PART B: UNIT 1

CHAPTER: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1. Name two abilities of an artificially intelligent machine.
Ans. a. Learn from the data. b. Analyze data to make predictions and forecasts.
2. What is an AIO algorithm?
Ans. An artificial intelligence algorithm is a computer program that is
capable of learning from data by identifying trends and patterns among the
data values.
3. Define the term artificial intelligence.
Ans. Artificial intelligence is the field of conceiving, designing and
developing machines capable to perform tasks that need human
intelligence.
4. What are the two biggest challenges in the development of AI machines?
Ans.
i. AI machines cannot retain learning.

ii. AI machines need a lot of bulk data to train and test.

5. What is a smart chat bot?
Ans. Smart chatbots use Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms
trained by the grammar, semantics, phrases, keywords and other such
language features. With user interactions, they learn and evolve in the logic
to understand better what has been spoken. This way, chatbots evolve in
responding to the user voice interactions in near human way.
6. List 2 major uses of chat bots or digital assistants.
Ans.
i. Executing voice commands

ii. Answering queries in natural human language.

7. What is AI data domain?
Ans. AI data domain includes analysis of bulk data for identifying trends
and patterns in data-sets, accurate predictions. For example, assessing
customer sentiment (happy/unhappy/neutral) from customer review data.
8. What do you mean by the terms CV and NLP?
Ans. CV or Computer Vision is the AI domain that deals with data in visual
form such as images and videos while NLP or Natural Language Processing
domain of AI deals with the natural human language for speech
understanding, speech recognition, and speech generation.
9. List 4 applications of CV.
Ans. Face recognition, fingerprint detection, image-based search, object
identification in images.
10. List 4 applications of NLP.
Ans. Document classification, voice-based assistance, smart voice data
processing, identifying hate speech.

11. What do you mean by browser fingerprinting?

Ans. Browser fingerprinting is the technique using which the online
movements, behaviour and habits of the users are tracked to analyse their
interests and inclinations towards various services, products and other
offerings by various online businesses and service providers.
12. What is McCarthy’s definition of AI?
Ans. According to John McCarthy – ‘AI is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.’
13. List any 2 challenges in achieving true AI for machines.
Ans. The 2 challenges in achieving true AI are: i. Retain the facts as
knowledge ii. Think, analyse and apply logic.
14. What do you mean by sensing and reasoning?
Ans. We receive a variety of stimulus constantly from our surroundings.
Perceiving such stimuli is called sensing. Receptive organs help in sensing.
Comparing facts and deriving conclusions is called reasoning. If conclusions
are guaranteed after analysis, then it is called deductive reasoning, if not,
then it is called inductive reasoning.
15. List main capabilities of AI.

