MODULE 6

Other Applications of Definite Integral: Length of curves, Fluid Pressure, and Work.

6.1. Length of the Curve

Length of Curve in Cartesian, L ∆𝑠

Coordinates 𝑑𝑠

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = (𝒅𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒅𝒚)𝟐 𝑑𝑦

𝑏 ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑳 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
√
𝑳 = ∫ 𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙

Formula for 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑦) on [𝑐, 𝑑].

Figure 1
𝑑
𝑳 = ∫ √1 + [ℎ′(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒅𝒚

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = (𝒅𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒅𝒚)𝟐

Arc Length Formula(s)
 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒔 = √( 𝒅𝒕 )𝟐 + ( 𝒅𝒕 )𝟐 𝒅𝒕,

where t is a parameter that defines x and y.

𝜋
Example 6.1.1 Determine the length of 𝑦 = ln(sec 𝑥) between 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 .
Solution:
The function is in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), find the second derivative,
Use,
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ln(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥

𝜋
𝑑𝑦 2
L =∫04 √1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
L =∫04 √1 + (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

The arc length is :

𝜋
4
𝐿 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
L= ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|| 04

𝐋 = 𝐥𝐧(√𝟐 + 𝟏) units = 0.88 units

 answer

2
Example 6.1.2 Determine the length of 𝑥 = 3 (𝑦 − 1)3⁄2 between 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4.

Solution:
Use,
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑳 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑑𝑦
 2
𝑥= (𝑦 − 1)3⁄2
3
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑦 − 1)1⁄2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑
𝑳 = ∫𝑐 √1 + [(𝑦 − 1)1⁄2 ]2 𝑑𝑦

Limits in terms of the ordinates of the end points of the length of the curve,
2
𝑥 = (𝑦 − 1)3⁄2
3
at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2.31= c
at 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4.30 = 𝑑
The length of arc is
𝑑
𝑳 = ∫𝑐 √1 + [(𝑦 − 1)1⁄2 ]2 𝑑𝑦
4.30
=∫ √𝑦𝑑𝑦
2.31

2
= 3 𝑦 3⁄2 | 4.30
2.31

𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 units
 answer

Length of curve in Polar Coordinates

𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝜃
𝑟
𝛽
𝐿
𝛼

𝑂 x

Figure 2

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = (𝒅𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒅𝒚)𝟐

but, 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃,

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = (−𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒅𝒓)𝟐 + (𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒅𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝒓)𝟐
 then,

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = (𝒅𝒓)𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 (𝒅𝜽)𝟐

𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑠 = √𝑟 2 + (𝑑𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

𝛽
𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠
𝛼

𝜷
𝒅𝒓 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝒓𝟐 + ( ) 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝒅𝜽

Example 6.1.3. Find the total length of the cardiod, 𝒓 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽).

Solution;
 𝜷
𝒅𝒓 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝒓𝟐 + ( ) 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝒅𝜽

𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃).

𝑑𝑟
= −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝐿 = 2 ∫0 √[𝑎 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)]2 + (−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
due to symmetry = 2𝑎 ∫0 √(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 2𝑎 ∫0 √2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= 2√2𝑎 ∫0 √(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜃
= 2√2𝑎 ∫0 √ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜃 2
=4𝑎 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑑𝜃. 2

𝜃 𝜋
= 8𝑎[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑑𝜃]
0
L = 𝟖𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Answer

2. Work and Pressure

a. Work (W), under Constant Force

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 . 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = F.S

b. Work under Variable Force

𝒃
𝑾 = ∫ (𝒅𝑭)(𝒙)
𝒂
 c. Fluid Pressure,

c.1. FORCE ON ANY SUBMERGED HORIZONTAL SURFACE. The force on any submerged
horizontal surface is equal to the weight of the column of the fluid standing on this area.
(See Figure 3)

