Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    Skill Week 2

    Uploaded by

    venkatpraveens2006

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Skill Week 2

    Uploaded by

    venkatpraveens2006
    7 views9 pages

    Original Title

    Skill-week-2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views9 pages

    Skill Week 2

    Uploaded by

    venkatpraveens2006

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Skill week 2

    • System Booting, Boot loader.


    • Configure systems to boot into a specific target automatically
    • Install and update software packages from Red Hat Network, a remote repository, or
    from the local file system
    • Manage networking & Security: Configure IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

    Boot, reboot, and shut down a system normally

    Provide the commands to boot, reboot, and shut down a Linux system. Explain the difference
    between the commands shutdown, reboot, and halt.

    Boot
    Booting a Linux system typically involves powering on the machine. This is usually done
    through the physical power button on the hardware. However, if you have a virtual machine or
    a remote system, the boot process may be initiated through the virtualization or remote
    management tools.

    Reboot
    To reboot a Linux system, you can use one of the following commands:

    $ sudo reboot

    or

    $ sudo shutdown -r now

    or

    $ sudo init 6

    Shut Down

    To shut down a Linux system, you can use one of the following commands:

    $ sudo shutdown -h now

    or

    $ sudo poweroff

    or

    $ sudo halt
    Difference Between shutdown, reboot, and halt

    shutdown:

    The shutdown command can be used to power off or reboot the system. It can schedule a
    shutdown or reboot at a specific time.

    Syntax for shutdown:

    sudo shutdown [OPTIONS] [TIME] [MESSAGE]

    -h option: halt the system (power off).

    -r option: reboot the system.

    Example: $ sudo shutdown -h now will halt the system immediately.

    reboot:
    The reboot command is a straightforward way to restart the system. It is essentially
    equivalent to shutdown -r now.
    It does not provide options for scheduling but directly triggers an immediate reboot.
    halt:
    The halt command stops all processes but does not necessarily power off the machine,
    depending on the system configuration. It is often used to bring the system to a halt state.
    When used without options, it can leave the system in a halted state without cutting power.
    Practical Examples
    Immediate Shutdown:

    $ sudo shutdown -h now

    This will power off the system immediately.

    Scheduled Shutdown:

    $ sudo shutdown -h +10 "System will shut down in 10 minutes"

    This will schedule a shutdown in 10 minutes and broadcast a message to all logged-in users.

    Immediate Reboot:

    $ sudo reboot

    This will reboot the system immediately.

    Immediate Halt:

    $ sudo halt

    This will halt the system immediately.


    Power Off System:

    $ sudo poweroff

    This will power off the system immediately.

    These commands are essential for managing the operational state of a Linux system and are
    commonly used by system administrators to ensure proper maintenance and control over the
    system's uptime and performance.

    Boot Loader:
    In CentOS/RHEL systems, the primary bootloader used is GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader).
    GRUB is responsible for loading the Linux kernel and initializing the operating system during
    the boot process. This guide covers the basic concepts of GRUB, its configuration, and
    common tasks such as updating and troubleshooting.

    GRUB Basics

    1. Configuration File: The main configuration file for GRUB 2 is located at


    /etc/default/grub.
    2. GRUB Directory: Additional GRUB configuration files and modules are stored in
    /boot/grub2/.
    3. GRUB Command: The grub2-mkconfig command is used to generate the GRUB
    configuration file.

    Steps to Boot a Linux System into Rescue Mode

    1. Access the Boot Menu:


    o Restart your computer.
    o During the boot process, access the boot menu by pressing a key (usually Esc,
    F2, F10, F12, Del, or another key, depending on your system's BIOS/UEFI).
    2. Select the Appropriate Boot Option:
    o From the boot menu, choose the option to boot from your Linux installation
    media (CD/DVD/USB). If you're using a live CD/DVD/USB, make sure it is
    inserted into the computer.
    3. Boot from Installation Media:
    o If you are using a live CD/DVD/USB, select the "Rescue a broken system"
    option. This option may vary depending on the Linux distribution. For
    example, in CentOS or RHEL, it might be labeled "Troubleshooting" or
    "Rescue mode."
    4. Follow the On-Screen Instructions:
    o The system will boot into a minimal environment. Follow the prompts to
    continue. You may be asked to select a language and keyboard layout.
    5. Select Rescue Mode:
    o You may be presented with multiple options. Choose the one that indicates
    rescue mode or troubleshooting. This will typically load a minimal root shell
    with essential utilities for system repair.
    6. Mount the File System:
    o Once in rescue mode, you might need to manually mount the file system. This
    can usually be done by selecting the appropriate option
    Booting into Different Targets
    Targets are used to group together sets of services and dependencies, effectively
    controlling the state of the system.

