L2 - Rectilinear Motion 17.09.2024

PHYS 110 FUNDAMENTALS OF
PHYSICS I
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Mechanics deals with the relations of force,

matter and motion.
A mathematical method for describing motion
is a branch of mechanics called Kinematics.
Kinematics is the study of motion without

reference to the forces, which may cause that
motion.
Motion is basically a continuous change of
position. The simplest case of motion is that of
a point along a straight line.
The motion of a body is rectilinear when its

trajectory is a straight line.
Distance
This is a measure of length between two points
not necessarily in a straight line. It’s a scalar
quantity distance is measured in meters.
Displacement
This is the shortest measure of length between
two points in a specific direction. It’s linear
distance in a given direction.
It’s a vector quantity. Its SI units are meters (m)
Speed
This is the time rate of change of distance i.e. it
is a scalar quantity measured in m/s. The
average speed  of a body, which travels a
distance s in time t, is defined by v =ds/t. From
which ds = vt.
Velocity
This is the time rate of change of displacement.
It is a vector quantity and its SI units are m/s.
The velocity of a body changes if there are
changes in magnitude or in direction of motion
or in both.
The average velocity during a certain time
interval is equal to the average displacement(s)
per unit time during that time interval.
Therefore vaverage = S/t. A body is said to
have move in uniform velocity when S/t =
constant hence its acceleration is zero i.e.
velocity is constant.
1
Displacement - Time Graph
The gradient at any instant or at a given time of
a displacement-time graph for a body that is
changing positions represents the instantaneous
velocities.
If it is a straight-line graph then it is undergoing
uniform velocity otherwise it is non-uniform
velocity.
Negative gradient means that the body is
moving back. Increasing gradient is increasing
velocity and vice versa.
The area under the curve has no physical
meaning.
We can obtain the instantaneous velocity by
comparing the time derivative of the
displacement, v = dS/dt.
Acceleration
This is the time rate of change of velocity. It’s
a vector quantity with SI units as m/s2. a =
d/dt (also equivalent to acceleration).
A body is said to move in uniform acceleration
when /t = constant. i.e. the velocity changes
by equal amounts in equal times.
Non-uniform acceleration is due to the different
changes in velocities in equal time intervals.
2
Velocity-Time Graph
The gradient at a given point of a velocity - time
graph gives the instantaneous acceleration at
that point.
If the graph is linear then the body is

undergoing uniform acceleration otherwise it is
non-uniform acceleration.
Increasing gradient means increasing
acceleration and vice versa.
Negative gradient implies negative acceleration
or declaration.
The area under the curves gives the
displacement covered.
Area under curve =  .dt = displacement. Area
above time axis is positive and below it is
negative meaning negative displacement or
backward motion.
Equations of Motion
If a body is moving in a straight line under
constant acceleration, then relations among its
velocity displacement, time and accelerations
can be represented by equations.
These equations are called equations of motion.
3
Suppose a body starts with an initial velocity u,
and has a constant acceleration a. Suppose it
covers a distance (displacement) in time t and
its velocity becomes .
The constant acceleration a is given by a = ( -

u)/t which on rearranging gives  = u + at. This
is the first equation of motion.
Since the acceleration is constant, the average

velocity  of the body is  = ½(u + ).
The displacement s covered in time t is s = t
or s = ½ u + ) t.
Using the first equation of motion to eliminate
, we have s = ½ t (u + u + at) = ½ t(2u +at).
Therefore s = ut + ½(at ). This is the second

2
equation of motion.
The third equation of motion can be obtained by
combining the first two equations of motion.
Square both sides of equations  = u+at  v2

= (u+at)2 = u2+2uat+ a2t2 = u2 + 2a (ut +
½(at2))
But s = ut + ½(at2).
4
Hence v2 = u2 + 2as. This is the third equation
of motion.
Therefore the three equations of motion are

v = u + at
s = ut + ½(at2)
v2 = u2 + 2as
These equations hold well only when the

acceleration is constant and the motion is in a
straight line.
If we know any three of v, u, a, s and t, then the

remaining parameter can be evaluated with
ease.
The three equations can also be found by
integration.
vuv  at to
v t
dv
 a   dv   a.dt 
dt u 0
 v -u = at. Therefore v = u + at.

