0oil and Gas

Properties of Petroleum and Natural Gas Mohammed Hamzah Msaed
University of Diyala
College of Engineering
Chem. Eng. Dept.
Properties of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Second stage
Lecturer
Mohammed Hamzah Msaed
1
Topics
________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1 : Classification of Crude Oil.
Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oil.
Chapter 3: Crude Oil Preparation for Refining.
Chapter 4: Refining ( Distillation ) of Crude Oil.

Chapter 5: Petroleum Products.
Chapter 6: Gases Production from Petroleum Products.

Chapter 7: Chemical Processes in Petrochemicals Industrials.
References:
1- Petroleum Refinery Engineering , by W.L.Nelson.
2- Petrochemicals , by Hazim.K.Yahya. & Faaz.A.Jameel.
3- Industrial Chemistry for third stage, by Jewad. Al-Khafagy.
4- ‫اسس الكيمياء الصناعية‬, by Mohammed.A.Ameen.
2
Chapter 1 : Classification of Crude Oil

1- Introduction:
Petroleum has been defined as Gaseous, liquid and solid mixture of
hydrocarbon and non hydrocarbon components which are derivatives that occur
naturally in the earth.
Gaseous hydrocarbon is composed of lighter fractions, of which the more

common is methane ( CH4 ) that refer to as natural gas. Liquid petroleum
consists of the liquid hydrocarbon but also contain varying proportion of
dissolved gases and bituminous materials , it is most commonly called crude oil.
Solid and semisolid petroleum is consists of heavier fraction from hydrocarbon
and bituminous materials and had been refer to as bituminous or asphalt.
2- Definition of Petroleum :
It is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and relatively small quantities

of other materials such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, salt , water, dissolved gases
such as hydrogen sulphide ( H2S ) and trace amounts of metals such as iron,
nickel, copper and vanadium.
3- Origin of Petroleum : Tow assumptions are explaining the formation of

petroleum as follows:
A- Inorganic hypothesis :
This hypothesis assume the oil hydrocarbon compounds produced from

reaction hot water vapor with carbides which will form the hydrocarbon
substances under high pressure and temperature as follows:
Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

Temp.
C2H2 petroleum
3
Press.
B- Organic hypothesis :
This hypothesis assume that the petroleum is formed from the

decomposition of the animals and plants dead which converted to liquids and
gases hydrocarbon by effect the high temperature, Pressure and catalyst ( as a
small microscopic beings ) . Some sources suggest this hypothesis to explain the
formation of the Arabian Gulf's petroleum.
4- Importance of petroleum :
a - It represent the major sources for energy in the world ( 45% crude oil and
15% natural gases).
b – Electrical power generation.
c – Fuel for cars, ships and airliners.
d – Fuel for heating and cooking.
e – It is used in petrochemicals industrials to produce various materials
useful such as clothes, plastics, drugs, pipes, …...etc .
f – It used for lubrication engines of different types.
5- Chemical analysis of crude oil :
The proportion of hydrocarbons in the mixture is highly variable and

ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in
the heavier oils and bitumen.
4
The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to

formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits
as follows:
Element Wt %
C ( Carbon ) 83 - 88
H2 ( Hydrogen ) 11 – 14
S ( Sulphur ) 0.05 – 8
N2 ( Nitrogen ) 1–2
O2 ( Oxygen ) 0.05 – 1.5
Metals ( Fe , Ni , Cu , V , ….. ) < 0.03
6- Chemical composition of crude oil :
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly paraffin , naphthene, olefin and
various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain
nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel,
copper and vanadium as follows :
A- Hydrocarbons components :
All the petroleums contains the same hydrocarbons groups such as

normal, branch, cyclic paraffins, olefins and aromatic. They generally have from
1 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule.
I- Paraffins :
The paraffins, also known as alkanes, are saturated hydrocarbons with

straight, branched or cyclic chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen. It is
found in different formula as follows:
5
i- Normal /or series paraffins:
The hydrocarbon chain is straight , the general formula CnH2n+2 , example

n butane mean n = 4 = carbon atoms ( C4H10 ). The properties of branch
paraffins are:
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
 High molecular weight.
n butane
 High boiling point.
 Low octane number.
ii- Branch /or iso paraffins:
The hydrocarbon chain is branched, the general formula CnH2n+2 , example

iso butane mean n = 4 = carbon atoms ( C4H10 ). The properties of branch
paraffins are: CH3
│
CH3 – CH – CH3
 Low boiling point.
iso butane
 High octane number therefore is favorite in cars fuel.
 The common in crude oil is one branch and less tow branches.
iii- Cycloparaffins ( Naphthenes ):
The cycloalkanes, also known as napthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons

