A.V.C.

College of Engineering, Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai

Department of IT
II IT / VI Semester

CS3451 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS

Question Bank:
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
PART - A
1. Define an operating system and list its objectives.
2. Explain the evolution of operating systems.
3. Differentiate between system calls and system programs.
4. Discuss the importance of the user operating system interface.
5. Define system programs and give examples.
6. Explain the concept of structuring methods in operating systems.
7. What are the main components of a computer system?
8. Describe the role of system calls in operating systems.
9. Discuss the importance of operating system services.
10. Explain the significance of design and implementation in operating system development.
PART - B & C
1. Analyze the evolution of operating systems, highlighting major milestones and advancements
in their development.
2. Compare and contrast different operating system structures, discussing their advantages and
disadvantages.
3. Explain the role of system programs in operating systems, providing examples and discussing
their functions.
4. Discuss various structuring methods used in operating system design, comparing their
effectiveness and suitability for different types of systems.
5. Describe the objectives and functions of an operating system, discussing how they have
evolved over time.

UNIT II: PROCESS MANAGEMENT

PART - A
1. Define a process and explain its concept.
2. Discuss the importance of process scheduling.
3. Differentiate between process scheduling and CPU scheduling.
4. What are the criteria for process scheduling?
5. Explain the concept of multithread models.
6. Define process synchronization and its significance.
7. What is the critical-section problem?
8. Explain the role of semaphores in process synchronization.
9. Discuss the classical problems of synchronization.
10. Explain the methods for handling deadlocks.

PART - B & C
1. Analyze various process scheduling algorithms, comparing their performance and suitability
for different scenarios.
2. Explain the critical-section problem and discuss various synchronization mechanisms used to
solve it.
3. Discuss the concept of deadlock in operating systems, its causes, effects, and prevention
strategies.
4. Describe process synchronization mechanisms such as semaphores, mutex, and monitors,
comparing their advantages and limitations.
5. Discuss the challenges of process synchronization in multiprocessor systems and propose
solutions to overcome them.
UNIT III: MEMORY MANAGEMENT
PART - A
1. Define main memory and its role in computer systems.
2. Explain the concept of swapping in memory management.
3. Differentiate between contiguous memory allocation and paging.
4. Discuss the structure of the page table.
5. What is segmentation, and how does it work in memory management?
6. Define virtual memory and its benefits.
7. Explain the concept of demand paging.
8. What is copy-on-write, and how is it used in memory management?
9. Name one page replacement algorithm used in virtual memory systems.
10. Define thrashing and explain its impact on system performance.

PART - B & C
1. Compare and contrast various memory management schemes, including contiguous memory
allocation, paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. Discuss their advantages, disadvantages,
and suitability for different types of systems.
2. Discuss the structure of the page table in memory management, explaining its purpose and
organization.
3. Explain the concept of demand paging and its implementation in virtual memory systems.
Discuss its benefits and drawbacks.
4. Describe the allocation of frames in virtual memory systems, discussing techniques such as
page replacement and thrashing prevention.
5. Analyze the impact of memory management schemes on system performance, reliability, and
resource utilization. Discuss strategies for optimizing memory management in operating systems.
UNIT IV: STORAGE MANAGEMENT
PART - A
1. Define a mass storage system and explain its role in computer storage.
2. What is disk scheduling, and why is it important for disk management?
3. Discuss the file concept and access methods in storage management.
4. Differentiate between a file and a directory.
5. Explain the concept of file system mounting.
6. Define I/O hardware and provide an example.
7. What is the application I/O interface?
8. Explain directory implementation in file systems.
9. Discuss the importance of free space management in file systems.
10. What is the role of the kernel I/O subsystem in operating systems?

PART - B & C
1. Describe the structure and organization of disk drives in a mass storage system, discussing the
importance of disk scheduling for efficient disk management.
2. Discuss the functionality of the file system interface, including access methods, directory
organization, and file sharing and protection mechanisms.
3. Explain the implementation of file systems, focusing on file system structure, directory
implementation, and allocation methods.
4. Analyze the role of I/O systems in operating systems, covering I/O hardware, application I/O
interface, and kernel I/O subsystem.
5. Compare and contrast different file allocation methods used in file system implementation,
discussing their advantages and disadvantages.

