UCSP MIDTERMS REVIEWER relics of hominids which could be described

as manlike primates. They are

LESSON 4: EVOLUTION Ramapithecus, Lucy and
Australopithecus.
During the 18th century, many
scholars became interested in ● Homo Habilis "HANDY MAN"
biological diversity, human origins, The apelike men who first to used stone
and our position within the tools as weapons and protection of their
classification of plants and animals enemies. They are recognized as the first
At that time, the commonly true human. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million
accepted explanation for the origin years ago.
of species came from Genesis, the
first book of the Bible: God had ● Homo Erectus "THE UPRIGHT
created all life during six days of MAN"
Creation. About 500,000 years ago in Asia, Africa
and Europe. This manlike species could
Evolution walk straight with almost the same brain
with modern man. He made refined stone
Evolution is a natural process of biological stools for hunting and weapons for
changes occurring in a population across protection of the enemies. The following are
successive generations (Banaag, 2012 the major discovered fossils:
p.31). It helps us identify and analyze man's a. Pithecanthropus Erectus "Java Man" -
physiological development and eventually Discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trinil,
the emergence of different society. Java, Indonesia in 1891.
Moreover, man's progression and b. Sinanthropus Pekinensis "Peking
characteristics are essential in Man" -Discovered at Choukoutien
understanding the capability for adaptation. village, Beijing, China in 1929.
Most scientists currently recognize some 15
to 20 different species of early humans. ● Homo Sapiens "THE THINKING
MAN"
Human Biocultural Evolution It was believed that this was the direct
descendant of modern man who lived
about 250,000 years ago. They had similar
physical descriptions with modern man.
They originated as the primitive men
whose activities were largely dependent
on hunting, fishing and agriculture. They
buried their dead, used had tools and had
religion. The following are Homo Sapiens
subspecies:
● Hominids "MANLIKE PRIMATES" a. Neanderthal Man -Discovered in
The development of the different species of Neanderthal valley near Dusseldorf,
primates which were able to evolve in 40 Germany in 1856 who lived in cave and
million years ago. There have been various dependent in hunting and fishing.
b. Cro-Magnon Man - Discovered by a What word does Paleolithic Resemble?
French archaeologist Louis Lartet in the - Paleontology?
Cro Magnon Cave in Southern France. It Paleo means "ancient" or "prehistoric"
was believed to live in Europe, Asia and Lithic means stone
Africa. As a prehistoric man, they were the - Paleolithic Age was a time period before
first to produce art in cave paintings and the invention of writing and is also called the
crafting decorated tools and Old Stone Age.
accessories.
Characteristics of the Paleolithic Age
People were nomads. People were hunter-
gatherers. They followed herds of animals
for food. They visited the same
places each new season for wild plants.
They lived in caves, rock shelters, or built
non-permanent homes.

LESSON 5: PALEOLITHIC AGE TO

METAL AGE

Where did the earliest humans come

SIMPLE STONE TOOLS
from?
- Used for cutting, chopping, and Chiseling
- Mary and Louis Leakey
- Axe, cleaver, flint knives
discovered the earliest traces of
humans in the Great Rift Valley of
Paleolithic Age
Africa
Social: Nomads - wandered place to place
Economic: Hunter-gatherers hunted/fished
animals and gathered wild plants
Type of Homes: Non-permanent, caves,
rock shelters, quick huts
Technology: Simple Stone tools axe,
chisel, knives, flints

Neolithic Age
Neo means new, just like the Matrix
Lithic means what? Stone
Neolithic Age was a time period AFTER
the Paleolithic Age, also called the New
Paleolithic Age
Stone Age. Marked by a change in
technology! The Metal Age is divided into three
stages;
Characteristics of the Neolithic Age - the Copper Age,
People began to Settle and live in - the Bronze Age and
Permanent homes - the Iron Age.
They domesticated Animals
BEGAN FARMING USED COMPLEX Pottery, Irrigation and Dolmens in the
TOOLS Metal Ages

- During the Metal Ages, people made a

variety of metal objects. They also invented
new techniques for making clay pottery. The
most characteristic examples are beaker
Neolithic Age
pots. They look like upside down bells.
Social: Settled in small communities /
villages
Economic: Agriculture also called farming,
domesticated animals. INCREASE IN DIET
Types of home: Permanent houses and Some parts of the Iberian Peninsula
buildings became very prosperous during the Metal
Technology: COMPLEX TOOLS - pottery, Ages, such as the area around El Argar, in
polished axe, adz, sickles, spears. the southeast. Argaric towns had strong
walls for protection and there were also
METAL AGES canals to irrigate farmers' crops.