which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached
according to the formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes
but have higher boiling points.
6
Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Decalin
II- Olefins:
The olefins, also known as alkenes, are unsaturated hydrocarbons with

general formula ( CnH2n ). The low boiling olefins are probably not present in
crude petroleum, but they are found in cracked products.
CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2
1- butene
III- Aromatics:
The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have

one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen
atoms are attached with the formula ( CnHn ) and many have a sweet aroma and
a carcinogenic.
7
methyl benzene ortho Xylene meta Xylene para Xylene

( Toluene ) (1,2-dimethyl benzene) (1,3-dimethyl benzene) (1,4-dimethyl benzene)
Naphthalene
B- Non hydrocarbons components :
The non hydrocarbon components are caused :
1- Corrosion.
2- Break down in the refinery operation.
the non hydrocarbon components are divided to :
I- Sulphur components :
It is the most important one that increase as the density increased. The
types of sulphur components in the petroleum are :
i- Hydrogen Sulphide H- S- H ( or H2S )

ii- Mercaptance : H- S- R , where R is Alkyl ( H- S- CH3 ) .
iii- Sulphides :
* Aliphatic sulphide : R- S- R
* Cyclo sulphide : S
CH2 CH2
8
Disadvantages of Sulphur components:
1- Corrosion the metal parts of the engine.
2- Reduce O.N ( octane number ).
3- Reduce oxidation resistance.
4- Solids deposition.
II- Oxygen components :
These compounds increase with increasing the ( b.p. = boiling point ) of

the fraction. The types of oxygen components in the petroleum are :
i- Acidic oxygen components: O

║
R-C-OH or R-C-OOH
1- Normal organic acid :
R
|
2- Branch organic acid : R-C-OOH
- COOH
3- Aromatic acid :
ii- Non acidic oxygen components:

O O
║ ║
1- Esters R-C-O-R or R-C-OO-R 2- Amides R-C-NH-R
O
║ R-O-R
3- Ketons 4- Ethers
R-C-R
5- Alcohol R-OH ( CH3-OH , C2H5-OH )

methanol ethanol
9
III- Nitrogen components :
More asphaltic crudes will contain N2 compounds. They usually tolerate

up to 0.25 wt%.
Disadvantages:
1- Can poison catalysts.
2- Increased carbon residue .
3- Decreased API.
Types of nitrogen components in the petroleum :
Pyridine Quinoline
IV- Metallic components :
Disadvantages :
1- Affected on catalyst activity.
2- Coke formation.
3- Reduced the yield of the gasoline.
4- Form ash deposits-power generation plants.
5- Corrosion.
11
Types of metallic components in the petroleum :
1- Organic metallic ( Iron Fe , Nickel Ni , Vanadium V , Cadmium Cd,…).
2- Soap metallic ( Magnesium Mg , Calcium Ca , ….. ).
3- Salt metallic ( Na+ , Ba2+ , .... ).
VI- Brine water :
Water molecules are suspension in crude oil with extremely high

concentrations of dissolved salt ions nearly 300 – 300 000 ppm . The ions are
divided to types:
1- Positive ions ( Na+ , Ba2+ , Mg2+ , Al3+ , ……… ) .
2- Negative ions ( Cl- , Br- , SO42- , I- , …….. ) .
7- Classification of crude oil :
Classification of crude oil refers to natural and type of crude oil ( type
of hydrocarbons in crude oil ) by simplified tests. Four mainly methods are
used:
A- Watson characterization factor ( Kw ) :
Watson characterization factor ( k) can be calculated from following

equation :
3 Tav.bo. po.
Kw 
Sp.Gr.60 / 60 o F
Where :
11
Kw = Watson characterization factor.
Tav.bo.po. = average boiling point temperature = Tav. volume - ∆t
Tav. volume = average volume temperature.
∆t = correction factor = slope of distillation curve.
Correction factor (∆t ) is calculating as a slope of distillation curve for

distillation crude oil sample experiment data according ASTM method.
ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials.
Sp.Gr. 60/60 oF = Specific Gravity at 15oC (60 oF)
Crude oil density at 60 oF

