Chapter 3 Selections

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 Program Execution Structure
Compiler executes in three different ways:

Sequences Selection (If Statement) Loop ( Repetition /Iteration)

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3

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 Objectives
 To declare boolean type and write Boolean expressions using comparison operators (§3.2).
 To program AdditionQuiz using Boolean expressions (§3.3).
 To implement selection control using one-way if statements (§3.4)
 To program the GuessBirthday game using one-way if statements (§3.5).
 To implement selection control using two-way if statements (§3.6).
 To implement selection control using nested if statements (§3.7).
 To avoid common errors in if statements (§3.8).
 To program using selection statements for a variety of examples (BMI, ComputeTax,
SubtractionQuiz) (§3.9-3.11).
 To generate random numbers using the Math.random() method (§3.9).
 To combine conditions using logical operators (&&, ||, and !) (§3.12).
 To program using selection statements with combined conditions (LeapYear, Lottery) (§§3.13-3.14).
 To implement selection control using switch statements (§3.15).
 To write expressions using the conditional operator (§3.16).
 To format output using the System.out.printf method and to format strings using the String.format
method (§3.17).
 To examine the rules governing operator precedence and associativity (§3.18).
 (GUI) To get user confirmation using confirmation dialogs (§3.19).

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 The boolean Type and Operators
Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j. Java
provides six comparison operators (also known
as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values. The result of the
comparison is a Boolean value: true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

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 Comparison Operators
Relational operations
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
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Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to let a first grader
practice additions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and
number2 and displays a question such as “What is
7 + 9?” to the student. After the student types the
answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is true or false.

AdditionQuiz Run

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 Example –Listing 3.1
import java.util.Scanner;
AdditionQuiz
public class AdditionQuiz {
Run
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number1 = (int)(System.currentTimeMillis() % 10);
int number2 = (int)(System.currentTimeMillis() * 7 % 10);

// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(
"What is " + number1 + " + " + number2 + "? ");
int answer = input.nextInt();
System.out.println(
number1 + " + " + number2 + " = " + answer + " is " +
(number1 + number2 == answer)); Chapter 3.1 - Program
} Addition Quiz Video
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
if (boolean-expression) { System.out.println("The area"
statement(s); + " for the circle of radius "
}
+ radius + " is " + area);
}

false false
Boolean (radius >= 0)
Expression

true true

Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);

(A) (B)
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 Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System.out.println("i is positive"); System.out.println("i is positive");
} }
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

if (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System.out.println("i is positive"); Equivalent System.out.println("i is positive");
}

(a) (b)

{ is for beginning and end; curly braces, use { and } to

define the limits of compound statements and surrounding the
body of the loop and/or statement

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 Simple if Demo Chapter 3- Listing 3.2

Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the

number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2, print HiEven.
import java.util.Scanner;
SimpleIfDemo
public class SimpleIfDemo {
Run
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); Enter an interger
System.out.println("Enter an integer: "); 5
int number = input.nextInt(); Hi five
Enter an integer:
if (number % 5 == 0) 30
HiFive
System.out.println("HiFive"); HiEven

if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("HiEven");
}
}
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 Problem: Guessing Birthday
The program can guess your birth date. Run
to see how it works.
= 19

1 3 5 7 2 3 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 16 17 18 19
9 11 13 15 10 11 14 15 12 13 14 15 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23
17 19 21 23 18 19 22 23 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 24 25 26 27
25 27 29 31 26 27 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31
Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5

GuessBirthday Run
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 Mathematics Basis for the Game
19 is 10011 in binary. 7 is 111 in binary. 23 is 11101 in binary
10000
10000 00110 1000
10 10 100
+ 1 + 1 + 1
10011 00111 11101

19 7 23

= 19

1 3 5 7 2 3 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 16 17 18 19
9 11 13 15 10 11 14 15 12 13 14 15 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23
17 19 21 23 18 19 22 23 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 24 25 26 27
25 27 29 31 26 27 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31
Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5
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 The Two-way if Statement
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

true false
Boolean
Expression

Statement(s) for the true case Statement(s) for the false case

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 if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

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 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A'; grade = 'A';
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent grade = 'B';
grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0)
else grade = 'C';
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'C'; grade = 'D';
else else
if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'F';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.
int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
int k = 3; int k = 3;
Equivalent
if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) if (i > k)
System.out.println("A"); System.out.println("A");
else else
System.out.println("B"); System.out.println("B");
(a) (b)

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 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To
force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must
add a pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

This statement prints B.

