Class 2

PHY-112 | Principles of Physics-2
Akiful Islam (AZW)

Summer 2024 | Class #2
Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences
Recheck Coulomb’s Law
AZW | Summer 2024 | June 6, 2024 | PHY-112
Recall Coulomb’s Law 1

Force is observer dependent!
1 |q1 q2 | ⃗

⃗FE = r.
4πϵ0 r3
1 |q1 q2 |

= r̂
4πϵ0 r2
This forms an inverse square law and an action-reaction pair.
Incepting Ideas (1) 2

Hint: Assume the volume charges to be pointlike
Q: Charged spheres A and B exert repulsive forces on each other.

qA = 4qB . Which statement is true?
(a) FA on B > FB on A , (b) FA on B = FB on A , (c) FA on B < FB on A


Hint: Gravity is weak!!!
Q: Find the ratio of the Electrostatic force and the Gravitational force
in action between a proton and electron separated by 1 m.
Q: How far apart must two protons be if the magnitude of the
electrostatic force acting on either one due to the other is equal to the
magnitude of the gravitational force on a proton at Earth’s surface?
Gravity is weak at this scale!
Important Conclusion: Gravitational force can be safely ignored in
this course since it is miniscule compared to the Electrostatic force.
E.g., FG : FE ∼ 10−39 in the case of a proton and electron.

Hint: Condition for force cancellation
Q: Three charged particles lie on an x axis. Particles 1 and 2 are fixed in

place. Particle 3 is free to move, but the net electrostatic force on it
from particles 1 and 2 happens to be zero. If L23 = 3L13 , what is the
q
ratio 1 ? The figure is not drawn to scale.
q2
L13

Hint: Condition for force cancellation
Homework Practice Problem: Try it Yourself

Q: Two charged particles are fixed to an x axis: Particle 1 of charge
q1 = +2.1 × 10−8 C is at position x = 20 cm and particle 2 of charge
q2 = −4.00q1 is at position x = 70 cm. At what coordinate on the axis
(other than at infinity) is the net electric force on q3 = +2.00q1
vanishes?
Coulomb Forces for Continuous Charge Dis-
tribution
The Superposition Principle for ⃗FE : Continuous 6

Continuous means You cannot count the number of charges
Discrete versus Continuous Charge Distribution 7

The recipe on how to cook it
From Discrete to Continuous

Step-1: Replace the discretecharges with a unit charge element,
defined uniformly. qi → dq .
Step-2: Replace
Z the discrete summation with a continuous integral.
X
→ .
N
X
Q= qi (Discrete)
i
Z
Q= dq (Continuous)
The Superposition Principle for ⃗FE : Continuous 8

Do Pairwise vector sum
The total force on Q is:

Z
⃗FQ = Qdq
2 r̂dqQ ,
4πϵ0 rdqQ
where ⃗rdqQ = ⃗rQ − ⃗rdq . ⃗rQ is the position vector of the observer charge.
⃗rdq is the position vector of the charge element dq in the distribution,
measured in the Cartesian coordinate system.
3 Key ⃗E Field Sources that we will study 9

Keep the intensity the same all over
Electric Charge Densities 10

Charge distributed per unit whatever dimension
Charge Distributions in three available spatial dimensions

▶ A line charge λ [C m−1 ], is a charge per unit length:
dq
λ=
dl
▶ A surface charge σ [C m−2 ], is a charge per unit area:
dq
σ=
da
▶ A volume charge ρ [C m−3 ], is a charge per unit volume:
dq
ρ=
dV
Electric Charge Densities 11

How to calculate the total charge from charge densities
How to define the unit charge elements?
dq

 in one dimension (1D)
 dl




uniform charge distribution ≡ dq
in two dimension (2D)

 da
 dq



in three dimension (3D)
dV


 λdl in one dimension (1D)
Z 

Total Charge, Q = dq = σ da in two dimension (2D)