Sp.Gr.60/60 oF =
Water density at 60 oF
Note :
Temperature in Rankin unit ( oR ).
Temperature convertor relationships :
From To Formulae
Celsius Fahrenheit F = C × 1.8 + 32
Celsius kelvin K = C + 273.15
Celsius Rankin Ra = C × 1.8 + 32 + 459.67
Thermometer
Condenser
12
Crude oil 100ml Distillate %
% Distillate Temp. oF
0 To = IBP
10 T1
20 T2
30 T3
40 T4
50 T5 Temp. oR Slope=∆t= ∆T / ∆Dist.
60 T6
70 T7
80 T8
90 T9 % Dist.
95 T10=FBP
IBP=Initial Boiling Point at 0% distillate.
FBP=Final Boiling Point at stop distillate.
Tav. volume = ( T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6+T7+T8+T9 ) / 9
∆t = slope = ( T9 – T1 ) / ( 90 – 10 ) = ( T9 – T1 ) / 80
Crude oil classificated by Watson characterization factor as follows :
1- K = 12.15 – 12.9 paraffinic ( or light ) based crude oil
2- K = 11.5 – 12.1 mixed ( or intermediate ) based crude oil
3- K = 10.5 – 11.45 naphthenic ( asphaltic or heavy ) based crude oil
B- Key Fraction ( API gravity ) :
API = American Petroleum Institute
The formula to obtain API gravity of petroleum liquids, from specific gravity is:
141.5
APIgravity   131.5
Sp.Gr60 / 60o F
13
Crude oil classificated by API gravity according to distillate pressure as

follows:
1- when the distillate at atmospheric pressure ( Press. = 1 atm ) as follows :
1- API gravity > 40 paraffinic ( or light ) based crude oil
2- API gravity = 33 - 40 mixed ( or intermediate ) based crude oil
3- API gravity < 33 naphthenic ( asphaltic or heavy ) based crude oil
2- when the distillate at vacuum pressure ( Press. = 40 mmHg ) as follows :
4- API gravity > 30 paraffinic ( or light ) based crude oil
5- API gravity = 20 - 30 mixed ( or intermediate ) based crude oil
6- API gravity < 20 naphthenic ( asphaltic or heavy ) based crude oil
C - Sulfur Content :
Crude oil naturally contains sulfur compounds. Crudes are classed as

sweet or sour depending on their sulfur content. If a crude has less than 0.5%
sulfur in it, it is considered to be " sweet crude oil ". If has greater than 2.5%
sulfur, it is " sour crude oil ". A crude with a sulfur content between these two
endpoints is called " intermediate ".
D – Correlation Index ( C.I. ) :
This method based on the percentages of various hydrocarbons types in the

crude oil which are classified into paraffinic or aromatic according to following
formula :
14
48640
C.I .   473.3 * Sp.Gr.(60 / 60) o F  456.8
Tav.bo. po.
Where :
Tav.bo.po .= average boiling point temperature , in Kelvin unit ( OK ).
Sp. Gr. ( 60/60)oF = specific gravity of crude oil at 60oF.
The crude oil can be classify as follow as :
i) C.I. = 0 ( normal paraffinic based crude oil ).
ii) C.I = 0-15 ( predominance of n-paraffinic crude oil ).
iii) C.I = 15 – 50 ( paraffinic and aromatic mixture ).
iv) C.I > 50 ( predominance of aromatic crude oil ).
v) C.I = 100 benzene ( Aromatic )
8 - Crude oil and gas reservoirs:
Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form:
I- A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for
subterranean heat to cook it into oil.
II- A porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in.
III-A cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to
the surface.
15
Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a

three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas
above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs.
Most reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks, including sandstone , limestone

and dolomite ( Mg CO3 ). Typical cap rocks are clay, shale and dense limestone.
Types of traps :
1- Folds ( anticline ).
16
2- Fault and wedge out traps. gas
oil
water
3- Salt dome.
17
Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oil.

A- Mechanical properties : ( Density , Viscosity , Surface tension )
1- Density : Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Density is a state
function depends on both temperature and pressure . Liquid densities decrease
as temperature increases but the effect of pressure on liquid densities at
moderate pressures is usually negligible. Liquid density for hydrocarbons is
usually reported in terms of specific gravity (SG) or relative density defined as
density of liquid at temperature T

SG =
density of water at temperature T
Since the standard conditions adopted by the petroleum industry are 60 oF (15.5
o
C) and 1 atm, specific gravities of liquid hydrocarbons are normally reported at
these conditions. At a reference temperature of 60oF (15.5oF) the density of
liquid water is 0.999 g/cm3 (999 kg/m 3). Therefore, for a hydrocarbon or a
petroleum fraction , the specific gravity is defined as :
density of petroleum at 60 oF in g/cm3

