SHS

2nd Semester – Module 1:

Islam
SHS - Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems
2nd Semester : Module 1- Islam

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Ronelo Al K. Firmo
SDO Albay Schools Division Superintendent: Norma B. Samantela, CESO VI
SDO Albay Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Wilfredo J. Gavarra
SDO Albay Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Fatima D. Buen

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ryan L. Ojano – Malapay High School

Content Editor: Edna D. Barrameda – Daraga National High School
Language Editor: Jenny B. Penis – Oas Polytechnic School
Layout Editor: Mark Joed Q. Matias – Oas Polytechnic School
Project In-Charge: Judith P. Restubog – EPS (EsP), SDO Albay

Quality Assurance Team:

Dr. Sancita Peñarubia Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Edison L. Mallapre EPS, LRMDS
Judith P. Restubog EPS, Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao
 I. INTRODUCTION

In this module, you will learn about Islam religion. This will add up to your
knowledge of various religions and view things from a different perspective. Hop on
to this learning experience and you will get to explore the Islamic faith, as we
celebrate diversity in the world where we live in.

II. OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Examine the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, and

related issues of Islam.

III. VOCABULARY LIST

To have a better understanding of the lesson, let’s grasp first the

meaning of unfamiliar words.

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 Word Definition
Allah - the direct Arabic term for God.
- the chief Muslim civil and religious leader, regarded as
Caliph
the successor of Muhammad.
- aside from the scriptural passages from Qur’an, it is
also an important Islamic text based on the collected
Hadith
traditions, narratives, achievements, and actions of
Prophet Muhammad.
- the Arabic term for migration or emigration; the Prophet
Hijra Muhammad’s migration (622 C.E.) from Mecca to
Yathrib (Medina).
- “Cube” in Arabic. It is a square building elegantly
draped in a silk and cotton veil found in the center of
Kaaba the Great Mosque at Mecca. The holiest shrine in Islam
and the site of pilgrimage where Muslims point towards
during prayers.
Mosque - a Muslim house of worship.
Muslim - a practitioner of Islamic teaching
- the founder of Islam and also known as Muhammad ibn
Prophet Muhammad
Abdullah/Muhammad ibn Abd Allah.
Qur’an - the holy book of the religion of Islam.
- a set of prescribed movements and words followed by
Rakaʿāt
Muslims during Salat.
Ramadan - the ninth month in the Islamic Calendar.
- a faction in the Islamic religion who supports Ali (Ali ibn
Shi’ite
Abi Talib) as the successor of Islamic leadership.
- Muslims who believe in Sufism, which is a mystical
Sufi form of Islam, a school of practice that emphasizes the
inward search for God and shuns materialism.
- The tradition in Islamic faith-based on ancestral
Sunnah
practices and Muhammad’s life.
- a faction in the Islamic religion which follows the
Sunni
sunnah (tradition) of the Prophet and the majority.

IV. PRE-TEST

TRY THIS EXERCISE!

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Direction: Before you immerse yourself in the discussion, let us first assess your
prior knowledge about the topic. Write your answer in your journal notebook. Just
take it easy and have fun!

1. Who is the founder of Islam?

A. Moses C. Ishmael
B. Abraham D. Muhammad

2. If Sawm is to Fasting, Shahadah is to _____________.

A. The Creed C. Pilgrimage to Mecca
B. Charity D. Obligatory Prayer

3. Which of the following is considered as one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

A. Mosque C. Zakat
B. Ummah D. Hijra

4. What is the order of succession of the following Caliphs who succeeded

Prophet Muhammad as the leader of the Islamic Religion?
A. Umar, Ali, Uthman, Abu Bakr C. Umar, Uthman, Abu Bakr, Ali
B. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali D. Abu Bakr, Uthman, Umar, Ali

5. What differentiates the Shi’ite Muslims from the Sunni Muslims?

A. Shi’ites do not recognize Caliph Umar as the successor of Muhammad.
B. Shi’ites deviated from the sunnah and supported Ali as a successor after
Muhammad.
C. Shi’ites form the majority of Muslims in the world.
D. Shi’ites originated from Medina while Sunnis originated from Mecca.

After answering the pre-test, your score will serve as your basis for your
readiness as you immerse into various Islamic concepts. Get ready and let’s go
onwards to learn more about Islam!

How well did you perform?

Score Performance Indicator

- You are knowledgeable about Islam, but the module
4-5 may still enrich your knowledge and correct some
misconceptions.
- You are on the right track, continue with the module to
2-3 increase your knowledge of Islam, and avoid
misconceptions.
- It is okay and everything is fine! Think that you are just
0-1
starting and going to give it all to have better results.