ρdV

in three dimension (3D)
You do not need to worry about Continuous charge
distribution regarding Coulomb forces just yet!
We will find an alternative, less time-consuming way to
measure the forces. But the recipe remains the same.
Enter Electric Field
Electric Field Definition 12

Field is observer independent
Electric Field Intensity 13

Just the magnitude part
Electric Field ⃗E [N C−1 or V m−1 ] is defined as the force per unit

positive charge exerted on the test charge.
⃗
⃗E = lim FE
q0 →0 q0
1 |q| ⃗

= r
4πϵ0 r3
1 |q|

= r̂,
4πϵ0 r2
Note: The limit is there to ensure the existence of the field even in the
⃗F
absence of q0 . The field (or in this case, the ratio E ) remains the same
q0
if the sources remain the same.
Electric Field Direction 14

Just the direction part
The direction of the electric field at a given point is the direction in

which a positive test charge would experience a force if placed at
that same point around the source charge that made the field.
⃗FE = q0⃗E ,
where ⃗FE → Coulomb force felt by the observer charge q0 in presence

of ⃗E. The field is produced by charge q.
Remember, q0 did not make this ⃗E. q0 only measures its effect.
The Superposition Principle for ⃗E: Discrete 15

Do Pairwise vector sum
The electric field experienced by a point charge q0 due to a charge

distribution qi or dq is given by:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗E = F = F1 + F2 + . . . . . . Fn
q0 q0 q0 q0
|q1 | |q2 | |qn |
= r̂ + 2 r̂2r + . . . . . . 4πϵ r 2 r̂nr
4πϵ0 r1r2 1r 4πϵ0 r2r 0 nr
N
X |qi |
= r̂ ,
i
4πϵ0 rir2 ir
where ⃗rir = ⃗r − ⃗ri are the separation coordinates. ⃗r is the position

vector of the point where the observation is being made. ⃗ri is the
position vector of the ith source charge, measured in the
Cartesian coordinate system.

Hint: Think vectorially. No pairing needed
Q: Net Field on
Q: Net Field on

Hint: Think vectorially. No pairing needed
Q: Calculate the net Field at the center. Take

q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = +2 nC.

Hint: Isolate the source charges, and think vectorially
Homework Practice Problem: Try it Yourself

Q: Find ⃗E on the −3.0 nC charge. Give your answer in component and
magnitude form. Measure the direction with respect to +x-axis.
That is it for today!

Class 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHY-112 | Principles of Physics-2

Akiful Islam (AZW)

Recall Coulomb’s Law 1

Incepting Ideas (1) 2

Q: Charged spheres A and B exert repulsive forces on each other.

(a) FA on B > FB on A , (b) FA on B = FB on A , (c) FA on B < FB on A

Incepting Ideas (2) 3

Incepting Ideas (3) 4

Q: Three charged particles lie on an x axis. Particles 1 and 2 are fixed in

Incepting Ideas (4) 5

Homework Practice Problem: Try it Yourself

The Superposition Principle for ⃗FE : Continuous 6

Discrete versus Continuous Charge Distribution 7

From Discrete to Continuous

The Superposition Principle for ⃗FE : Continuous 8

The total force on Q is:

3 Key ⃗E Field Sources that we will study 9

Electric Charge Densities 10

Charge Distributions in three available spatial dimensions

Electric Charge Densities 11

How to define the unit charge elements?

Electric Field Definition 12

Electric Field Intensity 13

Electric Field ⃗E [N C−1 or V m−1 ] is defined as the force per unit

Electric Field Direction 14

The direction of the electric field at a given point is the direction in

where ⃗FE → Coulomb force felt by the observer charge q0 in presence

The Superposition Principle for ⃗E: Discrete 15

The electric field experienced by a point charge q0 due to a charge

where ⃗rir = ⃗r − ⃗ri are the separation coordinates. ⃗r is the position

Incepting Ideas (5) 16

Incepting Ideas (6) 17

Q: Calculate the net Field at the center. Take

Incepting Ideas (7) 18

Homework Practice Problem: Try it Yourself

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.