Relation between force and pressure

𝑭 = 𝒑. 𝑨
𝑤
𝑭 = 𝒘𝒉. 𝑨 ℎ
F
a
𝒃
𝑭 = 𝒘 ∫ 𝒚𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝒂

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑤 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

For water: 𝑤 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑦 𝑥 = 9.81𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑤
𝑝 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑎 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑.
b 𝑏 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒.
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Figure 3
c.2. FORCE ON A SUBMERGED V ERTICAL PLANE AREA is equal to the product of the
weight per unit volume (𝒘 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕), the submerged
area, and the depth of the centroid of the area below the fluid surface . (See Figure 3)

𝒃
̅ 𝒅𝑨, where: dA = xdy
𝑭 = 𝒘 ∫𝒂 𝒚

Example 6.2.1
1
A spring with a natural length of 10 cm is stretch by 2 𝑐𝑚 by a 12N force. Find the
work done in stretching the spring from 10cm to 18cm. Express your answer in Joules.
Solution:
𝑥2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘1= ∫𝑥 𝐹𝑑𝑥𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑚 𝑁 1
10cm 2 𝑘 = 24
𝑐𝑚 X=deformation
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑚 1
12N When 𝑥 = 2 cm
10 cm 1𝑁. 𝑚 = 1𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐹 = 12𝑁
𝑥=0
=0 𝑁
Undisturbed length 𝑘 = 24 𝑐𝑚
or natural length

[𝒅𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝑺], F=24x, dS=dx

8
𝑁
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = ∫ 24 . 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 𝑐𝑚

1𝑚
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 768 𝑁. 𝑐𝑚 . = 7.68 𝑁𝑚
100𝑐𝑚
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 7.68 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
 answer
Example 6.2.2
Find the work done in lifting 1000 lb of coal from a mine 1500 ft deep by means of
cable weighing 2 lb/ft.

Solution:

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 + 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (1000𝑙𝑏)(1500𝑓𝑡) + 𝑤𝑑𝑦

2 𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤
= =
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑦

1500
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (1000𝑙𝑏)(1500𝑓𝑡) + ∫0 2𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 3 750 000 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏

 answer

Example 6.2.3
A triangular plate whose edges are 5,5,8 ft is place vertically in water with its largest
edge uppermost, horizontal, 8ft below water level. Calculate force on a side of a plate.

Solution: 𝑥
Relation
8

4 𝑥
= 8ft
3 𝑦

4
𝑥= 𝑦
3

𝑏
𝐹 = 𝑤 ∫𝑎 𝑦̅ 𝑑𝐴
 11
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑤(11 − 𝑦) (2𝑥)𝑑𝑦
8
11
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑤(11 − 𝑦) (2𝑥)𝑑𝑦
8

11
𝑙𝑏 4
𝐹 = ∫ 62.4 3
(11 − 𝑦) 𝑓𝑡 (2) ( 𝑦) 𝑓𝑡(𝑑𝑦)𝑓𝑡
8 𝑓𝑡 3
𝐹 = 6739.2 𝑙𝑏
 answer

Example 6.2.4 A hemispherical tank of diameter 8 ft. is full of water. Find the work done
in pumping the liquid out the top of the tank.
Solution: y

4’ 4’
4-y

x O(0.0)
dy

y x

4
𝑊 = 𝑤 ∫ 𝜋𝑥 2 [−(4 − 𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
0

but from the right triangle, 𝑥 2 = 16 − (4 − 𝑦)2

4
𝑊 = − 𝑤 ∫ 𝜋[16 − (4 − 𝑦)2 ](4 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0

4
−2
= −𝜋𝑤 ∫ [16 − (4 − 𝑦)2 ](4 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
0 −2

𝜋𝑤 4
= ∫ [16 − (4 − 𝑦)2 ][−2(4 − 𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
2 0
𝜋𝑤 4
= [ [16 − (4 − 𝑦)2 ]2 ]
4 0

𝑊 = 64𝜋𝑤 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏 Answer