UNIT V: VIRTUAL MACHINES AND MOBILE OS

PART - A
1. Define virtual machines and their benefits.
2. Discuss the history of virtualization.
3. Differentiate between types of virtual machines.
4. What are the building blocks of virtualization?
5. Explain the concept of mobile operating systems.
6. Compare iOS and Android operating systems.
7. Discuss the features of iOS.
8. What are the benefits of using virtual machines?
9. Name one type of virtual machine implementation.
10. What are the components of a mobile operating system?

PART - B & C
1. Discuss the benefits and features of virtual machines, including their role in system
virtualization and cloud computing.
2. Explain the building blocks of virtualization, including hypervisors, virtual machine monitors,
and virtualization layers. Discuss their functions and interactions.
3. Compare and contrast iOS and Android operating systems, discussing their architecture,
features, and ecosystem.
4. Analyze the impact of virtualization on system performance, resource utilization, and
management efficiency. Discuss strategies for optimizing virtual machine deployment and
management.
5. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in mobile operating system development, considering
factors such as hardware diversity, security, and user experience.

Answers for UNIT I: INTRODUCTION

PART - A
1. Define an operating system and list its objectives.
- An operating system (OS) is a software that acts as an intermediary between the hardware
and user applications, managing computer resources and providing a user-friendly interface. The
objectives of an operating system include:
- Managing hardware resources efficiently.
- Providing a user interface for interaction with the computer system.
- Enabling the execution of user programs.
- Ensuring system security and access control.
- Facilitating communication between hardware components.
- Supporting multitasking and multiprocessing.
- Handling errors and system crashes gracefully.
- Managing memory and storage resources effectively.

2. Explain the evolution of operating systems.

- The evolution of operating systems can be categorized into several generations:
- First Generation: Vacuum tubes and plugboards, no OS, manual operation.
- Second Generation: Batch processing systems, introduced job control language (JCL).
- Third Generation: Time-sharing systems, interactive user interface.
 - Fourth Generation: Multiprogramming and multitasking, introduction of graphical user
interfaces (GUIs).
- Fifth Generation: Distributed computing, client-server architecture, networking.
- Current Generation: Cloud computing, virtualization, mobile operating systems, and real-
time operating systems.

3. Differentiate between system calls and system programs.

- System calls are requests made by user programs to the operating system for performing
privileged operations, such as file operations, process management, and I/O operations. They
provide an interface between user-level applications and the kernel.
- System programs are application programs that interact with the operating system by making
system calls. These programs perform various tasks, such as file management, process
management, and system maintenance. Examples of system programs include file managers, text
editors, and system utilities.

4. Discuss the importance of the user operating system interface.

- The user operating system interface (UI) serves as a bridge between users and the underlying
operating system, allowing users to interact with the system through commands, menus, and
graphical elements. It is essential for the following reasons:
- Provides a user-friendly environment for executing applications and managing system
resources.
- Hides the complexity of the underlying system, making it easier for users to perform tasks.
- Enhances productivity by providing intuitive interfaces for common operations.
- Allows customization and personalization according to user preferences.
- Facilitates accessibility for users with diverse needs and abilities.

5. Define system programs and give examples.

- System programs are application programs that interact with the operating system to perform
various system-related tasks. Examples of system programs include:
- File management utilities: ls, mkdir, rm (Unix/Linux), dir, mkdir, del (Windows).
- Text editors: vi, nano, emacs (Unix/Linux), Notepad, WordPad (Windows).
- System maintenance utilities: Task Manager, Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter (Windows),
top, ps (Unix/Linux).
- Compression and decompression utilities: gzip, zip, tar (Unix/Linux), WinZip, 7-Zip
(Windows).

6. Explain the concept of structuring methods in operating systems.

- Structuring methods in operating systems refer to the techniques used to organize the design
and implementation of the OS into manageable and modular components. These methods
include:
- Layered approach: Organizes the OS into layers, each providing a set of services to the layer
above it, while relying on services from the layer below.
- Microkernel architecture: Minimizes the kernel to basic functionalities, with additional
services implemented as user-space processes.
- Monolithic kernel: Implements all OS functionalities within a single kernel address space,
resulting in a large and complex kernel.
- Modular approach: Divides the OS into modules, each responsible for specific
functionalities, allowing for easier maintenance and scalability.

