced star, delta networks circuit (Power and Power factor calculations).
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
EE3271-Electric Circuits Laboratory
INDEX
S.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OHM’S LAW
TABULATION
I (mA)
Voltage
S.No (Volts) Calculated Value
Measured Value
( I = V/R)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SERIES AND

PARALLEL ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT USING FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
AIM:
To verify (i)Ohm’s law (ii) Kirchhoff’s current law (iii) Kirchhoff’s voltage law
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 RPS (0-30)V - 1
2 Resistor 1k ohm,1W - 3
3 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 3
4 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 3
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
OHM’S LAW
THEORY:
At constant temperature, the potential difference (E) across the ends of a conductor is
proportional to the current (I) flowing through it. Vα I
V= I R
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4. Measure the corresponding values of current
5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.

6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

THEORY:
The law states, “The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to sum of
the currents leaving the same node”. Alternatively, the algebraic sum of currents
at a node is equal to zero.
The term node means a common point where the different elements are connected.
Assume negative sign for leaving current and positive sign for entering current.
PROCEDURE:
10. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I1, I2 and I3.
12. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values
FORMULA:
∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node

I1 = I2 + I3
THEORETICAL CALCULATION
S.No. V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3
(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) ( mA)
MODEL CALCULATION:
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

THEORY:
The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is
zero”.
The voltage rise is taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.
PROCEDURE:

4. Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1,
R2 and R3 respectively.
6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
FORMULA:
∑ Voltages in a closed loop = 0

V-V1-V2-V3 = 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. V V1 V2 V3 V =V1+ V2
Volts Volts Volts Volts +V3
Volts
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
S.No. V V1 V2 V2 V =V1+ V2 + V3
Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts
MODEL CALCULATION:
SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values.
RESULT:
Thus the Ohm’s law ,Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage laws are verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING THEVENIN’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 RPS (0-30)V - 1
4 Voltmeter ((0-30)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
TO FIND Vth:
TO FIND Rth:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors,can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network consisting
of an independent voltage source in series with a resistor. The value of voltage source is
equivalent to the open circuit voltage (Vth) across two terminals of the network and
the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (R th) measured between the terminals
with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
Rth
Circuit Vth
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OBSERVATION TABLE
Vth Current through

Rth
(Volts) Load Resistance
S. (Ω
IL(mA)
No )
Vdc
Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
Value Value Value Value Value Value
PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the current through RL in the ammeter.
3. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL.
4. Connect a voltmeter across AB and measure the open circuit voltage Vth.
5. To find Rth, replace the voltage source by short circuit.
6. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
8. Verify Thevenin’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Thevenin’s
Equivalent circuit with the values calculated theoretically.

theoretical values.
SIMULATION:
TO FIND Vth:
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:
TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

EXP.NO:
DATE:

CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING NORTON’S THEOREM
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 RPS (0-30)V - 1
4 Voltmeter ((0-30)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
NORTON’S THEOREM
STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors, can be replaced by an equivalent two-terminal network
consisting of an independent current source in parallel with a resistor. The value of the
current source is the short circuit current (IN) between the two terminals of the
network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (RN) measured
between the terminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
TO FIND NORTON’S RESISTANCE:
NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

Circuit
I N RN
PROCEDURE:

2. Measure the current through RL in ammeter.
3. Short circuit A and B through an ammeter.
4. Measure the Norton current in the ammeter.
5. Find out the Norton’s Resistance viewed from the output terminals.
6. Give connections as per the Norton’s Equivalent circuit.
7. Measure the current through RL.
8. Verify Norton’s theorem by comparing currents in RL directly and that
obtained with the equivalent circuit.

theoretical values.
TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

RESULT:
Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

EXP.NO:
DATE:
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AIM:
To verify superposition theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 RPS (0-30)V - 1
2 Resistor Various range - 3
4 Bread board - - 1
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
In any linear, bilateral network energized by two or more sources, the
total response is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone while the other sources are replaced by their
internal resistances.
To replace the other sources by their internal resistances, the voltage
sources are short- circuited and the current sources open- circuited.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Experimental Values: Theoretical Values:
V1 V2 I3 V1 V2 I3
(Volts) (Volts) (mA) (Volts) (Volts) (mA)
FORMULAE :
’ ’’
I3 + I3 = I3
PROCEDURE :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 1.

3. Note the readings of three Ammeters.
4. One of the voltage source V1 is connected and the other voltage source V2 is
short circuited as given in Fig.2.
5. Note the three ammeter readings.
6. Now short circuit the voltage source V1 and connect the voltage source V2 as
given in the circuit diagram of Fig. 3.
7. Note the three ammeter readings.
8. Algebraically add the currents in steps (5) and (7) above to compare with the
current in step (3) to verify the theorem.
9. Verify with theoretical values.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:


theoretical values.
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

Practical:
S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’

(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
Theoretical:
S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem was verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. RL (kΩ) IL (mA) P = I2RL (mW)

Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical
Value Value Value Value
EXP.NO:
DATE:
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Components /

Type/Range Quantity required
Equipment
1 Resistor 1k ohm 4
2 Dc power supply (0-30)V 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
5 Wires - As required
6 Bread board - 1
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:
THEORY:
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is

delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to source
resistance.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM:
MODEL GRAPH:
MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the Load current for the minimum position of the Rheostat theoretically.
2. Select the ammeter Range.
4. Measure the load current by gradually increasing RL .
6. Calculate the power delivered in RL.
7. Plot the curve between RL and power.
8. Check whether the power is maximum at a value of load resistance that equals
source resistance.
9. Verify the maximum power transfer theorem.

theoretical values.
RESULT:
Thus the Maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RC TRANSIENT:
MODEL GRAPH:
EXP NO. :
DATE :
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF R-C ELECTRIC

CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS
AIM:
To find the time constant of series R-C electric circuits
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSpice Lite
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

Components/Equipment required
1 Resistor 100 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
4 Decade capacitance box - 1
5 Wires Single strand Few nos
6 Bread board 1
THEORY:
RC CIRCUIT:
Consider a series RC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.
There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0 + as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Frequency Time Voltage across the
(Hz) (s) capacitor VC
(v)
MODEL CALCULATION:
This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor V C starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.
Charging current and voltage in capacitor are given as below,
t t
V
IC  in e RC VC  Vin (1 e RC )
R
VC  Vin (1  e1)
The term RC in equation of VC or IC is called Time constant and denoted by ,

measured in seconds.
When, t = RC =  then,
VC = 0.632Vin
So time constant of series RC circuit is defined as time required by the
capacitor voltage to rise from zero to 0.632 of its final steady state value during
charging.
Thus, time constant of RC circuit can be defined as time seconds, during which
voltage across capacitor (stating from zero) would reach its final steady state value if
its rate of change was maintained constant at its initial value throughout charging
period.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator.
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor .
4. Calculate the time period.
5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
1. Open a new PSpice CAPTURE project.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
3. Create simulation profile and run the model
RESULT:
Thus the transient responses of RC circuit are found practically.

SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
Case (i):
EXP NO.:
DATE :
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF FREQUENCY

RESPONSE OF RLC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
AIM:
To simulate and find the frequency response of RLC electric circuits.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSpice Lite
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

1 Resistor 1000 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
4 Decade capacitance box - 1
5 Decade Inductance box - 1
6 Wires Single strand Few nos
7 Bread board 1
THEORY:
RLC CIRCUIT:
Consider a series RLC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.
There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0 + as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps
MODEL CALCULATION:
This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.
Laplace transform of current flowing through the circuit is,
I(s)= V/L
2
R 1
s + s+
L LC
Case (i):
 R 2 1
If >
 2L 
  LC
The roots are real and distinct. The current is over damped.
Case (ii):
 R 2 1
If =
 2L 
  LC
The roots are equal. The current is critically damped.
Case (iii):
 R 2 1
If <
 2L 
  LC
The roots become complex conjugate. The current is oscillatory in nature.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor
4. Calculate the time period
5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
Case (ii):
Case (iii):
4. Open a new PSpice CAPTURE project.

6. Create simulation profile and run the model
RESULT:
Thus the transient responses of RLC circuit are found practically.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SERIES RESONANCE:
MODEL CALCULATION:
EXP NO.:
DATE :
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM:
To plot the current Vs frequencies graph of series resonant circuits and hence
measure their bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSpice 9.1 Lite
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
1 Function Generator - - 1
2 Resistor - 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box - - 1
5 Ammeter MI (0-30) mA 1
6 Connecting Wires Single - Few nos
strand
THEORY:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I
are in phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power factor is unity.
The complex impedance