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 V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

We are almost done for our Day1! Now, for you to understand things more
objectively and to fully embrace diversity in our community, try to answer the next
activity. The task will help you reflect on your initial perception of our Muslim brothers
and sisters.

Activity 1: One with our Muslim Brothers and Sisters

Instructions: Write at least three observations on your perceptions regarding our

Muslim brothers and sisters on any of the following: clothing, tradition, practices,
food, etc. Also give your reason for such perception. Write your answers in your
journal notebook.

How are Muslims for me? What are my reasons for these?

Let us do some processing and answer the questions below. Make use of your
journal notebook for your answers.

1. How does your thinking affect your interaction or understanding

about Muslims?

2. If you are a Muslim, how do you interact with your brothers and
sisters in faith?

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 At this point, pause for some reflections because you are now done with your
first day in your journey. Rest for now and you may continue tomorrow.

VI. DEEPENING

Hello there! I hope you had a good rest because things from here will start to
be more serious. The discussion will focus on Islam. If you have questions about the
discussion you may write them in your journal notebook so that your teacher can
respond to them. You may continue now; I know you can do it!

Historical Development of Islam

The table summarizes some of the most significant events in the history of
Islam chronologically.

Time Event
570 – 632 C.E. Life of Muhammad
Archangel Gabriel reveals the first verse of the Qur’an
610 C.E.
to Prophet Muhammad
Hijra: Muhammad’s flee from Mecca to Medina to
622 C.E.
escape from the non-believers
Small battles between the people of Mecca and the
624 – 630 C.E.
followers of Muhammad in Medina
630 C.E. Muhammad’s gain of control over Mecca
Death of Prophet Muhammad which later on started
632 C.E.
the separation of factions within Islam
Abu Bakr became the first caliph after the death of
632 C.E. Muhammad; the first of the four caliphs of the
Rashidun Caliphate based on the Sunni Muslims.
Omar ibn Al Khattab is selected as the second caliph
634 C.E.
following Abu Bakr’s death.
The assassination of the Caliph Omar and Caliph
644 C.E.
Othman ibn Affan followed the succession
Othaman was murdered. He is succeeded by Ali
656 (cousin of Muhammad and candidate for the original
succession back in 632)
680 C.E. Death of Husayn ibn Ali, Grandson of Muhammad
Battle of Tours: Muslim incursion into France is
732 C.E.
stopped

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 1099 Conquest of Jerusalem by Crusaders
1453 Muslim capture of Constantinople
Table 1. Significant Events in the Development of Islam