    Check the Current Target:

    $ systemctl get-default

    This command will show the default target that the system boots into.

    List Available Targets:

    $ systemctl list-units --type=target

    List All Services:

    $ systemctl list-units --type=service

    List Running Services:

    $ systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running

    Get Detailed Information About a Service:

    $ sudo systemctl show <service_name>

    Check Boot Log:

    $ journalctl -b

    Check Logs for a Specific Service:

    $ journalctl -u <service_name>

    Manage Services with service Command:

    Start a service:

    $ sudo service <service_name> start

    Stop a service:

    $ sudo service <service_name> stop

    Restart a service:

    $ sudo service <service_name> restart

    Check the status of a service:

    $ sudo service <service_name> status


    Install and update software packages from Red Hat
    Network, a remote repository, or from the local file
    system
    On Red Hat-based systems (such as RHEL and CentOS), the yum and dnf package managers
    are used to install, update, and manage software packages. yum is used in older versions of
    RHEL/CentOS, while dnf is the default package manager in newer versions.

    Using yum (for older versions of RHEL/CentOS)

    Install a Package from Red Hat Network or a Remote Repository:

    $ sudo yum install package_name

    Example:

    $ sudo dnf install httpd

    Update a Package from Red Hat Network or a Remote Repository:

    $ sudo yum update package_name


    Example:
    $ sudo dnf update httpd
    Install a Package from a Local File:

    $ sudo yum localinstall /path/to/package.rpm

    Example:

    $ sudo dnf localinstall /path/to/package.rpm

    Update All Packages:

    $ sudo yum update

    Example:

    $ sudo dnf update


    Configure IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
    Configuring IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on CentOS/RHEL systems can be done using the
    ‘nmcli’ command-line tool or by manually editing the network configuration files.
    Using nmcli

    List Available Network Connections:

    $ nmcli con show

    Configure an IPv4 Address:

    nmcli con modify <connection_name> ipv4.addresses <ip_address>/<prefix>

    nmcli con modify <connection_name> ipv4.gateway <gateway_ip>

    nmcli con modify <connection_name> ipv4.dns <dns_ip>

    nmcli con modify <connection_name> ipv4.method manual

    nmcli con up <connection_name>

    Example:

    Using Configuration Files

    Locate the Network Configuration File:

    The configuration files for network interfaces are located in /etc/sysconfig/network-


    scripts/.

    Configure an IPv4 Address:

    Open the configuration file for your network interface, for example, ifcfg-eth0.

    $ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    Add or update the following lines:

    DEVICE=eth0

    BOOTPROTO=none

    ONBOOT=yes

    IPADDR=192.168.1.100
    PREFIX=24

    GATEWAY=192.168.1.1

    DNS1=8.8.8.8

    Configure an IPv6 Address:

    Open the same configuration file for your network interface.

    $ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    Add or update the following lines:

    IPV6INIT=yes

    IPV6ADDR=2001:db8::1/64

    IPV6_DEFAULTGW=2001:db8::fffe

    DNS1=2001:4860:4860::8888

    Restart the Network Service:

    $ sudo systemctl restart network

    Verification

    Check IPv4 Address:

    $ ip addr show eth0

    Check IPv6 Address:

    $ ip -6 addr show eth0

    By using either ‘nmcli’ or manually editing the configuration files, you can configure both IPv4 and
    IPv6 addresses on CentOS/RHEL systems. The choice between these methods depends on your
    preference and the specific requirements of your environment.
    Tasks to be done by student in RHA Portal/ Oracle VM (CentOS)

    Describe the steps and provide the command to install the httpd package
    1
    from the Red Hat Network using dnf.

    How would you update the httpd package to the latest version available in
    2
    the configured remote repository using dnf? Provide the command.

    You have downloaded an RPM package named example.rpm to your


    3 /home/user/ directory. Describe the steps and provide the command to
    install this package using dnf.

    Configure an IPv4 address on a network interface using the nmcli


    4
    command-line tool.

    Configure an IPv4 address on a network interface by editing network


    5
    configuration files.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy