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    8.3 Reinforcement: Key Concept

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    8.3 Reinforcement: Key Concept

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    8.3 Reinforcement: Key Concept

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    SECTION DNA REPLICATION

    8.3 Reinforcement

    KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.


    Every cell needs its own complete set of DNA, and the discovery of the
    three-dimensional structure of DNA immediately suggested a mechanism by which the
    copying of DNA, or DNA replication, could occur. Because the DNA bases pair in
    only one way, both strands of DNA act as templates that direct the production of a new,
    complementary strand. DNA replication takes place during the S stage of the cell cycle.
    The process of DNA replication is very similar in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes,
    but we will focus on eukaryotes.
    • During the S stage of the cell cycle, the DNA is loosely organized in the nucleus.
    Certain enzymes start to unzip the double helix at places called origins of
    replication. The double helix unzips in both directions along the strand. Eukaryotic
    chromosomes are very long, so they have many origins of replication to help speed
    the process. Other proteins hold the two strands apart.
    • The unzipping exposes the bases on the DNA strands and enables free-floating
    nucleotides to pair up with their complementary bases. DNA polymerases bond
    the nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original
    template strands.
    • The result is two identical strands of DNA. DNA replication is described as
    semiconservative because each DNA molecule has one new strand and one original
    strand.

    Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company


    From DNA to Proteins

    DNA polymerase not only bonds nucleotides together. It also has a proofreading
    function. It can detect incorrectly paired nucleotides, clip them out, and replace them
    CHAPTER 8

    with the correct nucleotides. Uncorrected errors are limited to about one per 1 billion
    nucleotides.

    1. Why is DNA replication described as semiconservative?

    2. What are two major functions that DNA polymerase performs?

    72 Reinforcement Unit 3 Resource Book


    McDougal Littell Biology

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