Islam is one of the three monotheistic religions along with Judaism and
Christianity. It is also grounded on Abrahamic faith since its origin can be traced
back to Abrahamic tradition and his family. Scriptural texts and sacred writings follow
the same Judeo-Christian figures such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
as significant figures before Mohammad. The Islamic message to accept Allah as the
One, and the submission to Him and His will serves as the core of Islam which
means “surrender.”
After Christianity, Islam is the second most widespread religion in the world.
Studying Islam as a religion is vital to understand the Islamic community (ummah) as
a whole since Muslims can be found across different countries in every continent
especially in the Middle East and Northern Africa. The majority of Muslims live in
Asia, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Indonesia, and the Philippines (mostly on the island of Mindanao).
Muslims consider Jews and Christians to be “People of the Book.” The Qur’an states
that God “earlier revealed the Torah (Judaism) and the Gospel (Christianity) as a
source of guidance for people.” For Muslims, however, the Qur’an contains God’s
final revelations to the world until the end of human history. Islam emphasizes the
return to the primordial truth of One God opposing the teachings of Judaism and
Christianity. The restoration of a true monotheistic faith necessitates the universality
of the +Islamic religion as revealed to Muhammad by Allah, thus recognizing
Muhammad as the “Seal of the Prophets.”
Muhammad (570 C.E.) is from Mecca and got married to Khadija who is
fifteen years older than him, a widowed merchant, and his employer. In 610 C.E., the
angel Gabriel guided Muhammad to introspect leading for his acceptance of the role
as God’s prophet through a series of revelations. Khadija, his wife became his first
convert who supported him in the new religion Muhammad has founded. As a
prophet, Muhammad preached the word of Allah across Mecca and started to
convert his followers. His divine recitations formed the holy book of Qur’an as
subdivided into chapters (surahs) and verses (ayahs/ayat).
Muhammad was
persecuted due to the teaching of
Islam which threatened the ruling
tribe of Mecca (the Quraysh). In
622 C.E., the early Islamic
believers led by Muhammad
escaped to Yathrib (now Medina).
This event is commemorated as
Hijra (emigration) which set the
beginning of the Muslim calendar Muslims commemorating Hijra through prayer.
Source:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.nst.com.my/amp/opi
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nion/letters/2018/09/410065/meaningful-hijrah
(A.H./Anno Hegirae) and its significance in the establishment of the first ummah.
The founding of Islam struggled as the conflict between the Meccans and
Muhammad intensified in 625 C.E. – 630 C.E. As Muhammad emerged victorious in
630 C.E., he went back to Mecca and purge the impurities of pagan idolatries from
the Kaaba which is believed to have been built by Abraham with his son, Ishmael.
After Muhammad’s death in Medina on June 8, 632, at the age of 62 was
followed by different significant Islamic historical events. Four Caliphs succeeded
Muhammad: Abu Bakr (632-34 C.E.), Umar (634 – 44 C.E.), Uthman (644 – 56
C.E.), and Ali (656 – 61 C.E.). The death of Ali, the last caliph, triggered the creation
of a faction within the Islamic religion, the Shi’ite deviating from the Sunni.
The differences between the Sunni and Shi’ite Islamic sects are rooted in
disagreements over the succession to the Prophet Muhammad and over the nature
of leadership in the Muslim community. The historic debate centered on whether to
award leadership to a qualified, pious individual who would follow the customs of the
Prophet or transmit leadership exclusively through the Prophet’s bloodline. The
question was settled initially when community leaders elected a companion of the
Prophet’s named Abu Bakr to become the first Caliph (Arabic for “successor”).
Although most Muslims accepted this decision, some supported the candidacy of Ali
ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, husband of the Prophet’s
daughter Fatima. Ali had played a prominent role during the Prophet’s lifetime, but
he lacked seniority within the Arabian tribal system and was bypassed.
This situation was unacceptable to some of Ali’s followers, who considered
Abu Bakr and the two succeeding caliphs (Umar and Uthman) to be illegitimate. Ali’s
followers believed that the Prophet Muhammad himself had named Ali as a
successor and that the status quo was a violation of divine order. A few of Ali’s
partisans orchestrated the murder of the third Caliph Uthman in 656 AD, and Ali was
named Caliph. Ali, in turn, was assassinated in 661 AD, and his son Hussein (680
AD) died in battle against forces of the Sunni caliph. Ali’s eldest son Hassan (d. 670
AD) is also revered by Shiite Muslims, some of whom claim he was poisoned by a
Sunni.
Those who supported Ali’s ascendancy became later known as “Shi’a,” a
word stemming from the term “shi’at Ali,” meaning “supporters” or “helpers of Ali.”
Others respected and accepted the legitimacy of his caliphate but opposed political
succession based on bloodline to the Prophet. This group, who constituted the
majority of Muslims, came to be known in time as “Sunni,” meaning “followers of [the
Prophet’s] customs [sunna] (Blanchard, 2009).”

Sunni

The majority of Muslims today are Sunnis (around 87% to 90%). They accept
the first four Caliphs (including Ali) as the “rightly guided” rulers who followed the
Prophet. The Sunnis conform to the traditional practices of Islam since it was
established by Muhammad (Ong and dL Jose, 2016). In theory, Sunnis believe that
the leader (imam) of the Muslim community should be selected on the basis of

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communal consensus, on the existing political order, and on a leader’s individual
merits. This premise has been inconsistently practiced within the Sunni Muslim
community throughout history. Sunni Muslims do not bestow upon human beings the
exalted status given only to prophets in the Quran, in contrast to the Shi’ite
veneration of imams. Sunnis have a less elaborate and arguably less powerful
religious hierarchy than Shiites. In contrast to Shi’ites, Sunni religious teachers
historically have been under state control. At the same time, Sunni Islam tends to be
more flexible in allowing laypersons to serve as prayer leaders and preachers. In
their day-to-day practices, Sunnis and Shi’ites exhibit subtle differences in the
performance of their obligatory prayers. Both groups share a similar understanding
of basic Islamic beliefs (Blanchard, 2009).