Also
v
1 
s v
 as   v 2 
dv ds dv dv
a  .  v.   a.ds   v.dv
s
0
dt dt ds ds 0 u 2 u
Hence v2 = u2 + 2as. When the body start from
rest the initial velocity u =0 and we get v = at,
s =½(at2), v2 = 2as.
5
Equation of Motion under Gravity
The earth attracts everybody towards its center.
As a result of these attractions a constant
acceleration is produced in bodies falling freely
towards the earth.
This is called the “acceleration due to gravity

and is denoted by “g.”
The motion of bodies falling towards the earth

(or thrown away from the earth) is called
“gravitational motion. Air resistance is
neglected.
If in the three equations we replace ‘a’ by ‘g’,
‘s’ by ‘h’ then we shall get equations for the
bodies falling towards the earth.
Thus these equations are = u +gt, h = ut +
½(gt2), 2 = u2 + 2gh, where h is the height from
the earth's surface. g is negative for bodies
moving upwards and is positive for bodies
moving downwards.
If initial velocity is zero, then  =gt, h =½(gt2),

2=2gh. For free-fall motion, the particle may
have zero velocity, yet it can be accelerating.
6
EXAMPLES.
E.1 The velocity of a car is retarded from 10m/s
to 4m/s in 2 seconds. What is its acceleration?
Solution
We have been given v = 4, u = 10, u = 2, a =?
For retardation a is negative. Using v = u + at
a = (u - v)/t = (10 - 4)/2 = 3 m/s2 (retardation)
E.2 An object is dropped into a well and hits the

water 2 seconds after being released. How
deep is the well? Take g=10m/s 2
Solution
We have been given u = 0, t = 2, g = 10, h = ?
 h = ut + ½ at2 = 0.2 + 1/2 x10 x 4 = 20 m
E.3 A ball is thrown vertically into the air at

50m/s. How high will it rise and how long will
it take to reach that height? G = 10m/s2
Solution
We have been given u = 50m/s, v = 0, g =
10m/s, h =?, t = ?. g is negative since it is
against gravity.
7
v = u - 2gh.  h = (u - v )/2g = u /2g =
2 2 2 2 2
(50 x 50)/(2 x 10) = 125mm

From v = u - gt, t = (u - v)/g = u/g = 5 seconds
E.4 A particle is fired with a constant velocity

of 10 x 10 m/s into a region where it is
5
subjected to an acceleration of 2 x 10 m/s 12
directed opposite to the initial velocity. How

far does the particle travel before coming to
rest? Ho long does the particle remain at rest.
Solution
We have been given u = 10 x 10 m/s, v = 0, a 5
= -2 x 10 m/s . Using v = u + 2as we have

12 2 2 2
S = (v - u )/2a =(10 x 10 )/(2x2x10 ) = 0.25m

2 2 5 12
Also t = (v-u)/a = (-10 x 10 )/(- 2 x 10 ) = 5 12
0.5 x 10 Sec = 0.5sec.

6
E.5 A coin is thrown vertically upwards from

the ground with a speed of 10m/s. (a) How long
does it take to reach the highest point? (b) What
is the maximum height reached by the coin?
Solution
We have been given a = g = 10m/s , u = 2
10m/s; at the highest point v = 0;

t = (v - u)/g = -10/-10 = 1 sec
8
Max height = ut - ½gt = 10x1 - ½x10xt = 5.0
2 2
E.6 Describe the motion represented by figures

below.
Solution
O Stationary
O-A Acceleration (increasing slope)
A-B Moving with constant velocity
B-C Decelerating (decreasing
slope)
C-D Stationary
D-E Accelerating and moving back to
the starting point
E-F Moving with constant velocity
F Stationary at starting point
(ii) A-B Stationary & away from origin

B-C Accelerating back to the origin
C-D Constant velocity
9
D-E Moving away from the origin
with constant velocity in the opposite direction
to the
original direction
E-F Decelerating.
At F Momentarily at rest.
F-G Accelerating back toward origin
G-H Constant velocity towards origin
H Stationary at origin
10

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PHYS 110 FUNDAMENTALS OF

Mechanics deals with the relations of force,

Kinematics is the study of motion without

The motion of a body is rectilinear when its

It’s a vector quantity. Its SI units are meters (m)

If the graph is linear then the body is

The constant acceleration a is given by a = ( -

Since the acceleration is constant, the average

Therefore s = ut + ½(at ). This is the second

Square both sides of equations  = u+at  v2

Therefore the three equations of motion are

These equations hold well only when the

If we know any three of v, u, a, s and t, then the

 v -u = at. Therefore v = u + at.

This is called the “acceleration due to gravity

The motion of bodies falling towards the earth

If initial velocity is zero, then  =gt, h =½(gt2),

E.2 An object is dropped into a well and hits the

E.3 A ball is thrown vertically into the air at

(50 x 50)/(2 x 10) = 125mm

E.4 A particle is fired with a constant velocity

subjected to an acceleration of 2 x 10 m/s 12

directed opposite to the initial velocity. How

= -2 x 10 m/s . Using v = u + 2as we have

S = (v - u )/2a =(10 x 10 )/(2x2x10 ) = 0.25m

Also t = (v-u)/a = (-10 x 10 )/(- 2 x 10 ) = 5 12

0.5 x 10 Sec = 0.5sec.

E.5 A coin is thrown vertically upwards from

10m/s; at the highest point v = 0;

E.6 Describe the motion represented by figures

(ii) A-B Stationary & away from origin

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