Table Of Contents

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Auto transformer ICT Bay & Busbar
About Auto transformer Components System
Different components Overview of busbar
available and their system in sub-station
description.
 1
Auto
transformers
Basic info
• An auto transformer uses a single winding to
adjust voltage levels between input and output
terminals.
• Primary and secondary windings are directly
connected internally, unlike in isolation
transformers.
• Voltage regulation is achieved by tapping the
single winding at different points.
• Autotransformers are more economical, have
better voltage regulation, and are more efficient
compared to conventional transformers.
• They also have lower losses (10-12%) and a
smaller footprint of about 20% for the
same VA rating
Working
• When a load is connected, the same current
flows through both primary and secondary
sections.
• Output voltage seen by the load is the induced
voltage in the secondary winding minus the IR
drop.
• Auto transformers work as voltage regulators
and find applications in various fields like motor
starting and voltage correction in power
systems.
• They offer efficiency and copper savings due to
using a single winding instead of separate
primary and secondary windings.
Oil flow concept
The process of oil flow in an ICT autotransformer:

• Oil acts as both a coolant and an insulating medium

in the autotransformer.
• Oil circulation is driven by natural convection, with the
heated oil rising and the cooled oil descending.
• Radiator design and placement are crucial for
efficient heat dissipation.
• Heated oil flows upwards and into a radiator for heat
dissipation. Cooled oil fills the space left by the rising
heated oil, creating a continuous circulation process.
• Forced air, like in the ONAF cooling method, can be
used to enhance heat dissipation in
larger transformers.
Oil flow concept
• Regular oil filtration and maintenance are necessary to
ensure proper oil flow and prevent contamination.
• In some cases, oil pumps may be used to create
forced oil circulation, especially in larger transformers.
• The oil expansion tank allows for thermal expansion
and contraction of the oil, maintaining the proper oil
level.
• Oil level indicators and alarms help monitor the oil
level and detect any leaks or abnormalities.
• The oil flow rate and temperature rise are important
parameters to monitor for efficient and safe operation.
• Proper oil flow is essential for preventing hot spots and
ensuring uniform temperature distribution in the
autotransformer.
 2
ICT Components
 ICTs In Substation

ICT 2: ICT 3:
ICT 1:
• MVA: 315 • MVA: 315
• MVA: 315
• Voltage rating: HV- 400KV IV- 220KV LV- 33KV • Voltage rating: HV- 400KV IV- 220KV LV- 33KV
• Voltage rating: HV- 400KV IV- 220KV LV- 33KV
• Year of manufacture: 2000 • Year of manufacture: 2011
• Year of manufacture: 1999
• Bushing type : OIP Bushing • Bushing type : OIP Bushing
• Bushing type : OIP & RIP Bushing
• Changes : compact size , radiator small in size
Components
WINDINGS:
• Primary winding rated at 400 kV receive high voltage
input, transmits to secondary.
• Secondary winding rated at 220 kV receive voltage
from primary & steps it down.
• Tertiary winding rated at 33 kV provides continuous
thermal capacity and reduce voltage for further use.

BUSHINGS:
• Essential for connecting the windings to the transformer
tank, providing insulation to prevent electrical leakage
and ensuring safe operation.
• Bushings are electrical insulating components used in
transformers and other high-voltage equipment to
insulate conductors from the grounded metal tank.
Components
BUSHINGS:
OIP Bushings (Oil-Impregnated Paper):
• OIP bushings feature paper insulation soaked in
insulating oil, typically high-quality wood pulp enhanced
with mineral oil for better dielectric properties.
• Regular maintenance is needed to check and replace the
oil, ensuring top performance.
• They boast good thermal conductivity and resilience
against electrical and mechanical strains.

RIP Bushings (Resin-Impregnated Paper):

• RIP bushings use paper insulation soaked in epoxy resin,
not oil.
• This process boosts mechanical strength and moisture
resistance.
• They're ideal where oil leaks are worrisome or for
maintenance-free setups.
Components
OIL & COOLONG SYSTEM:

• Oil: Functions as both insulator and coolant, absorbing

heat during operation.
• Cooling System: Includes radiators or heat exchangers to
dissipate heat from the oil.
• Pumps: Circulate oil through the transformer and cooling
system for uniform cooling.
• Fans: May be used to enhance cooling efficiency,
especially during high loads.
• Temperature Monitoring: Sensors continuously monitor
oil temperature, activating the cooling system if necessary
to prevent damage.
Components
SURGE ARRESTORS:
• Surge arrestors in this transformer limit voltage surges to
specified BIL levels.
• They're mounted externally or internally and safeguard
the transformer from damage due to lightning, switching
operations, or other electrical disturbances by diverting
excess voltage to ground.

TAP CHANGERS:
• Tap changers in this transformer facilitate voltage
adjustments to optimize power distribution and
accommodate varying load conditions.
• By modifying the turns ratio of the transformer, tap
changers regulate output voltage, ensuring efficient
operation and voltage stability despite fluctuations in
the input or output voltage.
 3
Bay & Busbar
System
 Busbar system
• Busbar :
• A busbar is a conductor that serves as a common
connection point for multiple circuits in a substation. It
distributes power from incoming feeders to
outgoing feeders.

• Types of busbar used :

• One and a Half Breaker System :
• Uses one and a half circuit breakers for every two circuits. It
provides high reliability and flexibility but is more expensive.

• .Double Busbar System:

• Has two busbars, providing redundancy and flexibility in operation.
It allows for maintenance without disrupting supply.
Bay
1. Purpose: A bay in a power grid is essentially a distinct
section within a substation that contains the necessary
equipment for controlling, protecting, and isolating a
segment of the electrical network.

2. Components: It includes circuit breakers, disconnect

switches, transformers, and protective relays.

3. Configuration: Bays are arranged in layouts (single

busbar, double busbar, ring bus) to ensure reliability and
flexibility.

4. Maintenance and Safety: Bays allow isolation for safe

maintenance and minimize power disruptions.
Types of Bay:
1. Main Bay:
• Serves as the primary connection point for incoming or outgoing
power circuits in a substation.
• Circuit breakers, disconnectors, current transformers, and
protective relays.
• Acts as the main access point for power into or out of the
substation, managing the primary flow of electricity and providing
protection and control for these critical circuits.

2. Tie Bay:
• Connects two busbars within the same substation or between
different substations.
• Circuit breakers, disconnectors, and sometimes bus couplers.
• Provides operational flexibility by allowing the transfer of loads
between busbars, facilitating maintenance, and ensuring
continuity of supply by providing an alternative path for power
flow.
Components of Bay:
1. Circuit Breaker (CB):
• Interrupts current during abnormal conditions (e.g., short circuits,
overloads).
• Prevents equipment damage and ensures safety.
• Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers:
Use SF6 gas as the arc-quenching medium.
Ideal for high-voltage applications.
• Installed in substations, switchyards, and transmission lines.

2. Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT):

• CVTs convert high transmission line voltages to lower,
manageable levels for metering and protection.
• Consist of capacitive voltage divider, inductive components, and a
transformer.
• Used for voltage measurement, protection relay inputs, and
communication in high-voltage networks providing high accuracy,
wide bandwidth, and reduced insulation.
• Typically installed in high-voltage substations, connected to
transmission lines.
Components of Bay:
3. Current Transformer (CT):
• Measures current by stepping down high current to a low,
measurable value. Essential for metering and protection.
• Primary Winding:
- Connected in series with the ammeter or other instruments.
- Carries the actual current.
Secondary Winding:
- Connected to metering devices.
- Provides a reduced current proportional to the primary current.
• Never open-circuit CT secondary terminals.

4. Isolator (Disconnect Switch):

• Isolates sections of the grid for maintenance, repair, or safety.
Allows safe working conditions during maintenance.
• Operation:
- Manually operated switches.
- Disconnect or connect specific parts.
• Difference from CB:
- Does not interrupt current during normal operation.
Components of Bay:
3. Earth switch:
• Grounds isolated sections of the power system to ensure they are
free from residual or induced voltages.
• operates Manually or automatically connects equipment to the
ground during maintenance.
• Protects maintenance workers from electric shocks.
• Installed in switchyards with isolators.
• Includes single-pole and multi-pole, with interlocking mechanisms
for safety..

4. Protection relay(DMT OVERCURRENT):

• Detects faults and abnormal conditions in the power system and
initiates the tripping of circuit breakers.
• it Includes overcurrent, differential, distance, and earth fault
relays.
• Designed to respond quickly to protect the system.
• Placed and connected to CTs and VTs for input signals.
Thank
You