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 Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or
a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
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 Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to teach a
first grade child how to learn subtractions.
The program randomly generates two single-
digit integers number1 and number2 with
number1 > number2 and displays a question
such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student. After
the student types the answer in the input
dialog box, the program displays a message
dialog box to indicate whether the answer is
correct.
SubtractionQuiz Run
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 Example – Listing 3.4
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SubtractionQuiz {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 1. Generate two random single-digit integers SubtractionQuiz
int number1 = (int)(Math.random() * 10); Run
int number2 = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
// 2. If number1 < number2, swap number1 with number2
if (number1 < number2) { jGRASP exec: java SubtractionQuiz
int temp = number1;
number1 = number2; What is 5 - 2? 3
You are correct!
number2 = temp;
}
--jGRASP: operation complete.
// 3. Prompt the student to answer “what is number1 – number2?”
System.out.print --jGRASP exec: java SubtractionQuiz
("What is " + number1 + " - " + number2 + "? ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); What is 9 - 4? 6
int answer = input.nextInt(); Your answer is wrong.
// 4. Grade the answer and display the result - 4 should be 5
if (number1 - number2 == answer)
System.out.println("You are correct!"); Chapter 3.1:
else
Program Subtraction Quiz Video
System.out.println("Your answer is wrong.\n" + number1 + " - "
+ number2 + " should be " + (number1 - number2));
}
}
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 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

below 16 serious underweight

16-18 underweight
18-24 normal weight ComputeBMI
24-29 overweight
29-35 seriously overweight
above 35 gravely overweight Run
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 Problem: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated
based on the filing status and taxable income.
There are four filing statuses: single filers, married
filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of
household. The tax rates for 2009 are shown below.
Married Filing
Marginal Married Filing
Single Jointly or Qualified Head of Household
Tax Rate Separately
Widow(er)
10% $0 – $8,350 $0 – $16,700 $0 – $8,350 $0 – $11,950

15% $8,351– $33,950 $16,701 – $67,900 $8,351 – $33,950 $11,951 – $45,500

25% $33,951 – $82,250 $67,901 – $137,050 $33,951 – $68,525 $45,501 – $117,450

28% $82,251 – $171,550 $137,051 – $208,850 $68,525 – $104,425 $117,451 – $190,200

33% $171,551 – $372,950 $208,851 – $372,950 $104,426 – $186,475 $190,201 - $372,950

35% $372,951+ $372,951+ $186,476+ $372,951+

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 Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married file jointly
}
else if (status == 2) {
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
else if (status == 3) {
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
}

ComputeTax Run
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 Logical Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or

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 Truth Table for Operator ! (Not)
p !p Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'M')

true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.
false true !(gender != 'F') is true, because (grade != 'F') is false.

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 Truth Table for Operator && (And)
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

false false false (age > 18) && (gender == 'F') is true, because (age
false true false > 18) and (gender == 'F') are both true.

true false false (age > 18) && (gender != 'F') is false, because
(gender != 'F') is false.
true true true

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 Truth Table for Operator || (Not)
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age =24, gender ='F')

false false false (age >34) || (gender =='F') is true, because (gender
false true true =='F') is true.

true false true (age >34) || (gender =='M') is false, because (age >
true true true 34) and (gender =='M') are both false.

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 Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2
and 3, but not both:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestBooleanOperators {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Receive an input
System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int number = input.nextInt(); TestBooleanOperators

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " + Run

((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));
TestBooleanOperators
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0))); Enter an integer: 45
Is 45 divisible by 2 and 3? False
Is 45 divisible by 2 or 3? True
System.out.println("Is " + number + Is 45 divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? True
" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0))); ----jGRASP: operation complete.
}
}
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 Truth Table for Operator !
p !p Example
true false !(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.
false true !(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true.

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 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example
false false false (3 > 2) && (5 >= 5) is true, because (3 >
false true false 2) and (5 >= 5) are both true.

true false false (3 > 2) && (5 > 5) is false, because (5 >

true true true 5) is false.

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 Truth Table for Operator ||

p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example
false false false (2 > 3) || (5 > 5) is false, because (2 > 3)
false true true and (5 > 5) are both false.

true false true (3 > 2) || (5 > 5) is true, because (3 > 2)

true true true is true.