The Metal Ages

The great advance in metallurgy occurred
invention bronze, It was used to produce During the Metal Ages, people started using
very hard, resistant objects (swords and large blocks of stone called megaliths to
knives). The Metal Ages began about 6,000 build monuments.
years ago.

During the Metal Ages people started using

metals, like copper, tin, bronze and iron,
The most important megalithic monuments
to make tools and weapons. They heated
from this period are called dolmens.
and shaped the metals in hot furnaces.
People often used precious metals, like gold
and silver, to make jewelry.

With all these changes, people's lives LESSON 6: DEMOCRATIZATION

became easier. Villages and towns also
became bigger and more prosperous. In GOVERNMENT
time, people started building the first
cities. 1. What is government?
Government is an organization People are represented by elected
people set up to protect the officials
community and make rules. - Used in large countries
- Also known as a Republic Government
2. What does a government do? - A republic is a government in which the
- Protects the community supreme power resides in a body of citizens
- Makes laws entitled to vote and is exercised by elected
- Keeps order officers and representatives.

3. Why do people need government? MONARCHY

- For protection of people and property Power is in the hands of a king, queen,
- Making rules emperor or empress.
- Enforcing laws - The ruling position can be passed on to
the ruler's heirs.
4. What types of government are there? - In some traditional monarchies the
Four common types are: monarch has absolute power.
- Monarchy - But a constitutional monarchy, like the UK,
- Dictatorship also has a democratic government that
- Democracy limits the monarch's control.
- Theocracy

DEMOCRACY
In a democracy, the government is
elected by the people. Everyone who is
eligible to vote has a chance to have their
say over who runs the country. It is distinct DICTATORSHIP
from governments controlled by a particular - A country ruled by a single leader. The
social class or group. leader has not been elected and may use
-A democracy is determined either directly force to keep control. In a military
or through elected representatives. dictatorship, the army is in control.
-People vote directly on every issue
-Only practical in a small community.

DIRECT DEMOCRACY
Direct democracy, sometimes called
"pure democracy," is a form of democracy
in which all laws and policies imposed by
governments are determined by the people THEOCRACY
themselves, rather than by representatives - Governmental rulers are identical with the
who are elected by the people. leaders of the dominant religion
In a true direct democracy, all laws, bills, - Governmental policies are either identical
and even court decisions are voted on by with or strongly influenced by the principals
all citizens. of the majority religion.
- Government claims to rule on behalf of
God or a higher power.
Theocracy, government by divine guidance
or by officials who are regarded as divinely
guided. In many theocracies, government
leaders are members of the clergy, and the
state's legal system is based on religious
law. Theocratic rule was typical of early
civilizations.

LESSON 7: CONFORMITY AND

DEVIANCE

Humans are social beings. They tend to

socialize to conform, not deviate. In this
lesson, you will learn about how deviance
exists in relation to cultural norms and how
people respond to our goals differently.

O Every society has a form of SOCIAL

CONTROL - a set of means
that ensure people behave in expected and
approved ways.
O All NORMS, whether written or not are
supported by SANCTIONS: reward for
conformity and punishments for non
conformity.
O CONFORMITY is the state of having
internalized norms as part of the social
expectation.
O As individuals and groups conform to an
established norm, the norm then becomes a
convention.
CONFORMITY DEVIANCE
Conformity is a type of social influence O Deviance is a behavior that violates
involving a change in belief or behavior to fit expected rules and norms.
in or align their attitudes and behaviors with O Deviance is nonconformity or behavior
the people they interact or socialized with. that departs significantly from social
* It also gives a sense of identity and expectations.
belongingness that enables a person to feel O What is deviant to one group may not be
accepted in a certain group. considered deviant to another.
There are different situations when people
conform; psychologists have categorized DEVIANCE: FORMAL & INFORMAL
three main types of conformity as
compliance, identification, and Deviance is divided into two types: formal
internalization. and informal