7. What are the main components of a computer system?

- The main components of a computer system include:
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.
 - Memory (RAM): Stores data and instructions temporarily for processing.
- Storage devices (Hard Disk Drive, Solid State Drive): Store data permanently.
- Input devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner): Provide data to the computer.
- Output devices (Monitor, Printer, Speakers): Display or output processed data.
- Operating System: Manages hardware resources and provides an interface for user
interaction.

8. Describe the role of system calls in operating systems.

- System calls are fundamental functions provided by the operating system to allow user-level
processes to request services from the kernel. They serve as a interface between user-level
applications and the kernel, enabling applications to perform privileged operations. The role of
system calls includes:
- Providing access to hardware resources and system services.
- Managing processes, including process creation, termination, and communication.
- Managing files and file systems, including file I/O operations and access control.
- Managing memory, including memory allocation and deallocation.
- Handling input/output operations, including device access and data transfer.

9. Discuss the importance of operating system services.

- Operating system services are essential for managing computer resources and providing a
user-friendly interface. Their importance includes:
- Resource management: Allocating and managing CPU, memory, and I/O devices efficiently.
- Process management: Creating, scheduling, and terminating processes.
- File management: Providing mechanisms for creating, reading, writing, and deleting files.
- Device management: Managing input/output devices and handling device drivers.
- Security and protection: Enforcing access control policies and ensuring system security.
- User interface: Providing user-friendly interfaces for interaction with the system.
- Error handling: Detecting and recovering from errors to ensure system reliability.
- Communication and networking: Facilitating communication between processes and
supporting network protocols.

10. Explain the significance of design and implementation in operating system development.
- Design and implementation are crucial phases in operating system development, as they
determine the architecture, functionality, and performance of the system. The significance of
design and implementation includes:
- Architecture: Design decisions impact the overall structure and organization of the
operating system, including its components and interactions.
- Functionality: Implementation determines the features and capabilities of the operating
system, including process management, memory management, and file systems.
- Performance: Design choices and implementation techniques affect the efficiency and
responsiveness of the operating system, influencing factors such as speed, resource utilization,
and scalability.
- Reliability: Well-designed and implemented operating systems are more reliable and less
prone to errors, crashes, and security vulnerabilities.
- Maintainability: Designing for modularity and abstraction makes the operating system
easier to maintain, update, and extend over time.
- Compatibility: Implementation must ensure compatibility with hardware platforms,
application software, and industry standards to maximize interoperability and user satisfaction.

Answers for UNIT II: PROCESS MANAGEMENT

PART - A
1. Define a process and explain its concept.
- A process is an instance of a program in execution. It consists of the program code, program
counter, registers, and variables. Processes have their memory space and can execute
independently, allowing multiple tasks to run concurrently on a computer system.

2. Discuss the importance of process scheduling.

- Process scheduling is crucial for efficient utilization of CPU resources in a multi-tasking
environment. It determines the order in which processes are executed, aiming to maximize CPU
throughput, minimize response time, and ensure fairness among users or processes sharing the
system.

3. Differentiate between process scheduling and CPU scheduling.

- Process scheduling involves selecting processes from the pool of ready processes for
execution. It determines which process should be allocated the CPU next.
- CPU scheduling, on the other hand, is a subset of process scheduling and deals specifically
with the selection of processes from the ready queue for execution on the CPU.

4. What are the criteria for process scheduling?

- The criteria for process scheduling include:
- CPU utilization: Maximizing CPU utilization by keeping the CPU busy.
- Throughput: Maximizing the number of processes completed per unit of time.
- Turnaround time: Minimizing the time taken to execute a process from submission to
completion.
- Waiting time: Minimizing the time processes spend waiting in the ready queue.
- Response time: Minimizing the time taken to respond to interactive user requests.

5. Explain the concept of multithread models.

- Multithreading allows multiple threads of execution to exist within the same process.
Multithread models include:
- Many-to-One model: Many user-level threads mapped to one kernel thread.
- One-to-One model: One kernel thread created for each user-level thread.
- Many-to-Many model: Many user-level threads mapped to a smaller or equal number of
kernel threads.

6. Define process synchronization and its significance.

- Process synchronization is the coordination of multiple processes to ensure they behave
correctly when accessing shared resources or communicating with each other. It is significant for
preventing race conditions, ensuring data consistency, and avoiding deadlock situations.