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 Truth Table for Operator ^ (invert)
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, gender = 'F')

false false false (age > 34) ^ (gender == 'F') is true, because (age
false true true > 34) is false but (gender == 'F') is true.

true false true (age > 34) || (gender == 'M') is false, because (age
> 34) and (gender == 'M') are both false.
true true false

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 Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number +

TestBooleanOperators
" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0))); Run

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Companion
Website
The & and | Operators
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)

If x is 1, what is x after this

expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)

How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?

(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?
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 Problem: Determining Leap Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as
an int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400
== 0)

LeapYear Run
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 Problem: Lottery
Write a program that randomly generates a lottery of a two-
digit number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit number,
and determines whether the user wins according to the
following rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the
award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is
$3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.

Lottery Run
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 switch Statements
The switch statement in Java are shorthand for a certain kind of if
statement. It is not uncommon to se a stack of if statements all
related to the same quantity like this.

if (x == 0) doSomething0();
else if (x == 1) doSomething1();
else if (x == 2) doSomething2();
else if (x == 3) doSomething3();
else if (x == 4) doSomething4();
else doSomethingElse();

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 The Switch statement in Java
Java has a shorthand for these types of multiple if statements, the
switch-case statement. Here's how you'd write the above using a
switch-case:
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(0);
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} rights reserved. 0132130807
switch Statement Flow Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers break

status is 1
Compute tax for married file jointly break

status is 2
Compute tax for married file separatly break

status is 3
Compute tax for head of household break

default
Default actions

Next Statement

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 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed in case value1: statement(s)1;
parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

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 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break statement case value2: statement(s)2;
is not present, the next case
statement will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the
}
switch-expression. The case statements are executed in sequential
order, but the order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter. However, it is good
programming style to follow the logical sequence
of the cases and place the default case at the end.

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 The switch Statement
 Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch
statement can have a number of possible execution
paths. A switch works with the byte, short, char, and
int primitive data types. It also works with enumerated
types, the String class, and a few special Classes that
wrap certain primitive types: Character, Byte, Short,
and integer .
 The following code example, Switch Demo, declares
an int named month whose value represents a month.
The code displays the name of the month, based on the
value of month, using the switch statement.
The Switch Statement – Oracle web link
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47
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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48
animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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49
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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51
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
52
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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53
animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
54
animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
55
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
56
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
57
animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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58
 Sorting three integers
public class Exercise3_8 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);
// Enter three numbers
System.out.print("Enter three integers: ");
int num1 = input.nextInt();
int num2 = input.nextInt();
int num3 = input.nextInt();
if (num1 > num2) {
int temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp; Video - Sorting
} three integers
if (num2 > num3) {
int temp = num2;
num2 = num3;
num3 = temp;
}
if (num1 > num2) {
int temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;
}
System.out.println("The
Liang, Introduction sorted numbers Eighth
to Java Programming, are "Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
59
+ num1 + " " + num2 + " " + num3); rights reserved. 0132130807
 Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(boolean-expression) ? expression1 : expression2

Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
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 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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61
 Formatting Output
Use the printf statement.
System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and
format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item
should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins
with a percent sign.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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62
 Frequently-Used Specifiers
Specifier Output Example
%b a boolean value true or false
%c a character 'a'
%d a decimal integer 200
%f a floating-point number 45.460000
%e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01
%s a string "Java is cool"

int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);

display count is 5 and amount is 45.560000

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
63
 Operator Precedence
 var++, var--
 +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
 (type) Casting
 ! (Not)
 *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
 +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
 <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
 ==, !=; (Equality)
 ^ (Exclusive OR)
 && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
 || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

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64
 Operator Precedence and Associativity
The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.
(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the expression
in the inner parentheses is executed first.) When
evaluating an expression without parentheses, the
operators are applied according to the precedence rule and
the associativity rule.

If operators with the same precedence are next to each

other, their associativity determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
65
 Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
66
 Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule,
the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as
follows:

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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67
 (GUI) Confirmation Dialogs

int option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog

(null, "Continue");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
68
 Problem: Guessing Birth Date
The program can guess your birth date. Run
to see how it works.
= 19

1 3 5 7 2 3 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 16 17 18 19
9 11 13 15 10 11 14 15 12 13 14 15 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23
17 19 21 23 18 19 22 23 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 24 25 26 27
25 27 29 31 26 27 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31
Set1 Set2 Set3 Set4 Set5

GuessBirthDateUsingConfirmationDialog Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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69