COMPLIANCE 1. FORMAL DEVIANCE includes actions

Compliance means conforming to a rule that violate enacted
or fulfilling a desire, demand, proposal, laws, such as robbery, theft, graft, rape, and
regimen, or coercion. It is the weakest other forms of
form of conformity. Here, a person criminality.
usually goes along with the view of the
majority, but he/she still privately ARTICLE 293
maintains his /her own point of view. Article 293. Who are Guilty of Robbery. Any
person who, with intent to gain, shall take
IDENTIFICATION any personal property belonging to another,
Identification is a process by which an by means of violence against or intimidation
individual aspires to pattern himself/herself of any person, or using force upon anything,
after another, but only while he/she is in the shall be guilty of robbery.
presence of the other person.
2. INFORMAL DEVIANCE refers to the
INTERNALIZATION violation of social norms that are not
Internalization is the acceptance and categorized into law, such as pricking one's
incorporation of the standard or belief of nose, burping loudly, and spitting on the
other persons or the society by the street, among others.
individual.
It is the deepest level of conformity. It is SPITTING - SINGAPORE LAW
usually a long-term change as the person To maintain a hygienic environment, spitting
changes his/her public behavior and private in the public compounds is prohibited. The
beliefs. When the views of the group are penalty for non-compliance is a fine of up to
adopted, they are taken at a permanent $1,000 for a first offence. The fine for a
level. Here, an individual becomes a part of second offence is up to $2,000 and for the
a person's way of viewing the world. third and subsequent offences, the fine is up
to $5,000.
DEVIANCE is a violation of established culturally approved goals through
contextual, cultural, or social norms, institutional means, they experience strain
whether folkways, mores, or codified law. or frustration that can lead to deviance.
In our society at present, many deviant acts
are committed because of poverty, SOCIAL CONTROL
unemployment, and financial crisis. People Social Control - a mechanism by which the
tend to violate the cultural and social norms social behavior of people is controlled by
of the society they value to enable them to rules to maintain order or to re-establish
survive. order.
Mechanism Social Control
EFFECTS OF DEVIANCE ON SOCIETY 1. Labeling
People become deviant because they want 2. Gossip
to follow their desire, or sometimes their 3. Laws
deviant behavior might be the result of
problems they encounter in society. LESSON 8: HOW SOCIETY IS
ORGANIZED?
Other effects of deviance that are not
necessarily harmful but may actually be SOCIETY
beneficial to society are as follow: > A group is a unit of people who interact
with some regularity and identify themselves
1. It is one way that social change as a unit (Newman, 2012).
occurs. > In a stricter sense, it is a collection of
2. It helps people adjust to change. people interacting together in an orderly
3. It has a way of promoting social way on the basis of shared expectations
solidarity by distinguishing "us" from about one another's behavior.
"them >As a result of this interaction, members
4. It provides a way in which some feel a common sense of "belonging." A
individuals and groups can introduce group differs from an aggregate in the
their agendas to the rest of society, sense that the latter does not interact and
and elevate their status while doing do not feel any shared sense of belonging.
it.
SOCIAL GROUP
STRAIN THEORY BY ROBERT MERTON A social group is referring to any set of
- Strain Theory is one of the most well- human beings, consist of two or more
known explanations for deviant behavior. people who interact with one another. The
- Developed by famed American sociologist members of a social group share interests,
Robert K. Merton. The theory states that beliefs, values and loyalties. Some
social structures may pressure citizens to examples of social groups are peer groups,
commit crimes. organizations, unions and families.

When people are prevented from achieving TYPES OF GROUPS

ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP

1. Primary Groups 1. In-groups

The primary group is a small social group An in-group is a social group toward which a
whose members share personal and lasting member feels respect and loyalty, while an
relationships. These personal and tightly out-group is a social group toward which a
integrated groups are among the first person feels a sense of competition or
groups an individual experiences in life. The opposition (Macionis, 2012).
most important primary group in any society In-groups provide members a sense of
is the family. Friends who shape an belongingness and loyalty. For example,
individual's attitudes, behavior, and being part of a basketball team lets an
social identity also form one's primary individual bond with his or her teammates
group. Primary groups are small but and join pep rallies to support the team
intimate. Members have direct access and (Santarita & Madrid:68).
interaction with each other. Emotional
bonds are formed between members, and 2. Out-groups
any loss in members affects the identity and Out-groups are groups than an individual is
structure of the group. Families and close not a member. These groups elicit a sense
friends are often the primary groups people of antagonism from a person (who maybe
have. be members of another group)
(Newman.2012).
2. Secondary Groups For example, members of the womens'
Secondary groups are formed to perform a basketball team may have a sense of
specific purpose. Members interact with antagonism toward the men's basketball
each other to accomplish the goals of the team because the latter gets more funding
group. Secondary groups are often formal despite performing badly in the last season
and impersonal. Because of the impersonal (Santarita & Madrid 68).
nature of relationships, any loss or change
in membership does totally affect the 3. Reference groups
structure of a secondary group. On another Reference groups is a collection of people
note, members of a primary group can join a with a set of standards of comparison to
secondary group. The members of the check against and to know if one is doing
secondary group pursue a specific goal or well or where he or she needs development
activity. Different from the primary group regardless if we are part of that group.
which is distinct according to who they are
in terms of family ties or personal qualities, 4. Networks
affiliation in secondary groups is based on This is the entirety of social connections
what people can do for each other. whether for economic or political purpose
Through socialization, individuals develop wherein an individual takes part and through
the need to conform. whatever means.

TYPES OF GROUPS