COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The communication system is a system model that describes a

communication exchange between two stations, transmitter, and receiver.
Signals or information passes from source to destination through a channel. It
represents a way in which the signal uses it to move from a source toward its
destination. To transmit signals in a communication system, it should first be
processed by beginning from signal representation, to signal shaping until
encoding and modulation. After the transmitted signal is prepared, it is passed
to the transmission line of the channel. Due to signal crossing this media, it is
faced with many impairments like noise, attenuation, and distortion.
The process of transferring the information between two points is called
communication. The main elements needed to communicate are the transmitter
to send the information, the medium to send the information and the receiver to
receive the information on the other end.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Based on physical infrastructure:
I. Line communication systems: Uses the existing infrastructure of power
lines to transfer data from one point to another point.
II. Radio Communication systems: uses the infrastructure of radio waves to
transfer the information from one point to another point.

There is a physical link, called a hardwire channel between the transmitter and
the receiver inline communication systems.

BASED ON SIGNAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Signal specifications that are used to decide the type of communication system
are:
 Nature of the baseband or information signal: Baseband signals is a
technology which can access the signals with very low frequency and
also near zero frequency and based on the nature of the transmitted
signal, the baseband signal can either be transmitted as it is without
modulation or through a carrier signal with modulation.

EXAMPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 INTERNET
 PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
 INTRANET AND EXTRANET
 TELEVISION

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ARE DIVIDED INTO:

 Analog communication systems: The Analog system conveys the
information from the audio, video and pictures between two points using
the analogue signals. A sinusoidal signal is an example of an analogue
communication system.
 Digital communication systems: Digital communication has become very
important in the age of the internet. It is a physical exchange of information
between two points discreetly. The information exchange happens through
digital signals.
 Baseband communication system: Baseband communication is the transfer
of signals that are not amplified to higher frequencies. They help in
transferring signals with near-zero frequency.
 Carrier communication system: Carrier communication systems transfer
the information especially voice messages and calls by improving the
frequency much higher than the actual rate.
1. TELECOMMUNCATION
This is a communication system that
makes use of electromag- netic signals to
transmit information from one point to ano-
ther. It can either be through wire, radio,
visual or other electromagnetic systems.

2. ANALOG TRANSMISSION
This is the transmission of a continously variable signal a- long both
amplitude and frequency as opposed to a Discrete-ly variable one.

3. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
This is the transmission of signal wherein all information to be
transmitted are first converted into digital form then sent down as streams of
pulses.

4. INTERNET
This is the electronic communications
network which con- nects computer networks
and organizational computer faci- lities around
the world.

WIRELESS AND WIRED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Wireless communication systems use radio waves, electromagnetic waves
and infrared waves to communicate from one point to another point and the
wire communication system uses wire, optical fibre which works on the
phenomenon of total internal reflection to communicate from one point to
another point.

 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 GROUND WAVE COMMUNICATION,
 SKYWAVE COMMUNICATION
 SPACE WAVE COMMUNICATION

TERMS USED IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. Signal
A signal is that information that has been converted into a digital format.
Analog signals (such as human voice) or digital signals (binary data) are
inputted to the system, processed within the electronic circuits for transmission,
then decoded by the receiver. The system is claimed to be reliable and effective;
only errors are minimized within the process.
2. Communication Channel
A medium by which a signal travels.
3. Transducer
The device used to convert one form of energy into another form is a
transducer.
4. Receiver
A receiver is a device that receives the signals sent/ transmitted by the
senders and decodes them into a form that is understandable by humans.
5. Attenuation
The reduction in the strength of analog or digital signal as it is
transmitted over a communication medium.
6. Amplitude
An amplitude of the signal refers to the strength of the signal.
7. Amplification
Is the process to strengthen the amplitude of the signals using an
electronic circuit.
8. Bandwidth
Explains the range of frequency over which a signal has been transmitted.
9. Modulation
As the original message signal can't be transmitted over an outsized
distance due to their low frequency and amplitude, they're superimposed with
high frequency and amplitude waves called carrier waves. This phenomenon of
superimposing a message signal with a carrier wave is called modulation. And
the resultant wave is a modulated wave which is to be transmitted.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODULATION

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM)

10. Demodulation
Demodulation takes a modulated signal and then extracts the original
message from it.
11. Repeater
The repeater extends the range of communication systems by amplifying
the signals.
12. Noise
Any electrical signal which interferes with an information signal is called
noise.