7. What is the critical-section problem?

- The critical-section problem refers to the situation where multiple processes access a shared
resource or critical section concurrently, leading to data inconsistency or system deadlock. It
must be solved by ensuring mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting.

8. Explain the role of semaphores in process synchronization.

- Semaphores are synchronization primitives used to control access to shared resources in a
concurrent system. They provide mechanisms for processes to synchronize their actions and
avoid race conditions by enforcing mutual exclusion, critical section entry, and signaling
between processes.

9. Discuss the classical problems of synchronization.

- The classical problems of synchronization include:
 - The producer-consumer problem: Involves producer processes generating data and
consumer processes consuming it.
- The reader-writer problem: Involves multiple reader processes accessing a shared resource
concurrently, while ensuring mutual exclusion with writer processes.
- The dining philosophers problem: Involves philosophers sitting around a dining table with
chopsticks, where they must acquire two chopsticks to eat without causing deadlock.

10. Explain the methods for handling deadlocks.

- Methods for handling deadlocks include:
- Deadlock prevention: Ensuring that the conditions necessary for deadlock cannot occur by
managing resource allocation and process execution in a way that avoids circular wait, hold and
wait, and other deadlock conditions.
- Deadlock avoidance: Dynamically analyze resource allocation to predict and prevent
potential deadlock situations by using algorithms like Banker's algorithm.
- Deadlock detection: Periodically check for the presence of deadlocks in the system using
algorithms like the resource allocation graph and recover from them by aborting processes or
rolling back transactions.
- Deadlock recovery: After detection, take actions such as process termination, resource
preemption, or rollback to resolve the deadlock and restore system functionality.

Answers for UNIT III: MEMORY MANAGEMENT

PART - A

1. Define main memory and its role in computer systems.

- Main memory, also known as RAM (Random Access Memory), is a volatile memory storage
unit in a computer system where data and instructions are temporarily stored during program
execution. Its role is crucial as it holds the currently executing programs, data, and the operating
system, allowing the CPU to quickly access and manipulate them.

2. Explain the concept of swapping in memory management.

- Swapping is a memory management technique used to transfer data between main memory
and secondary storage (usually the hard disk) when the system runs out of available memory. It
involves moving entire processes or parts of processes between main memory and disk to free up
space for other processes.

3. Differentiate between contiguous memory allocation and paging.

- Contiguous memory allocation allocates memory blocks of fixed sizes to processes, where
each process occupies a contiguous block of memory. Paging, on the other hand, divides the
physical memory into fixed-size blocks called pages and allocates memory to processes in
smaller, non-contiguous units.

4. Discuss the structure of the page table.

- The page table is a data structure used by the operating system to map virtual addresses to
physical addresses in a paged memory system. It typically consists of page table entries (PTEs),
each containing information such as the page number, frame number, and status bits (e.g.,
valid/invalid, dirty, etc.). The page table is indexed by the page number from the virtual address
to retrieve the corresponding physical address.

5. What is segmentation, and how does it work in memory management?

- Segmentation is a memory management technique that divides the logical address space of a
process into variable-sized segments, such as code, data, stack, and heap. Each segment is
allocated memory independently, allowing for flexible memory allocation and protection.
Segmentation works by associating each segment with a segment table, which maps logical
addresses to physical addresses.

6. Define virtual memory and its benefits.

- Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an illusion of a larger
memory space than physically available by using disk storage as an extension of main memory.
Its benefits include:
- Increased usable memory: Allows running larger programs than the available physical
memory size.
- Memory protection: Provides memory isolation between processes, preventing unauthorized
access.
- Simplified memory management: Simplifies programming by providing a uniform address
space for processes.
- Efficient memory utilization: Optimizes memory usage by swapping out less frequently
used data to disk.

7. Explain the concept of demand paging.

- Demand paging is a memory management technique where pages are loaded into memory
from disk only when they are needed (on-demand). Instead of loading entire processes into
memory, only the necessary pages are brought in when referenced by the CPU, reducing the
initial load time and memory usage.

8. What is copy-on-write, and how is it used in memory management?

- Copy-on-write is a memory management optimization technique used to reduce memory
duplication when forking a process. Instead of immediately duplicating the memory pages of the
parent process for the child process, the pages are shared between them. If either process
attempts to modify a shared page, a copy of the page is made, ensuring that modifications do not
affect the other process.

9. Name one page replacement algorithm used in virtual memory systems.

- One commonly used page replacement algorithm in virtual memory systems is the Least
Recently Used (LRU) algorithm, which replaces the page that has not been accessed for the
longest time.

10. Define thrashing and explain its impact on system performance.

- Thrashing refers to a situation in virtual memory systems where the CPU spends a significant
amount of time swapping pages between main memory and secondary storage due to excessive
page faults. This leads to a decrease in overall system performance as the CPU spends more time
swapping pages than executing useful instructions. Thrashing can occur when the system is
overcommitted, and there is not enough physical memory to support the working set of active
processes.
Answers for UNIT IV: STORAGE MANAGEMENT

PART - A

1. Define a mass storage system and explain its role in computer storage.
- A mass storage system refers to the devices and technologies used for long-term storage of
digital data, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical discs, and
magnetic tapes. It provides non-volatile storage capabilities for retaining data even when the
computer is powered off. Mass storage systems are essential for storing operating systems,
application software, user data, and multimedia content.
2. What is disk scheduling, and why is it important for disk management?
- Disk scheduling is the process of determining the order in which disk I/O requests are
serviced by the disk controller. It is important for disk management because it impacts the
overall performance and efficiency of disk operations. Disk scheduling algorithms aim to
minimize seek time, reduce rotational latency, and optimize disk throughput by organizing disk
I/O requests in an efficient manner.

3. Discuss the file concept and access methods in storage management.

- The file concept refers to the abstraction of data storage into named entities called files,
which are organized hierarchically within directories. Access methods in storage management
define how files are accessed and manipulated. Common access methods include sequential
access, where data is read or written sequentially from the beginning to the end of a file, and
random access, where data can be accessed directly at any location within the file.

4. Differentiate between a file and a directory.

- A file is a named collection of data stored on a storage device, whereas a directory is a special
type of file that organizes other files and directories hierarchically. Files contain user data or
program instructions, while directories serve as containers for organizing and managing files.

5. Explain the concept of file system mounting.

- File system mounting is the process of integrating a file system into the directory hierarchy of
the operating system. When a file system is mounted, the files and directories within it become
accessible to users and processes through a designated mount point in the directory tree.
Mounting allows the operating system to access and manage storage devices and their contents
transparently.

6. Define I/O hardware and provide an example.

- I/O (Input/Output) hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that
facilitate communication between the CPU and external devices, such as storage devices,
network interfaces, and input/output peripherals. Examples of I/O hardware include disk drives
(HDDs, SSDs), network interface cards (NICs), USB controllers, and graphics cards.

7. What is the application I/O interface?

- The application I/O interface refers to the set of functions and mechanisms provided by the
operating system to enable application programs to perform input and output operations. It
includes system calls and libraries that allow applications to interact with I/O devices and
perform file operations, such as reading from or writing to files.

8. Explain directory implementation in file systems.

- Directory implementation in file systems involves organizing directories and their contents to
efficiently store and manage files. Directories can be implemented using various data structures,
such as lists, trees, or hash tables. Each directory entry typically contains metadata about the
associated file, including its name, size, type, and location on the storage device.

9. Discuss the importance of free space management in file systems.

- Free space management is critical for optimizing storage utilization and preventing
fragmentation in file systems. It involves tracking available space on storage devices and
efficiently allocating and deallocating storage blocks to accommodate new and deleted files.
Effective free space management ensures that storage space is utilized efficiently and that
performance degradation due to fragmentation is minimized.

10. What is the role of the kernel I/O subsystem in operating systems?
 - The kernel I/O subsystem is responsible for managing input and output operations between
the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. Its role includes providing device drivers for interacting with
hardware, handling I/O requests from user processes, implementing disk caching and buffering
mechanisms for performance optimization, and ensuring data integrity and reliability during I/O
operations. The kernel I/O subsystem plays a crucial role in maintaining system stability and
facilitating efficient I/O processing in operating systems.