SG (60oF/ 60oF ) =
0.999 g/cm3
Water density at 60oF is 0.999 or almost 1 g/cm3; therefore, values of specific

gravities are nearly the same as the density of liquid at 15.5oC in g/cm3. The
specific gravity is useful in terms of API gravity, characterization factor and
indication of fluid flow of petroleum.
Coefficient of thermal expansion (γ ) :
The density of any liquid is of course a function of the temperature, there being
expansion as the temperature rises therefore a reduction in the density. The
18
quantity relevant to this is the coefficient of thermal expansion, ( symbol γ )

defined by :
SG at T F = SG (60 oF / 60 oF ) - γ ( T F – 60 )
Where :
SG ( 60 oF / 60 oF ) : Specific Gravity at standard temperature ( 60 o F ).
SG at T F : Specific Gravity at any temperature ( o F ).
γ : Coefficient of thermal expansion = 0.000517 – 0.000897
T F = Any temperature ( oF ).
The Specific Gravity at any temperature can be also determine

approximately from Figure ( 5-14) in Nelson. The density can determinate by
hydrometer method.
19
2- Viscosity:
Is a measurement for internal friction coefficient for two liquid ( oil )
layers each areas are 1 m2. It is needed in calculation of power required in
mixers or to transfer a fluid, the amount of pressure drop in a pipe or column,
flow measurement devices.
Types of viscosity:
1- Dynamic viscosity ( μ ) with units ( poise or g / ( cm · s) ).
2- Kinematic viscosity ( υ ) with unit ( stoke or cm2 / s ).
Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of absolute viscosity (dynamic) to

absolute density ( ρ ) at the same temperature in the following form:
υ = μ / ρ
The kinematic viscosity can be measurement by viscometer ( U-tube device ) by

following equation :
U- tube viscometer
21
υ =c.t
where :
υ : kinematic viscosity ( St. )
c : viscometer constant ( mm2/s2 ) .
t : time required to passing the oil through the limited marks in

viscometer ( s ) .
Viscosity Index :
The viscosity index is a number indicating the effect of change of

temperature on the kinematic viscosity of an oil. A high viscosity index signifies
a relatively small change of kinematic viscosity with temperature. Viscosity
index increasing with paraffin and decreasing with naphthene.
VI=100 (best oil, paraffinic)
VI=0 (lowest VI oil, naphthenic)
Viscosity index calculated as the following cases :
L U
I – For VI = 0 – 100 : VI  ( ) * 100
LH
anti log N  1
II – For VI > 100 : VI  ( )  100
0.00715
log H  log U
N 
log Y
Where:
Y = kinematic viscosity of oil in centistokes at 100 °C.
21
U = kinematic viscosity of oil in centistokes at 40 °C .
L = kinematic viscosity in centistokes at 40 °C of an oil of 0 viscosity index and
having the same kinematic viscosity at 100 °C as the oil whose viscosity
index is to be calculated. L determinate from table until Y=70 cSt and

from the following equation for Y above 70 cSt :
L = 0.8353 Y2 + 14.67 Y – 216.25
H = kinematic viscosity in centistokes at 40 °C of an oil of 100 viscosity index,
and having the same kinematic viscosity at 100 °C as the oil whose viscosity
index is to be calculated. H determinate from tables or from the following
equation :
H = 0.1684 Y2 + 11.85 Y – 96.95
22
23
Note :
If we need to obtain the intermediate value can be used interpolation method as

follows :
Ex:
Y L H H
20.4 510.8 236.4
20.5 L H
20.6 519.9 240.1
( 20.4 ) L ( 20.5 ) ( 519.9 )

-------------------- = --------------------------
( 20.5 )( 510.8 ) ( 20.6 ) L
420.24 L2 = 111603657.6 → L = 515.3
( 20.4 ) H ( 20.5 ) ( 240.1 )