Ans. Main capabilities of AI are analysis of simple and complex immense

data and perform predictions, check anomalies, classify data values etc.,
recognize faces, objects and images, smart search and natural language
processing features such as speech recognition.
16. What is NLP? How does it help in education and customer support fields?
Ans. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the technique used in AI field to
understand and process speech and voice. NLP is useful in education field
to develop interactive courses and assessments, voice-based research
systems, voice command-based educational systems, multi-lingual courses
and smart teaching in classrooms etc. In customer support field NLP is used
as smart voice response systems and chatbots which understand what has
been spoken. They answer structured questions and understand the intent
of the customer faster and accurate.
17. Briefly list the ways on which AI can help in E-commerce industry.
Ans. E-Commerce industry has immense amount of data for AI systems to
process and perform useful forecasts and predictions. They are used to
recommend ad promote products through digital marketing and develop
better customer relations. AI can be used to create better shopping
experience for customers and address to their problems faster and
accurately.
18.How do NLP, Data Vision (computer vision) and machine learning
help in research and development fields?
Ans. Research and development field is almost an endless ocean of data in
any field. AI can help in smart search based on text, voice and image,
categorize and compile the search results and information, summarize the
information. Machine learning and deep learning systems can be used to
create 3-D designs.
19. List 4 real-life examples of enormous data generation.
Ans. Four real-life examples of enormous data generation are customer data
on an E-commerce portal, financial transactions on a bank website,
medication data of patients in a large hospital and pollution data of a state.
20. Why is it necessary for an AI system to be fed with enormous amount of data to
learn its task?
Ans. An AI algorithm needs to be trained with data to make it capable for
analysing data in future and identify trends and patterns then doing
forecasts. Such data used to train an AI algorithm is called testing data.
Thus, performance of AI system is based primarily on the bulk of data.
Higher the amount of data, better would be the training of AI algorithm.
This is the reason enormous amount of rich data (with a variety of variables)
is required to train AI algorithms.
21. How are three domains of AI are related together?
Ans. Be it computer vision or NLP, data is the common domain that is
required for learning by AI algorithms. If that data is in the form of images
and visuals then it is Computer Vision and if the data is in the form of
spoken language or audio then it relates to NLP. This way the 3 domains –
data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing are related
together. For example, an AI algorithm creating a summary of a news clip.
22. Briefly list any two examples of Computer Vision and NLP integration.
Ans. The 2 examples of Computer Vision are object identification in an
image and face recognition. The 2 examples of NLP are voice based chatbots
and question-answer based voice operated assistant. Other examples are
Alexa, Cortana and Siri.
23. Give few examples of complex data on social and environmental data sets.
Ans. Social complex data: population, ethnic data, medical and health data.
Environmental complex data: weather related data, flood and drought
related data, space research data, agricultural data in the form of satellite
images.
24. Which 3 powers of AI make it capable to help in achieving SDGs faster and
better?
Ans. Ability to process bulk data faster, accurate forecasts and predictions
and ability to learn from the data.
25. How AI-enabled LMS may help children in better learning?
Ans. AI-enabled learning management system can learn from the
interactions of the learners and accordingly provide content to the learners
depending on their needs and pace of learning.
26. How AI can be helpful in industries?
Ans. All industries rely on the data analysis to make informed decisions.
Ability of machine learning and AI techniques helps in analysing bulk data
faster to meet productive purposes of businesses.
27. List any 5 AI features that may help in addressing sustainable development
issues.
Ans. Five AI features helpful in addressing sustainable development issues are:
i. Ability
to process huge amount of data such as data related to climate,
population and pollution etc.
Faster processing speed to accomplish analyses in a few hours as
ii.
compared to days or even months.
iii. Ability of accurate forecasts to raise alarms and preventive alerts.
iv. Ability to learn from the data to evolve autonomous algorithms that save a lot
of human effort.
v.Ability to process complex data such as images (Computer Vision)
and language (Natural Language Processing).
28. How CV and NLP may prove helpful in addressing sustainable development
issues?
Ans. AI’s Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing help in
developing sustainable and effective educational systems, ability to process
bulk data and forecast results help in analysing bulk data related to
illiteracy and unemployment to help devise better policies for education for
all and skill development for self-employment and to address problem of
unemployment. Help physically challenged people in self-paced learning and
gain skills to earn their livelihood with least help from others – this way
promoting equality, helping people learn new skills faster.
29. How AI can help in understanding educational needs?
Ans. Identifying trends and patterns in bulk learning data, accurate
predictions, AI systems can derive patterns that can help in understanding
the educational needs. For example, AI can help in creating customised
educational material as learners need. Predicting future performance by
analysing current data. Teachers can also be empowered for efficient
teaching through better feedbacks on students’ achievements.
30. In what way AI can address environmental issues?
Ans. Environment has many problem areas such as pollution, natural
calamities, agriculture-related problems, problems related with various
ecosystems, environment-related researches etc. AI can help in visualising
and analysing bulk environmental data to forecast problems and give insight
into trends which are usually not seen. This all can help in devising better
strategies to prevent or counter environmental related problems.
31. How can AI help reduce inequality and in fair consumption?
Ans. One of the serious social issues is inequality at many levels. There are
haves and have-nots in education, employment, public services,
opportunities and social justice. There are privileged people who have all
the resources to enjoy while there is huge population struggling with hunger
and poverty. AI-enabled analysis of data can help devise policies which
bring social equality and fairness to all by allocating equal opportunities to
all.
32. What do you mean by the term ethics?
Ans. The principles and morals that govern our behaviour are called ethics.
They serve as a guideline for us to distinguish between right and wrong.
33. Mention one core difference between traditional programming and AI
development.
Ans. The traditional program is based on algorithm developed to perform
specific tasks while AI algorithms are dynamic and designed to learn from
the data.
34. Define the term “bias”.
Ans. Discriminating on the basis of gender, race, colour, region etc. is called bias.
35. Name any three ethical issues related to AI.
Ans.
i. Humans will be replaced by AI leading to job losses.
ii. AI will be biaed leading to unfair results and decisions.
36. List 3 ways in which good AI can work.
Ans.
i. Enhancing human potential.
ii. Bringing and maintaining equality.
iii. Uplifting harmony.
37. Name any 3 ethically aligned design principles for AI systems.
Ans.
i. Human rights ii. Transparent AI systems iii. Accountability
38. Explain briefly why ethics is important AI development?
Ans. Ethics help us distinguish between right and wrong. Artificial
intelligence involves faster processing and a remarkable impact (both
positive and negative) on industries, society and environment. It has the
ability to go out of control if not monitored properly through stringent
policies and great care. Unethical use of AI may lead to great many threats to
human rights, equality issues (biases), life threats, social conflict and
negative effect in the application area instead of providing intended benefit.
This is the reason addressing ethical issues and devising their preventive
plans are important.
39. Briefly, discuss different types of bias.

Ans. Discriminating on any basis (gender, colour, race, religion, social

standard, etc.) is called bias. There are pre-existing biases in the system due
to the social structure. Incomplete social data leads to pre-existing biases.
Software systems have technical biases due to logical bugs or flaws.
Emergent biases are discovered when system comes in use by different users
in different ways.
40. List any 5 ethical characteristics of good AI.
Ans. Five ethical characteristics of good AI are enriching human life,
working towards equity, easing conflicts and promoting harmony,
addressing un-addressable problems and addressing environmental abuse.
41. Briefly explain transparency and bias issue related with AI.
Ans. Think of a self-learning and evolving AI system. There should be
enough and appropriate guidelines and process to determine the ethics of
action taken by such an AI system. The accuracy and suitability of data used
to train it needs stringent checks. Ethical guidelines need to be in place to
ensure that AI enabled system is taking decision and serving in a
transparent manner avoiding any sort of bias on any basis such as gender,
race, ethnicity, region, financial and social status etc. For such biases,
proper accountability guidelines need to be devised. This all will ensure an
ethical AI-based service system.
42. Name any 4 major ethical challenges related to AI and briefly explain any 2 of
them.
Ans. Four major ethical challenges related to AI are accountability, biases,
privacy and human values. Accountability: There should be rational
guidelines to govern the working of AI system and the its ability to make
decisions. Human values: All AI systems should respect, promote and protect
human rights.
43. List any 4 ethical framework principles for AI and briefly explain any 2 of them.
Ans. The 4 ethical framework principles are human rights, Well-being,
rights related to data and transparency. Human rights: AI system should be
developed in such a way that it should not compromise on human dignity
and values. It should respect and protect human right. Rights related to data:
People should have rights and ways to control their data. They should decide
with whom to share the data. AI systems should respect the right to
individual identity.