Answers for UNIT V: VIRTUAL MACHINES AND MOBILE OS

PART - A

1. Define virtual machines and their benefits.

- Virtual machines (VMs) are software-based emulations of physical computers that run
multiple operating systems (guest OS) on a single physical machine (host). Benefits of virtual
machines include:
- Resource utilization: Allows efficient utilization of hardware resources by running multiple
VMs on a single physical server.
- Isolation: Provides isolation between VMs, ensuring that failures or security breaches in one
VM do not affect others.
- Flexibility: Enables easy deployment, migration, and scalability of VMs, providing
flexibility in resource allocation and management.
- Testing and development: Facilitates software testing, development, and experimentation in
isolated environments without impacting the production system.
- Legacy support: Allows legacy applications and operating systems to run on modern
hardware platforms through virtualization.

2. Discuss the history of virtualization.

- Virtualization has a history dating back to the 1960s when IBM developed virtualization
technologies for mainframe computers. The concept gained popularity with the rise of server
virtualization in the early 2000s, driven by companies like VMware. Over time, virtualization
expanded beyond servers to include desktop virtualization, storage virtualization, and network
virtualization. Today, virtualization plays a crucial role in cloud computing, data center
management, and software development.

3. Differentiate between types of virtual machines.

- Types of virtual machines include:
- Full virtualization: Guest operating systems run unmodified on a hypervisor, which provides
virtual hardware abstraction.
- Para-virtualization: Guest OS is aware of the virtualization layer and makes optimized
system calls to the hypervisor for improved performance.
- Hardware-assisted virtualization: Uses hardware extensions (e.g., Intel VT-x, AMD-V) to
improve virtualization performance and efficiency.
- Containerization: Lightweight virtualization method where applications run in isolated
containers sharing the host OS kernel.

4. What are the building blocks of virtualization?

- The building blocks of virtualization include:
- Hypervisor (Virtual Machine Monitor): Software or hardware layer that enables the creation
and management of virtual machines.
- Guest operating systems: Operating systems running within virtual machines.
- Host hardware: Physical hardware on which the hypervisor and virtual machines are
deployed.
 - Virtual machine files: Files containing configuration, disk images, and other data associated
with virtual machines.
- Management tools: Software tools for provisioning, monitoring, and managing virtualized
environments.

5. Explain the concept of mobile operating systems.

- Mobile operating systems are specialized operating systems designed for mobile devices such
as smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices. They provide an interface between hardware
components and user applications, offering features like touch screen support, mobile
connectivity, app ecosystems, and power management optimizations.

6. Compare iOS and Android operating systems.

- iOS and Android are two major mobile operating systems with distinct features:
- iOS: Developed by Apple, closed-source, exclusive to Apple devices, known for its intuitive
user interface, app ecosystem, and tight integration with hardware.
- Android: Developed by Google, open-source, available on various devices from different
manufacturers, customizable, and known for its flexibility, customization options, and extensive
app ecosystem.

7. Discuss the features of iOS.

- iOS features include:
- Intuitive user interface with gestures and animations.
- App Store with a vast selection of curated apps.
- Seamless integration with other Apple devices through iCloud.
- Strong security measures, including data encryption and app sandboxing.
- Regular updates and long-term support for older devices.
- Siri, Apple's virtual assistant, for voice commands and natural language processing.
- Continuity features like Handoff and AirDrop for seamless device synchronization.

8. What are the benefits of using virtual machines?

- Benefits of using virtual machines include:
- Server consolidation and resource optimization.
- Cost savings on hardware, power, and cooling.
- Improved disaster recovery and business continuity.
- Simplified software testing and development.
- Enhanced security through isolation and segmentation.
- Scalability and flexibility in resource allocation.
- Legacy system support and compatibility.

9. Name one type of virtual machine implementation.

- One type of virtual machine implementation is full virtualization, where a hypervisor
provides virtual hardware abstraction to guest operating systems, allowing them to run
unmodified.

10. What are the components of a mobile operating system?

- Components of a mobile operating system include:
- Kernel: Core of the operating system responsible for managing hardware resources and
providing basic services.
- User interface: Interface elements like home screen, notification center, and app launcher.
- Applications: Pre-installed and third-party applications for various tasks and functionalities.
- Connectivity: Support for mobile network connectivity (cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) and
synchronization with other devices.
 - Security: Features like device encryption, app sandboxing, and secure boot to protect user
data and system integrity.
- App ecosystem: Platform for downloading, installing, and updating mobile applications
from app stores.
- Power management: Features to optimize battery life, including sleep mode, power-saving
modes, and background task management.