Assist. Prof. Dr.

Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

Lecture Ten
GENERAL APPLICATION OF ENERGY BALANCES FOR OPEN SYSTEM IN THE
ABSENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION

10.1 The Objective

10.2 Introduction about Modeling Control Volumes at Steady State
10.3 Nozzles and Diffusers
10.4 Turbines
10.5 Compressors and Pumps

10.1 The Objective

The objective of this lecture is to present brief discussions and examples illustrating the
analysis of several devices of interest in engineering, including nozzles and diffusers, turbines,
compressors and pumps, heat exchangers, and throttling devices. The discussions highlight
some common applications of each device and the important modeling assumptions used in
thermodynamic analysis. The section also considers system integration, in which devices are
combined to form an overall system serving a particular purpose.

10.2 Introduction About Modeling Control Volumes at Steady State

In this lecture, we consider the modeling of control volumes at steady state. In particular,
several examples are given in following Sec. showing the use of the principles of conservation
of mass and energy, together with relationships among properties for the analysis of control
volumes at steady state. The examples are drawn from applications of general interest to
engineers and are chosen to illustrate points common to all such analyses. Before studying
them, it is recommended that you review the methodology for problem solving outlined :

Methodology for Solving Problems

A major goal of lectures is to help you learn how to solve engineering problems that involve
thermal systems engineering principles. The importance of following these steps should not be
underestimated. They provide a useful guide to thinking about a problem before effecting its
solution.

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

In each case considered, steady-state operation is assumed. The flow is regarded as

one-dimensional at places where mass enters and exits the control volume.
In several of the examples to follow, the heat transfer term is set to zero in the energy rate
balance because it is small relative to other energy transfers across the boundary. This may be
the result of one or more of the following factors:
(1) The outer surface of the control volume is well insulated.
(2) The outer surface area is too small for there to be ineffective heat transfer.
(3) The temperature difference between the control volume and its surroundings is so small
that the heat transfer can be ignored.
(4) The gas or liquid passes through the control volume so quickly that there is not enough
time for significant heat transfer to occur.
(5) The work term drops out of the energy rate balance when there are no rotating shafts, ,
electrical effects, or other work mechanisms associated with the control volume .
(6) The kinetic and potential energies of the matter entering and exiting the control volume are
neglected when they are small relative to other energy transfers.
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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

10.3 Nozzles and Diffusers

A nozzle is a flow passage of varying cross-sectional area in which the velocity of a gas or
liquid increases in the direction of flow. In a diffuser, the velocity of gas or liquid decelerates
in the direction of flow. Figure 10.1 shows a nozzle in which the cross-sectional area decreases
in the direction of flow and a diffuser in which the walls of the flow passage diverge.

Figure.10.1: Illustration of a nozzle and a diffuser.

In Fig. 10.2, a nozzle and diffuser are combined in a wind-tunnel test facility. Nozzles and
diffusers for high-speed gas flows formed from a converging section followed by diverging
section are encountered in engineering practice.

Figure.10.2: Wind-tunnel test facility.

Energy Analysis of Nozzles and Diffusers

For nozzles and diffusers, the only work is flow work at locations where mass enters and exits
the control volume, so the term ẆCV drops out of the energy rate equation for these devices.
The change in potential energy from inlet to exit is negligible under most conditions. At
steady state the mass and energy rate balances reduce, respectively, to
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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

where 1 denotes the inlet and 2 the exit. By combining these into a single expression and
dropping the potential energy change from inlet to exit

where ṁ is the mass flow rate. The term representing heat transfer with the
surroundings per unit of mass flowing through the nozzle or diffuser is often small enough
relative to the enthalpy and kinetic energy changes that it can be dropped, as in the next
example. If the nozzle or diffuser is also adiabatic, we get

Examples – 10.1
Water steam flows through the nozzle at a mass flow rate is 4.54 kg/s with p1 = 20 bar, T1 =
360oC . The inlet cross-sectional area of the nozzle is 0.019 m2 . Nozzle operating at steady
state, At the exit, p2 = 15 bar, and the velocity is 274.3 m/s. The quantity heat transfer per unit
mass of water vapor is 2.8 kJ/kg. Determine;
(a) The inlet velocity of water steam .
(b) The final temperature of water steam.

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

Solution
Assumptions:
1. The control volume shown on the accompanying figure is at steady state.
2. The work of control volume is negligible ẆCV
3. The change in potential energy from inlet to exit can be neglected.