Shi’ite (Shi’a)

Initially, the Shi’ite movement gained a wide following in areas that now
include Iraq, Iran, Yemen, and parts of Central and South Asia. In most of the world,
Shi’ites would continue as a minority. Today, according to some estimates, Shi’ite
Islam is practiced among approximately 10% to 15% of the world’s Muslim
population.
For the Shi’ites, Ali was the first imam and the rightful spiritual and political
successor of Muhammad. Shiite religious practice centers around the remembrance
of Ali’s younger son, Hussein, who was martyred near the town of Karbala in Iraq by
Sunni forces in 680. His death is commemorated each year on the tenth day of the
Islamic month of Muharram in a somber and sometimes violent ritualistic
remembrance known as “Ashura,” marked among some Shi’ites by the ritual of self-
flagellation. As a minority that was often persecuted by Sunnis, Shi’ites found solace
in the Ashura ritual, the telling of the martyrdom of Hussein and the moral lessons to
be learned from it, which reinforced Shi’ite religious traditions and practices.

Sufi

Sufism, known as tasawwuf in the Arabic-speaking world, is a form of Islamic

mysticism that emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness to God. The
predominant view of Sufi Islam is one of love, peace, and tolerance (Knysh, A.,
Professor of Islamic studies at the University of Michigan). While it is sometimes
misunderstood as a sect of Islam, it is a broader style of worship that transcends
sects, directing followers’ attention inward. Sufi practice focuses on the renunciation
of worldly things, purification of the soul, and the mystical contemplation of God’s
nature. Followers try to get closer to God by seeking spiritual learning known as
tariqa.
Sufism has shaped literature and art for centuries and is associated with
many of the most resonant pieces of Islam’s “golden age,” lasting roughly the 8th
through 13th centuries (Specia, 2017).

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 Let us do some processing and answer the question below. Write your answer in
your journal notebook.

1. How does the creation of the different factions within the Islamic
religion affect Muslims at present?

You are halfway now in your journey Islam religion. How was it? Continue
progressing, there are still more to learn.

The Core Teachings of Islam

The Qur’an

The Qur’an, the holy book

of Islam guides all Muslims
everywhere since birth until their
death. The sacred scriptures
contain 114 surahs, each
composed of ayahs/ayat. Surahs
are then classified as Meccan
surahs (shorter chapters and
believed that was revealed in
Mecca) and Medinan surahs Reading the holy book of Qur’an to the young is
(longer chapters and believed integral for Muslims to strengthen their faith and
that was revealed in Medina). knowledge about Islam.
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/678143656365683965/

The Qur’an exemplifies the law and the moral teachings of Islam as revealed
by Allah. The passages were dictated to scribes since Muhammad cannot read and
write. The spoken and written Qur’an is revered by Muslims as it is read to the
babies and taught to the young to be memorized and recited in Arabic. The
significance of the Qur’an to the life of a Muslim is reflected on how they handle the
holy book with ritual purity to never touch the ground. Caliph Uthman in 651 C.E.
ordered to destroy other variant versions of the Qur’an to establish the official edition
which is still being used today.
Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam as five sacred duties as commanded
by the Qur’an. Through Muhammad’s example, the Sunnah outlines the ways of the
Five Pillars of Islam.

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The Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah (The Creed)

Shahadah is a statement recited in Arabic: (ašhadu an) lā ilāha illá l-Lāhu (wa
ashhadu 'anna) Muḥammadan rasūlu l-Lāhi; in English: (I profess that) there is no
god except God and (I profess that) “Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The
statement declares monotheism by accepting Allah as One True God and
Muhammad as His Messenger.
An individual who wants to convert to Islam must recite this verse as an
affirmation and be manifested through faith and action. The statement is whispered
into the ears of a newborn infant by their parents; be recited daily through prayers; a
dying Muslim must recite the verse on his last breath.

Salat (Obligatory Prayer)

Prayer Period of Praying

Fajr performed at dawn
Dhuhr noon prayer
Asr performed in the afternoon
Maghrib sunset prayer
Isha'a evening prayer
Table 2. Prayer schedule in a day for Muslims

An Islamic prayer consisted of five daily ritual prayers: Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr,
Maghrib, and Isha'a. The Salat instills religious discipline, spirituality, and closeness
to God.
A rakaʿāt is strictly followed and may vary from two, three, or four. The prayer
is accompanied by a series of set positions including bowing with hands on knees,
standing, prostrating, and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor the
buttocks, with the toes pointing away from Mecca), usually with one foot tucked
under the body. All of the prayers must be recited while facing the Kaaba in Mecca
anywhere (using a clean rug and a qiblah compass to locate the Mecca) or in a
mosque. A muezzin (a crier) is tasked to chant the call to prayer usually from the tall
minaret (tower) of the mosque. Physical cleansing (wudu) is prescribed for a Muslim
before entering a mosque as a spiritual preparation.
Men and women are positioned in a separate row inside the prayer area. An
imam (prayer leader) begins the prayer cycle by proclaiming “Allahu akbar!” (“God is
most great!”). Recitation of verses from the Qur’an follows. Muslims don’t observe a
Sabbath day; however, they may gather in a mosque for a mid-day congregational
prayer coupled with listening to a Qur’an reading and a sermon. Some usually spend
time with family and friends on a Friday.