TELEPHONE, CABLE TV, AND VIDEO SYSTEMS

TELEPHONE SYSTEM
 a communication system that transmits sound between distant points.
TYPES OF TELEPHONE SYSTEM

a) MULTI-LINE PHONE SYSTEM

This phone system has the ability to wait, hold and
tranfer calls so as to host conference calls and
support voicemail.

b) PBX
Pbx or private branch exchange is a private phone
network that has all the features of a multi-line and
more.

c) VOIP
Voip or voice over internet protocol is a phone
service that works because of the internet and can
either be used over virtual or physical interfaces.

d) ISDN
Isdn or integrated services digital network is a
system that utilizes data lines to simultaneously
transfer video, voice and data.
e) PABX
Pabx or private automated branch exchange is
similar to the pbx system but this allows the
users to select which lines are outbound and
these are designed for larger voice networks.

f) IPPBX
Ppbx or internet protocol private branch exchange
is a hy-brid set up that is inspired by the pbx
systems

g) KEY SYSTEM
This system is the cheaper alternative for the pbx
systems which works well with up to 40 users on
the network. These are normally progammed by
the users due to the lack of uni-versal support.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TELEPHONE SYSTEMS

a) LANDLINE
Landline telephone systems are part of the Plain Old Telephone Service
(POTS), the analog service with copper wiring that is the direct descendant of
the original telephone system courtesy of Alexander Graham Bell. The
advantages of this system include standardized equipment, predictable sound
quality, and — due to direct connections to the central office of the company —
no need to share the system’s capacity with others. Because switches are in
place, creating a private circuit for each phone call, it is also called the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

b) INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP),

Also called Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), another type of telephone
system that is in use in the 21st century. This service piggy-backs on existing
Internet connections, either cable service or DSL broadband. A device called an
Analog Telephone Adaptor is the go between that connects whatever phone a
person happens to have with either the broadband modem or the router.

CABLE TELEVISION SYSTEM

 Means any facility that, in a whole part, receives directly or indirectly
over the air, and amplifies or otherwise modifies the signals
transmitting the programs broadcast by one or more television or radio
stations and distributes such signals, by wire or cable, to subscribing
members of the public who pay for such services.
VIDEO SYSTEMS
 Means the networked video system with screens and sounds as the
communication media which is installed, operated, maintained and
replaced by party B.

THE COMPLETE VIDEO SYSTEM MUST INCLUDE:

a) CAMERA (studio or portable) to take pictures and a microphone to record
sound.
b) VIDEOTAPE RECORDER (VTR), (studio or portable) to record and play
back the pictures and sound.
c) TV MONITOR or TV receiver to display picture and sound.
d) VIDEOTAPE (reusable) to store the picture and sound.
e) CONNECTING CABLES to join the various components together.

INTERCOM AND PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

INTERCOM SYSTEM
 An intercom system is a two-way communication electronic device that
contains circuitry for the purpose of transmitting and receiving audio
and/or video transmissions.

WIRELESS INTERCOMS: In applications where wires cannot be run, a wireless

system is used. There are a broad spectrum of two-way wireless communication
devices that include such devices as handheld radios, outdoor wireless
callboxes, as well as traditional desktop devices. The range these units will
transmit varies widely based on the wireless technology used.
WIRED INTERCOM SYSTEMS: When you can run wires between locations, a
wired system can give you a little more privacy and eliminate possible
interference from neighboring systems. There are different wire types such as 2-
wire shielded or Cat-5/6 that can be used with these systems. If you are
considering a video system, a wired unit may be the best solution.

VIDEO INTERCOM: These typically have a unit that has a camera, speaker,
and a push button that goes at an entrance door, and an internal monitor unit
that can communicate with the entrance unit. Some systems can have multiple
video monitors internally. Given the difficulty of sending video over the airwaves
at very much distance without interference, most available units are wired.

APARTMENT INTERCOMS: This type of system has a door unit at an entrance

door and then each apartment or flat has either one or multiple units that can
speak to the door and possibly see the visitor, or the door unit rings a landline
or cellular telephone number. A visitor simply presses the correct button for the
apartment they want to speak to, and the tenant can speak back and then
press a button to unlock the door.

TWO-WAY RADIOS: While these are technically not intercoms, there are two-
way radios that communicate with base station intercoms. So you can have the
flexibility of a mobile radio that communicates over long distances mixed with
the capability a fixed intercom gives you.

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

 A network of sound devices that can play sound to several people. It can
be configured to assist in emergencies as voice evacuation,
communication in selected areas as a paging and announcements
medium, and provide background music or commentary in events,
among others.

OPERATIONS:
PA Systems are composed of input sources like microphones to capture
sound; mixing hardware such as amplifiers and mixer boards that tweak the
delivery of the audio; and output devices like speakers for sound distribution.