---------------------- = --------------------------
( 20.5 ) ( 236.4 ) ( 20.6 ) H
H = 238.2
24
3 - Surface tension or interfacial tension ( IFT ) :
Is a measurement of a tensile force between molecules at the separator

surface between tow states of substance ( solid – liquid , liquid – gas ).
Volatility of petroleum fractions is increasing with surface tension decreasing.
So the gasoline is highly volatility because low surface tension.
B - Thermal properties :
1- Cloud Point ( Tc ) :
The cloud point is the lowest temperature at which wax crystals begin
to form by a gradual cooling under standard conditions. As temperature
decreases below the cloud point, formation of wax crystals is accelerated.
Therefore, low cloud point products are desirable under low-temperature
conditions.
2- Pour Point ( Tp ):
The pour point of a petroleum fraction is the lowest temperature at

which the oil will pour or flow when it is cooled without stirring under standard
cooling conditions. Pour point is one of low temperature characteristics of heavy
fractions. When temperature is less than pour point of a petroleum product it
cannot be stored or transferred through a pipeline.
Presence of wax and heavy compounds increase the pour point of

petroleum fractions. Can be estimate the pour point of petroleum fractions from
viscosity, molecular weight, and specific gravity in the following form:
Tp = 130.47[ SG 2.97 ]x[ M (0.61- 0.47SG) ]x[ υ38(100)(0.31- 0.33SG) ]
Where:
25
Tp : pour point temperature in kelvin.
SG : specific gravity at standard temperature .
M : molecular weigh.
υ38(100): kinematic viscosity at 38oC(100oF) in cSt.
3- Freezing Point:
Freezing point is the temperature at which liquid solidifies at 1 atm

pressure.
4- Melting Point ( TM ) :
Melting point is the temperature that a solid substance liquefies at 1

atm. The melting point increases with molecular weight increases. A pure
substance has the same freezing and melting points.
C- Optical properties:
1- Boiling point :
The boiling point of a pure compound at a given pressure is the

temperature at which vapor and liquid exist together at equilibrium. If the
pressure is 1 atm, the boiling point is called the normal boiling point . At this
temperature the vapor pressure will equal to atm pressure.
2- Vapor Pressure ( Pvap ) :
In a closed container, the vapor pressure of a pure compound is the force

exerted per unit area of walls by the vaporized portion of the liquid. Vapor
pressure can also be defined as a pressure at which vapor and liquid phases of a
26
pure substance are in equilibrium with each other. Vapor pressure increases with
temperature. The vapor pressure is also called saturation pressure, psat.
3- Flash Point ( TF ) :
Flash point of petroleum fractions is the lowest temperature at which

vapors arising from the oil will ignite, i.e. flash, when exposed to a spark or
flame under specified conditions. Therefore, the flash point of a fuel indicates
the maximum temperature that it can be stored without serious fire hazard.
A simple relation for estimation of flash point of hydrocarbon mixtures

from vapor pressure was proposed by the below formula :
TF = 231.2 - 40 log Pvap
Where : pvap is the vapor pressure at 37.8oC (100oF ) in bar.
TF : is the flash point in kelvin
4- Fire Point :
Fire point of petroleum fractions is the lowest temperature at which

vapors arising from the oil will ignite, i.e. fire , when exposed to a spark or
flame under specified conditions. Therefore, the fire point of a fuel indicates the
maximum temperature that it must not arrival to it to prevent the combustion of
the petroleum fractions.
5- Autoignition Point :
This is the minimum temperature at which hydrocarbon vapor when

mixed with air can spontaneously ignite without the presence of any external
source. Values of autoignition temperature are generally higher than flash point,
Values of autoignition temperature for gasoline it is about 351 oC ( 660 oF ) and
27
for alcohol is about 500 oC ( 930 oF ). With an increase in pressure the

autoignition temperature decreases.
6- Octane number:
Octane number defined is a measure of fuel's ability to resist auto-

ignition during compression and prior to ignition to prevent the anti-knock
characteristic.
Higher octane number fuels have better engine performance so high

octane number fuels are more desirable. Generally iso paraffins have higher
octane number than do normal paraffins. Naphthenes have relatively higher
octane number than do corresponding paraffins and aromatics have very high
octane numbers.
The octane number of a fuel can be improved by adding tetraethyl- lead

(TEL) (CH3CH2)4Pb ) or methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE)
methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE).
REASERCH OCTANE NUMBER OF PURE HYDROCARBONS
Paraffins ON Iso Paraffins ON Olefins ON Naphthenes ON Aromatics ON

n-butane 94 Iso butane 102 n-butene 99
n-pentane 62 i-pentane 92 n-pentene 90 Cyclo 100
pentane
n-hexane 25 i-hexane 76 n-hexene 90 Cyclo hexane 91 benzene 103
A > N > O > Iso P > P
28
7- Aniline point ( AP ) :
Aniline point of a petroleum fraction is defined as the minimum
temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and the oil are completely
miscible. The higher aniline point with the lower aromatic content and the
higher paraffin content. Aniline is an aromatic compound with a structure of a
benzene molecule where one atom of hydrogen is replaced by the -NH2 group
( C6H5-NH2 ).
The aromatic content in petroleum fraction may be calculated from aniline