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Sawm (Fasting)

Sawm or fasting (going without food) is an act to worship Allah. Fasting is

done as a sacrifice to be closer to Allah, to express dependence on Allah, a
manifestation of gratitude, and atonement for the sins. Ritual fasting is done during
the entire month of Ramadan where Muslims must abstain from food, drink, and
sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk during this month. Based on the Islamic
teachings, Allah first revealed his message to Muhammad in the month of Ramadan.
Sawm is prescribed to every Muslim that has reached puberty. There are
exemptions from Sawm particularly those pregnant women, pre-pubescent children,
elderly, Muslims with medical conditions, menstruating women, and those who are
traveling.
Muslims break their fast at sunset to perform the sunset prayer. During the
month of Ramadan, every night a verse from the Qur’an is read through a special
prayer service. A devout Muslim may have heard the entire holy book of Qur’an
during services in the mosque during Ramadan. Muslims are reminded of
generosity, equality, and charity within the ummah as they practice self-control,
empathy to the poor and the hungry, refrain from violence and anger, and other bad
deeds. By the end of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr is celebrated where Muslims attend
prayers, wear new clothes, decorate their homes, prepare special foods, visit friends
and family, exchange gifts, and give to the poor.

Zakat (Charity)

Zakat (means purification) is a practice of charity and alms-giving. It can be

traced back as Muhammad instructed the wealthy people to do an act of charity for
the less fortunate to reduce the financial hardships of others and eliminate social
inequality.
It is a common practice for Muslims to share in the ummah for they believe
that giving purifies the wealth by reducing greed and a reminder of God’s graces.
Zakat prescribes 2.5% of one’s wealth for the benefit of their poorer neighbor,
slaves, debtors, and travelers. Sadaqah may also be done by Muslims as an act of
voluntary charity by giving more donations. The zakat may be personally distributed
by a Muslim to others or may be given to a religious official. Zakat aids in the good
causes in various Muslim communities. It may be the source for supporting
orphanages, hospitals, schools, and even public facilities for pilgrimages and soup
kitchens.

There are four principles that should be followed when giving the Zakat:
1. The giver must declare to God his intention to give the Zakat.
2. The Zakat must be paid on the day that it is due.
3. The payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he or she
needs to pay 2.5% of their income. If a person does not have much money,

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 then they should compensate for it in different ways, such as good deeds and
good behavior toward others.
4. The Zakat must be distributed in the community from which it was taken.

Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

Hajj is the pilgrimage to the

holy city of Mecca. It is done
during the Islamic month of Dhu
al-Hijjah for every able-bodied
Muslim and for those who can
afford it for at least once in their
lifetime. Hajj upholds fellowship
and equality by bringing Muslims
of different cultures together.
The pilgrimage in Mecca
follows the footsteps of Abraham The Kaaba is surrounded by Muslims following the
and Muhammad towards God. A steps of Abraham when he a covenant with Allah.
pilgrim dress in Ihram clothing, Source: https://www.learnreligions.com/the-kaaba-2004450

which consists of two white

sheets for five days, and performs a series of prayers/rituals around the sacred sites
in the holy city. Muslims upon arrival in Mecca recite these words: “Here I am, O
God, at thy command!” As part of the Hajj, the pilgrims walk around the Kaaba seven
times, travels seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah and drink from
the Zamzam spring, symbolically stoning the Devil at Mina by staying there, and later
to pray in the Plain of Arafat or climb Mount Arafat to seek absolution from God. The
pilgrimage ends with a four-day feast shared with family and friends in honor of
Abraham’s ancient sacrifice signifying Eid al-Adha throughout the world. A Muslim
who became a pilgrim to Mecca is honored and called a haji. A haji symbolizes
devotion to God along with their commitment to the Islamic faith.

Let us do some processing and answer the question. Make use of your journal
notebook for your answer.

1. How do the different Islamic practices affect the non-Islamic

culture?
2. How can the Five Pillars of Islam lead life to Allah?
3. What are your discoveries about Islam?
4. How can this affect you in terms of relationship as a non-believer or
a believer of the Islamic religion?

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Issues arising from Islam

The large population of Muslims and Islamic teachings affect various

disciplines that cut across a wide scope of human society. Islam as a young religion
was challenged by history up to the present time.