FEATURES:
 Indoor and outdoor
 Long distances and multi-site areas can be supported
 All PA systems are designed to accomodate more hardware as needed.

HIGH TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM

 Means the technology with a high content of scientific research and
technological development; which is integrated from modern scientific and
technological achievements; creates high-quality and eco-friendly products
with high added value and significant features; plays key role in forming
new manufacturing or service industry or modernizing an existing
manufacturing or service industry.

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

 A network designed to connect and automate certain functions inside a
building. All of the building control systems, from lighting and HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning) to fire and security systems—all
wired through one set of controls.
 Are often part of green buildings.
HOW DOES A BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS) WORK?
For most building automation systems (BAS), input and output devices
connect with a controller and a user interface. These components all work
together to gather, process, and adjust information.

FIVE MAIN COMPONENTS:

 Input devices (sensors): measure data (like CO2 in air and humidity)
 Controllers: the system’s “brain” decides how to respond to that data
 Output devices (actuators): carry out the controller’s programmed
responses
 Communications protocols: a language for the parts to “talk” to each other
 User interfaces (UI): screens and dashboards to review building data reports

LIST OF SYSTEMS AUTOMATED IN THE TYPICAL SMART BUILDING

 Lighting and other electrical systems
 Plumbing systems
 HVAC systems and rooftop units
 Fire alarms and other emergency systems
 Elevators and other mechanical systems
 Surveillance cameras and other security systems
 Vents and exhaust fans
 VAV Boxes

 When it is being used correctly, a smart building is greener, more user-

friendly, and less expensive to operate than a regular building. Some of the
ways that this works are obvious.
 A BAS can be configured to reduce heating or cooling use after tenants go
home for the day, for example. Other uses are a little bit more sophisticated.
Some modern building automation systems use machine learning to predict
when a room or unit will be out of use and adjust HVAC use accordingly.
 In large buildings, a BAS can be configured to stagger its daily powering-on
program in order to reduce peak load, and as a consequence, energy bills.
Large retail spaces often employ light sensors to detect the level of sunlight
entering from rooftop windows, allowing their BAS to adjust their interior
 lighting use accordingly. Offices may connect simple motion sensors to their
BAS to detect when a room is not in use and turn off the lights to conserve
energy.

BENEFITS OF A BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

a) COMFORT ADVANTAGES
In terms of tenant comfort, the most obvious benefit from a BAS is
temperature regulation. By automating HVAC systems, a BAS can help to avoid
frigid and sweltering mornings in the winter and summer, respectively, by
powering up temperature control systems before anyone arrives and turning
them down after everyone leaves.

b) FINANCIAL ADVANTAGES
A correctly used BAS will generally pay for itself over time in lower utility bills
alone. A building automation system can also help to optimize the use of heavy
pieces of equipment, increasing their lifespans and providing more indirect
savings.It is also important to factor in property value increases. Properly
managed smart buildings are more comfortable and more environmentally
friendly, making them more desirable for certain tenants. This may result in a
bump in property value that exceeds the increase from reduced operating costs.

c) ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
Buildings operating a BAS tend to have significantly smaller carbon
footprints. A building that also includes smart metering for use with its BAS
can also use that data to validate its energy usage for regulatory agencies.

ROBOTICS
 A branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture
and operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to create
intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways.

Robotics can take on a number of forms. A robot may resemble a human,

or it may be in the form of a robotic application, such as robotic process
automation (RPA), which simulates how humans engage with software to
perform repetitive, rules-based tasks.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF ROBOTICS

The term robotics is an extension of the word robot. One of its first uses
came from Czech writer Karel Čapek, who used the word in his play, Rossum's
Universal Robots, in 1920.

ROBOTICS APPLICATIONS
To function, a combination of computer programming and algorithms, a
remotely controlled manipulator, actuators, control systems - action, processing
and perception - real-time sensors and an element of automation helps to
inform what a robot or robotic system does.

 Home electronics
 Computer science/computer programming
 Artificial intelligence
 Data science
 Law enforcement/military
 Mechanical engineering
 Mechatronics
 Nanotechnology
 Bioengineering/healthcare
 Aerospace

TYPES OF ROBOTICS
a) PRE-PROGRAMMED ROBOTS
Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment where they
do simple, monotonous tasks. An example of a pre-programmed robot would be
a mechanical arm on an automotive assembly line. The arm serves one function
— to weld a door on, to insert a certain part into the engine, etc. — and its job
is to perform that task longer, faster and more efficiently than a human.

b) HUMANOID ROBOTS
Humanoid robots are robots that look like or mimic human behavior.
These robots usually perform human-like activities (like running, jumping and
carrying objects), and are sometimes designed to look like us, even having
human faces and expressions. Two of the most prominent examples of
humanoid robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.

c) AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS
Autonomous robots operate independently of human operators. These
robots are usually designed to carry out tasks in open environments that do not
require human supervision. They are quite unique because they use sensors to
perceive the world around them, and then employ decision-making structures
(usually a computer) to take the optimal next step based on their data and
mission. One example of an autonomous robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner,
which uses sensors to roam freely throughout a home.

d) ELEOPERATED ROBOTS
Teleoperated robots are semi-autonomous bots that use a wireless
network to enable human control from a safe distance. These robots usually
work in extreme geographical conditions, weather and circumstances.
Examples of teleoperated robots are the human-controlled submarines used to
fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or drones used to detect
landmines on a battlefield.

e) AUGMENTING ROBOTS
Augmenting robots, also known as VR robots, either enhance current
human capabilities or replace the capabilities a human may have lost. The field
of robotics for human augmentation is a field where science fiction could
become reality very soon, with bots that have the ability to redefine the
definition of humanity by making humans faster and stronger. Some examples
of current augmenting robots are robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons used
to lift hefty weights.

THE PROS AND CONS OF ROBOTICS

Robotic systems are coveted in many industries because they can
increase accuracy, reduce cost and increase safety for human beings.

In fact, safety is arguably one of robotics' greatest benefits, as many

dangerous or unhealthy environments no longer require the human element.
Examples include the nuclear industry, space, defense, maintenance and more.
With robots or robotic systems, workers can avoid exposure to hazardous
chemicals and even limit psychosocial and ergonomic health risks.
MACHINE LEARNING IN ROBOTICS
Machine learning and robotics intersect in a
field known as robot learning. Robot learning is the
study of techniques that enable a robot to acquire
new knowledge or skills through machine learning
algorithms.
Some applications that have been explored by robot
learning include grasping objects, object
categorization and even linguistic interaction with a
human peer. Learning can happen through self-exploration or via guidance
from a human operator.
To learn, intelligent robots must accumulate facts
through human input or sensors. Then, the robot's
processing unit will compare the newly acquired
data to previously stored information and predict
the best course of action based on the data it has
acquired.
However, it's important to understand that a robot
can only solve problems that it is built to solve. It
does not have general analytical abilities.

INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
 Intelligent buildings are facilities that leverage complex automated systems
to maximize operational efficiency and the well-being of occupants.
Historically, the term often referred to structures built for sustainability
instead of smart technology. Today, the definition includes simplified
maintenance, enhanced tenant experiences, increased productivity, and
much more.
 The term “intelligent building” has been in use since the early 1980s.

The first definition, coined by the Intelligent Buildings Institute, defines

an intelligent building as “one which provides a productive and cost-effective
environment through optimization of four basic elements: structure, systems,
services and management, and the interrelationship between them.”
According to this initial definition, an intelligent building is one that optimally
matches its four elements to the users’ needs with an emphasis on the
technology that makes the interrelationship between the elements possible.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 Reliable internet connectivity
 Optimized maintenance
 Energy efficiency
 Automated and personalized services
CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING
The concept of intelligent building is to develop building automation and
management systems (BAS/BMS) for building management staff who can gain
access to any building system via the BAS/BMS to accomplish the goals of
monitoring, real-time control, and condition-based maintenance inside the shift
duty room.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

RELIABLE INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

All intelligent buildings need internet access
to leverage the iot capabilities of devices in their
networks. Simply adding wifi routers isn’t enough
designers need to maximize coverage, avoid building
materials that block signals and have contingencies
in place for emergencies. For these reasons plans are
the intelligent choice.

OPTIMIZED MAINTENANCE
When something breaks down in an
intelligent building, facility managers need
to get it running as quickly as possible.
Thankfully, these systems can use
preventative maintenance tools to monitor
performance and recommend inspections in
advance.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The most common energy waste
occurs from everyday inefficiencies, such as
always-on lights or overactive air
conditioning. Intelligent buildings can
automate this usage to reduce costs and
promote sustainability.

AUTOMATED AND PERSONALIZED SERVICES

Both intelligent and smart buildings have similar features that combine
iot devices, online connectivity, and energy efficiency. One key difference is
automation while smart buildings offer interfaces to control facility operations,
intelligent buildings manage them automatically. Advanced networks use
sensors to detect tenant locations and predict where they will be before
optimizing the building environment accordingly.