Analysis:
The inlet velocity of water steam can be determined from the mass flow rate and Eq. 6.1 and
(6.3), which can be arranged to read

1  m
m 2  m
  4.54kg / s

v1m
V1 
A1

The state at the inlet is fixed by the values of two independent intensive properties. The
pressure is p1 and temperature is T2, which is known. From Table T-4, h1 = 3159.3 kJ/kg , and
v1= o.14111m3/kg.
The inlet velocity of water steam is

(4.54kg / s)(0.1411m3 / kg)

V1  2
 33.71m 2 / s
0.019m
where ẆCV is deleted by assumption 2. The change in specific potential energy drops out in
accordance with assumption 3 and ṁ cancels, leaving

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

 V12  V 2 2 
h2  q  h1   

 2 

 (33.71m / s) 2  (274.3m / s) 2  1N 1kJ

h2  (2.8kJ / kg)  (3159.3kJ / kg)    2 3
 2000  1kg.m / s 10 N .m

h2  (2.8kJ / kg)  (3159.3kJ / kg)  (37.05kg / kg)

h2  3125.04kJ / kg

The vapor is superheated steam because h2 > hg2 at p2. From Table T-4, at h2 = 3125.04 kJ/kg ,
and p2= 15 bar. We get T2=340OC.

We notice the temperature of water steam at exit is increased about 20OC. We conclude from
these result, a part of internal energy of water steam is converted to kinetic energy, its
appeared as increase in the velocity of fluid.

10.4 Turbines
A turbine is a device in which work is developed as a result of a gas or liquid passing through
a set of blades attached to a shaft free to rotate. A schematic of an axial-flow steam or gas
turbine is shown in Fig. 10.3. Turbines are widely used in vapor power plants, gas turbine
power plants, and aircraft engines. In these applications, superheated steam or a gas enters the
turbine and expands to a lower exit pressure as work is developed. A hydraulic turbine installed
in a dam is shown in Fig. 10.4. In this application, water falling through the propeller causes
the shaft to rotate and work is developed.

Figure.10.3: Schematic of an axial-flow turbine.

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

Figure.10.4: Hydraulic turbine installed in a dam.

Energy Analysis of Turbines

For a turbine at steady state the mass and energy rate balances reduce to give Eq. 10.3. When
gases are under consideration,
(1) The potential energy change is typically negligible. With a proper selection of the boundary
of the control volume enclosing the turbine ΔPe = 0.
(2) The kinetic energy change is usually small enough to be neglected ΔKe = 0.
(3) The only heat transfer between the turbine and surroundings would be unavoidable heat
transfer, and as illustrated in the next example, this is often small relative to the work and
enthalpy terms.
Mass conservation tells us

Energy conservation Eq.(9.8) tells us after devoted previous assumptions

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

We often neglect ˙Qcv to get

On a per mass basis, we can scale by ṁ to get

For turbines, h1 > h2, so we get w > 0. The device is doing work.

Examples – 10.2 Calculating Heat Transfer from a Steam Turbine

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

10.5 Compressors and Pumps

Compressors are devices in which work is done on a gas passing through them in order to raise
the pressure. In pumps, the work input is used to change the state of a liquid passing through. A
reciprocating compressor is shown in Fig. 10.5. Figure 10.6 gives schematic diagrams of three
different rotating compressors: an axial-flow compressor, a centrifugal compressor, and a Roots
type.

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

The next two examples illustrate, respectively, the analysis of an air compressor and a power
washer. In each case the objective is to determine the power required to operate the device.

Figure.10.5: Reciprocating compressor

Figure.10.6: Rotating compressor (a) Axial flow. (b) Centrifugal. (c) Roots type

Energy Analysis of Compressors and Pumps

Energy analysis for a compressors or pumps are effectively identical to that for a turbine.
However, the device operates in an opposite sense. Mechanical energy from either rotating or
reciprocating machinery is transferred to the working fluid, raising its energetic state.
The mass and energy rate balances reduce for compressors and pumps at steady state, as for
the case of turbines considered previously. For compressors, the changes in specific kinetic and
potential energies from inlet to exit are often small relative to the work done per unit of mass
passing through the device. Heat transfer with the surroundings is frequently a secondary effect
in both compressors and pumps.

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

(1) The potential energy change is typically negligible. ΔPe = 0.

(2) The kinetic energy change is usually small enough to be neglected ΔKe = 0.
(3) The only heat transfer ˙Qcv = 0.
The Eqs. 10.3-10.5 can be used in compressors and pumps.

For compressors, h1 < h2, so we get w < 0. The device requires an input of work.

Examples – 10.3 Calculating Compressor Power

Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290 K,
and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1 m2. At the exit, the pressure is 7 bar,
the temperature is 450 K, and the velocity is 2 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor to its
surroundings occurs at a rate of 180 kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the
power input to the compressor, in kW.
Givens:
1 atm = 1 bar
= 105 Pa
= 105 N/m2
= 102 KPa
= 10-1 MPa
= 14.7 Ib/in2 (psia)
= 29.921 in Hg

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Hamed Al-Falalahi Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

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