Z = R + j (XL – XC)
Where XL = L
PSpice SIMULATION:
OUTPUT WAVWFORM:
MATLAB SIMULATION:
XC = 1/C
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R
BANDWIDTH OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT:
Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between
two points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414
of the maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity
of the circuit.
As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f 2 – f1. f1 is the
lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
Q - FACTOR:
In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage
magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. Io= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
inductance, not of smaller ohmic resistance.
Q = L / R
FORMULAE USED:
1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
2 LC
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
fr
Quality Factor =
BW
PROCEDURE:
2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth, resonant
frequency and Q factor.
MODEL GRAPH FOR SERIES RESONANCE

Current in mA
Imax
A B
0.707Imax
f1 fr f2
Frequency in Hz
PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS

FREQUENCIES:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model or PSpice CAPTURE project.

3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. By double clicking the power gui plot the value of current for the different
values of frequencies (for MATLAB Simulink).
5. For PSpice CAPTURE run the model create simulation profile and run the
model.
RESULT:
Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series and parallel resonant circuits
were plotted and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Series resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:
MODEL GRAPH FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

Current in
Imin
fr
Frequency in Hz
EXP NO. :
DATE :
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS
AIM:
To plot the magnitude & phase angle of current for various frequencies for the
given RLC parallel circuit.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB or PSpice 9.1 Lite

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity

1 Function Generator - - 1
2 Resistor - 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance Box - - 1
4 Decade Capacitance Box - - 1
5 Ammeter MI (0-30) mA 1
6 Connecting Wires Single - Few nos
strand
THEORY:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I are in
phase with each other. Thus at resonance condition, the equivalent complex
impedance of the circuit consists of only resistance (R) and hence current is
maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power factor is unity.
The complex impedance

Z = R + j (XL – XC)
Where XL = L
XC = 1/C
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R
PSpice SIMULATION:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
BANDWIDTH OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between
two points on either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414
of the maximum value of resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity
of the circuit. As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f 2 – f1. f1 is
the lower cut off frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
Q - FACTOR:
In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage
magnification in the circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. Io= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivity of tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large
inductance, not of smaller ohmic resistance.
Q = L / R
FORMULAE USED:
1
Resonant frequency fr = Hz
2 LC
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
fr
Quality Factor =
BW
PROCEDURE:
2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.
3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth, resonant
frequency and Q factor.
.
MATLAB SIMULATION:
PLOT OF MAGNITUDE & PHASE ANGLE OF CURRENT FOR VARIOUS

FREQUENCIES:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model or PSpice CAPTURE project.

3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. By double clicking the power gui plot the value of current for the different
values of frequencies (for MATLAB Simulink).
5. For PSpice CAPTURE run the model create simulation profile and run the
model
RESULT:
Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series and parallel resonant circuits
were plotted and the bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(b)Parallel resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =
SIMULATTION DIAGRAM:
3 Φ BALANCED STAR CONNECTED NETWORK:
EXP NO.:
DATE :
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THREE PHASE

BALANCED AND UNBALANCED STAR, DELTA NETWORKS CIRCUIT
AIM:
To simulate and verify three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks circuits.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
BALANCED THREE- PHASE CIRCUIT:
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each
other by 120°.The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through
their respective maximum values. A balanced load is one in which the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase.
POSSIBLE LOAD CONFIGURATIONS:

Four possible connections between source and load:
1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a Y-connected load)
2. Y-∆ connection (Y-connected source with a ∆-connected load)
3. ∆-∆ connection
4. ∆-Y connection
UNBALANCED THREE- PHASE CIRCUIT:

An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an unbalanced
load. To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system requires that we find
the power in each phase. The total power is not simply three times the power in one
phase but the sum of the powers in the three phases.
3 Φ UNBALANCED DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK:

RESULT:
Thus the three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta network circuits were
simulated and verified.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

EE3271-ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OHM’S LAW

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SERIES AND

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

∑ Voltages in a closed loop = 0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

To verify Thevenin’s theorem.

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Vth Current through

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR NORTON’S THEOREM:

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

TO FIND NORTON’S RESISTANCE:

NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V2 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 1.

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V2 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

S.No. I3 I3’ I3’’ I3= I3’ +I3’’

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

S.No. RL (kΩ) IL (mA) P = I2RL (mW)

S.No Name of the Components /

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

Thus the Maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RC TRANSIENT:

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF R-C ELECTRIC

To find the time constant of series R-C electric circuits

S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

The term RC in equation of VC or IC is called Time constant and denoted by ,

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.