Gender Inequality

Muslim women have complicated roles in different Islamic nations. Women in

Muslim communities may be imposed with stricter legal rights and employment rights
than men. Obedience of women must always remain to their fathers and husband.
The dominance of men in Islam reflects into their customs and practices. The
observance of the Five Pillars of Islam may be optional to women. It is prohibited for
any woman to lead prayers. When a woman is having her usual menstrual period,
she must not enter any mosque. In some countries, Muslim women are required to
cover their faces and bodies when in company with men other than their immediate
kin (Ong and dL Jose, 2016).

The Qur’an upholds the

rights of women but may still be
devalued in some Muslim
societies. Women are entitled to
have the right to own, dispose,
and inherit properties and
earnings, to participate in the
political exercise, and to sue for
divorce (Ong and dL Jose, 2016).
Social stigma exists against
Muslim women are now becoming more competitive in
Muslim communities however, academics and other disciplines due to globalization
Islamic law holds that women Source:
cannot be denied of education, https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/educatio
n/2016/apr/02/muslim-women-men-degrees-jobs-market-
cannot be forced into marriage, british-universities
can divorce their husbands, and
can vote and hold office (Frager, 2002 as cited by Ong and dL Jose, 2016).
The equal spiritual value of men and women is stated in Islam for both shall
pass the “Day of Judgment.” The Quran mentions the following about to the position
of women:
“Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah had
given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they
support them from their means. Therefore, the righteous women are
devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband’s) absence what Allah
would have them guard. As to those women on whose part you fear
disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next), refuse to share

13
 their beds, (and last) chastise them (lightly); but if they return to
obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance): for Allah is
Most High, Great (above you all) (Quran 4:34).”

Source: The Quran, translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, p. 53

(cited by Ong and dL Jose, 2016)

Militancy and Terrorism

Islam abhors terrorism. Muhammad forbids physical mutilation, use of fire,

and murder of women and children. Muslims are misunderstood as terrorists due to
sects that yield to extremism. Destruction of human lives, buildings, infrastructures,
shrines, and other properties are despicable in the light of various Islamic texts
(Ibrahim, 1997 as cited by Ong and dL Jose, 2016). Sufists are victimized by some
Islamic extremists due to their eclectic Islamic teaching. Quranic teachings are
distorted by some Muslims who promote violence and exploitation of civilians. The
presence of violence in an Islamic society cannot be attributed to the teachings of
Islam but to the failings of human adherents of the religion (Frager, 2002 as cited by
Ong and dL Jose, 2016) thus violating the Islamic laws.

Migration

The migration of Muslim refugees from Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan have
been recorded since the late 19th century after the Second World War. European
nations had a significant increase in population to augment manpower in industries
to regain from the economic loss due to the war.
United Kingdom today is home to more than two million Muslims; France
between four to five million Muslims: and Germany four million Muslims. In 2010,
there were about 44 million Muslims in Europe, excluding Turkey. The Muslim
population in the US and Europe continues to rise in the present century. Islam has
now become an American religion with around six million Muslims in population.
Muslim immigrants and their American-born children number about four million in
total. Meanwhile, almost two million are American converts that are mainly African
American (Frager, 2002 as cited by Ong and dL Jose, 2016).

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 Let us Check your understanding!

As you have read the discussions, answer the following questions to

gauge your understanding on Islam. Write your answers in your journal
notebook.

1. What meaningful concepts about Islam have you learned from this module?
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2. What do you appreciate much about Muslims?

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3. What have you discovered about yourself in relation to the module?

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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Well done! You have just finished the discussion. Tomorrow you will
accomplish activities along with Islam. Be confident because you have learned
enough. You may rest for now.

15
 VII. APPLICATION

What’s on your mind?

Here is something that you need to work on. Write an EXPOSITORY PAPER
about a certain issue arising from the Islamic religion. An expository paper will
require you to evaluate pieces of evidence and relate concepts based on a given
topic. Expound the idea concisely and with clarity. Choose only one from the given
topics for you to discuss:

• The increase of Muslim refugees from Islamic countries due to war and
terrorism.
• The limited rights and privileges of Muslim women in their community.
• Muslims are stereotyped as terrorists by other non-Islamic culture.
• Some Muslims do not follow the true Islamic teachings and principles.

Let us do some processing based on your expository paper and answer the
question below.
1. How can your learning about Islam raise the advocacy of cultural
diversity and equality?

Refer to the attached rubric entitled Expository Paper Rubric, for you to be
guided on the standards of the output.

VIII. POST-TEST

Let’s sum them up!

Instructions: Examine the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, and
related issues of Islam, by completing the given Five Pillars below.