point by the following formula :
%A = 692.4 + 12.15 (SG) (AP) – 794 (SG) - 10.4 (AP)
Where: %A is the percent aromatic content, SG is the specific gravity, and AP

is the aniline point in oC.
8- Diesel index ( DI ) :
Diesel index is a number indicate to favors auto-ignition of

diesel engines. The diesel fuel considered is best with high diesel
index. Diesel index calculated from the following formula :
DI = ( API ) ( 1.8 AP+32 ) / 100
Where: AP is the aniline point in oC.
9- Specific Heat
Specific heat is definition as the quantity of heat required to raise the

temperature of a unit weight of petroleum fraction through a temperature
29
difference of one degree, measurement in ( KJ/Kg .oC or Kcal/Kg .oC or Btu

/ lb.oF ). Specific heat of petroleum fractions lies in the range of ( 0.3 to 0.85 )
and depends upon temperature and gravity. Lighter fractions have higher values.
With increasing density the specific heat decrease. Specific Heat calculated from
standard formula :
1
Sp.heat  (0.4024  0.00081T )
SG(60 / 60) O F
Where:
Sp.heat is the specific heat in kj / kg. oC .
SG is the specific gravity of petroleum fraction at (60/60) oF.
T is a temperature in oC.
10- volatility
The volatility of a liquid is it tendency to change from the liquid to the
vapor or gaseous state at any given temperature.
11- Refractive index
Refractive index is an indicator used for light and medium petroleum

fractions, usually it is higher for aromatics, lower for paraffins and medium for
naphthenes. It is increasing with increase the molecular weight.
31

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Properties of Petroleum and Natural Gas Mohammed Hamzah Msaed

Chem. Eng. Dept.

Properties of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Mohammed Hamzah Msaed

Chapter 1 : Classification of Crude Oil.

Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oil.

Chapter 3: Crude Oil Preparation for Refining.

Chapter 4: Refining ( Distillation ) of Crude Oil.

Chapter 6: Gases Production from Petroleum Products.

1- Petroleum Refinery Engineering , by W.L.Nelson.

2- Petrochemicals , by Hazim.K.Yahya. & Faaz.A.Jameel.

3- Industrial Chemistry for third stage, by Jewad. Al-Khafagy.

4- ‫اسس الكيمياء الصناعية‬, by Mohammed.A.Ameen.

Chapter 1 : Classification of Crude Oil

Gaseous hydrocarbon is composed of lighter fractions, of which the more

It is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and relatively small quantities

3- Origin of Petroleum : Tow assumptions are explaining the formation of

This hypothesis assume the oil hydrocarbon compounds produced from

Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

This hypothesis assume that the petroleum is formed from the

15% natural gases).

b – Electrical power generation.

c – Fuel for cars, ships and airliners.

d – Fuel for heating and cooking.

e – It is used in petrochemicals industrials to produce various materials

useful such as clothes, plastics, drugs, pipes, …...etc .

f – It used for lubrication engines of different types.

5- Chemical analysis of crude oil :

The proportion of hydrocarbons in the mixture is highly variable and

The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to

O2 ( Oxygen ) 0.05 – 1.5

Metals ( Fe , Ni , Cu , V , ….. ) < 0.03

6- Chemical composition of crude oil :

All the petroleums contains the same hydrocarbons groups such as

The paraffins, also known as alkanes, are saturated hydrocarbons with

i- Normal /or series paraffins:

The hydrocarbon chain is straight , the general formula CnH2n+2 , example

 Low octane number.

ii- Branch /or iso paraffins:

The hydrocarbon chain is branched, the general formula CnH2n+2 , example

iii- Cycloparaffins ( Naphthenes ):

The cycloalkanes, also known as napthenes, are saturated hydrocarbons

Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Decalin

The olefins, also known as alkenes, are unsaturated hydrocarbons with

CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2

The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have

methyl benzene ortho Xylene meta Xylene para Xylene

B- Non hydrocarbons components :

The non hydrocarbon components are caused :

2- Break down in the refinery operation.

the non hydrocarbon components are divided to :

i- Hydrogen Sulphide H- S- H ( or H2S )

Disadvantages of Sulphur components:

1- Corrosion the metal parts of the engine.

2- Reduce O.N ( octane number ).

3- Reduce oxidation resistance.

II- Oxygen components :

These compounds increase with increasing the ( b.p. = boiling point ) of