Core Islamic
Possible Issue/s that
Five Pillars of Islam Beliefs/Teachings being
may Arise
Practiced

Shahadah

16
 Salat

Sawm

Zakat

Hajj

TAHANINA!
CONGRATULATIONS!
Your accomplishment in learning Islam must be celebrated!
Good luck on your next learning experience.

IX. ASSIGNMENT / ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Let us put it together!

Make a CONCEPT MAP using the words from the box below. Use connecting
words as your links. Refer to the attached rubric entitled Graphic Organizer Rubric
for you to be guided on the standards of the output.

Allah Qur’an Prophet Muhammad The Five Pillars of Islam

Muslim Islam Shahadah Medina
Sawm Salat Sunnah Mecca
Caliphs Hajj Zakat Hadith
Abu Bakr Omar Ali Uthman

Activity 2. Learning Checkpoint!

Instructions: Your learned knowledge will be validated through this activity. Read
each question carefully as you write the letter of your answer in your journal
notebook.

17
1. Which of the following religions exemplifies surrender to Allah and believes that
Prophet Muhammad is the Messenger of God?
A. Judaism C. Islam
B. Roman Catholic D. Hinduism

2. Who was the angel who guided and enlightened Muhammad to accept his role as
the Messenger of Allah?
A. Gabriel C. Michael
B. Raphael D. Uriel

3. Salat: Five daily ritual prayers from dawn to evening

Hajj: ____________________________________
A. Ali is the legitimate successor of Prophet Muhammad
B. Following the footsteps of Abraham and Muhammad by visiting the Kaaba
C. Returning of wealth to the community and financing communal facilities
D. Celebrating Eid al-Fitr by the end of the holy month of Ramadan

4. What is the holy book of Islam?

A. Torah C. Bible
B. Vedas D. Qur’an

5. Which of the following is not considered as one of the Five Pillars of Islam?
A. Shahadah C. Zakat
B. Sunnah D. Sawm

6. The holy month of Ramadan is a special month for Muslims because it is the
period in the Islamic Calendar where they can __________________________.
A. perform Hajj and travel to the Pilgrimage city of Mecca
B. fast to empathize with the needy as an absolution
C. perform an act of almsgiving to their community
D. commemorate the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina

7. It is the place of worship for Muslims.

A. Dhuhr C. Muezzin
B. Qiblah D. Mosque

8. What differentiates the Shi’ite Muslims from the Sunni Muslims?

A. Shi’ites recognizes Caliph Umar as the successor of Muhammad
B. Shi’ites deviated from the sunnah and supported Ali as a successor after
Muhammad
C. Shi’ites form the majority of Muslims in the world.
D. Shi’ites originated from Medina while Sunnis originated from Mecca

18
9. According to the sunnah who became the next leader of the Islamic faith?
A. Ali C. Umar
B. Abu Bakr D. Uthman

10. Which of the following raises inequality among Muslim women?

A. Participation in socio-civic activities
B. Access to quality education
C. Limited roles in religious activities
D. Divorce from marriage

CONGRATULATIONS!
You did a great job! You’re done with this module.

19
 X. ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test Additional Activities (Act. 2-Let’s sum them up!)

1. D 1. C 6. B
2. A 2. A 7. D
3. C 3. B 8. B
4. B 4. D 9. B
5. B 5. B 10. C

References:

Internet Sources

• https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-
religions-apah/isla m-apah/a/introduction-to-islam-2

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://resources.sa
ylor.org/wwwresou rces/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/HIST351-
2.2-Five-Pillars-of-Islam.pdf&ved=2ah
UKEwiCsP_e2pLqAhXRGaYKHb4jB5IQFjABegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw1n7DV
DNcI645oI4DkuG OrM&cshid=1592735712605

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.dublin.k
12.ca.us/cms/lib5/
CA01001424/Centricity/Domain/910/TCI%2520CH%25208-
%2520Learning%2520about%2520 world%2520religions-
%2520Teachings%2520of%2520Islam.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiLx4-T15LqAh
VryYsBHWTwBNsQFjAPegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw04cUZPUXaEtQB_NsTAX
oyY&cshid=1592 735799478

• https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-
explainer.html

• https://teachmideast.org/articles/timeline-of-early-islamic-history/

• https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=BmcIX-
7RPPPVmAWn7p3QCw&q=what+is+kaaba+in+islam&oq=what+is+kaaba&gs
_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgBMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADI

20
 CCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQM6CAgAELEDEIMBUM0uWMlEYIdaaABwA
HgBgAHBC4gBxyOSAQ0wLjEuMy4xLjYtMi4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg
&sclient=psy-ab

• https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-huawei-
rev1&sxsrf=ALeKk03O8NBt46GS8xx1VoZ8oQZ7uEeQEA%3A159452490885
3&ei=7IQKX4vQM63KmAW0_IeYDQ&q=hijra+meaning&oq=hijra+meaning&g
s_lcp=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAMyBQgAEMsBMgYIABAHEB4y
BggAEAcQHjIFCAAQywEyBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBggA
EAcQHjoECCMQJzoHCAAQsQMQQzoICAAQBxAKEB5QoeIDWIPABGCDy
QRoAnAAeAOAAeQXiAGqY5IBDTEuMS42LjUtMS45LTSYAQCgAQE&sclien
t=mobile-gws-wiz-serp

• https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-huawei-
rev1&sxsrf=ALeKk03EF5jUXqWPGE9GnGB42dTjgst8qw%3A159451187056
0&ei=_lEKX9zlIbCmmAXZvY2YDA&q=caliph+meaning&oq=caliph+me&gs_lc
p=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAEYADIFCAAQywEyBQgAEMsBMgU
IABDLATIFCAAQywEyBQguEMsBMgUILhDLATIFCC4QywEyBQgAEMsBOg
cIIxDqAhAnOgcILhDqAhAnOgkIIxDqAhAnEBM6BAgjECc6BQgAELEDOgIILj
oICAAQsQMQgwE6CAguELEDEIMBOgYIIxAnEBM6AggAOgUILhCxAzoICC
4QywEQkwJQoQ5Yqi5g4jZoAnAAeACAAfMBiAGyC5IBBTAuMi41mAEAoAE
BsAEP&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp

Books

• Cornelio, J.S., et al. (2016). Introduction to World Religions and Belief

Systems (1st Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc.

• Ong J.A. and M.D.dL. Jose. (2016). Introduction to World Religions and Belief
Systems. Vibal Group, Inc.

Published Article

• Blanchard, C.M. (2009). Islam: Sunnis and Shiites. Congressional Research

Service. Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.everycr
sreport.com/files/20100303_RS21745_6179770861aba183b44ce9c7371e89a
7cafc0725.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi6w5rivqTqAhUCMN4KHewTBoAQFjAAegQIB
BAB&usg=AOvVaw0QPsPOnwGtsDiWU_l2PPIN

21
 EXPOSITORY PAPER RUBRIC

Beginner Apprentice Intermediate Mastery

Criteria Total
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Focus is clear and
Focus is clear and distinct; includes
Focus and ideas are distinct; observe sound opening and
Focus and ideas are
somewhat clear; may evidence of opening, closing; ideas are
unclear; writing lacks
include opening, and closing; and ideas creative and original,
Content and opening, closing, and
and/or closing; and are communicated reflecting logical
Organization logical sequence; and
attempts to use through logical sequence; and writing
details and transitions
sequence, details and sequence, details, reflects creative
are minimal or lacking
logical transitions descriptive words and expression, exact
transitions details, and smooth
transitions
Minimum of 2 facts Minimum of 4 relevant Minimum of 6 relevant Minimum of 8 relevant
Usage of was used in the output facts was used in the facts was used in the facts was used in the
Facts (2x) to support the output to support the output to support the output to support the
arguments arguments arguments arguments
Sentences are often
incomplete or
Sentences are simply Sentences are Sentences are varied
confusing; writing
constructed, and complete and detailed, and well-developed,
Sentence lacks structure and
writer attempts to use and word choice is and sentences reflect
Construction detail; and word
detail and vary word fairly varied and many relevant details
choice is limited,
choice descriptive and rich word choice
simplistic, and
unvaried

22
 Sentences reflect the
subject-verb
Sentences generally
Sentences reflect Sentences reflect agreement, complex
reflect subject-verb
limited or no subject- inconsistent subject- structure, and proper
Grammar and agreement and verb
verb agreement and verb agreement and verb-agreement,
Usage tense, and the writer
verb tense, thus verb tense and often complex structure,
frequently uses other
confusing the meaning require clarification and proper verb tense;
parts of speech
and the writer uses
varied parts of speech
Capitalization and
Capitalization and Capitalization and
Capitalization and punctuation are
punctuation are punctuation are
punctuation are used consistently correct;
applied intermittently, generally correct, and
minimally if at all, and punctuation reflects
Mechanics and spelling reflects spelling reflects
spelling reflects varied use; and a
some application of regular application of
minimal application of strong command of
phonetic principles phonetic and standard
phonetic awareness phonetic and standard
and standard spelling spelling
spelling

TOTAL SCORE

23