CHAPTER 1 Science Technology in The World
CHAPTER 1 Science Technology in The World
CHAPTER 1 Science Technology in The World
AND SOCIETY
CHAPTER I – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
WORLD
Ancient Age: Three-Age System
The three-age system was introduced in the early 19 th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, an
archaeologist and a curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, through his book entitled
Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed Oldkyndighed (Guide to Scandinavian Antiquity). This system was
originally formulated to classify artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the materials to
which they were made of. This gave birth to the three chronologically successive prehistorical periods,
namely Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, whose dating is very approximate (Murray, 2007).
Stone Age
Paleolithic
AGE Lower Middle Upper Bronze Age Iron Age
Mesolithic Neolithic
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Stone Age (2.5 mya-3000 BC)
As defined by Thomsen, Stone Age is the period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other
materials aside from metals. It was further subdivided by John Lubbock into Paleolithic and Neolithic
periods, as presented in his 1865 book prehistoric times, representing the cultural evolution of tools from
chipped to polished stones, respectively. In 1883, De Mortillet then suggested the transitional period
between these two after the discovery of many stone tool deposits overlying those from the Paleolithic
period. This late Paleolithic to early Neolithic period was later on termed as Mesolithic by John Allen
Brown in 1892. These Stone Periods are based mainly on technological advancement and not on actual date
ranges, thus their lengths varied in different parts of the world (Petit & White, 2013).
The following are the periods under this age:
• Paleolithic (“Old Stone”) Period
• Lower Paleolithic Period
• Middle Paleolithic period
• Upper Paleolithic Period
• Mesolithic (“Middle Stone”) Period
• Neolithic (“New Stone”) Period
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Paleolithic (“Old Stone”) Period
The Paleolithic period is known to be the longest
phase of human history which began approximately two
million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000
years ago. It was during this period when humans were
suggested to evolve from an ape-like creature to a true
Homo Sapiens. They were hunter-gatherers who used to
hunt wild animals and harvest wild plants for survival.
These were achieved by using tools made of stones, flints,
bones and even antlers which gradually developed from a
single, all-purpose artifact to a collection of different
highly specialized tools each serving a specific function.
These people used to live in small bands and were either
nomadic or semi-nomadic moving consistently or
migrating between temporary settlements, respectively,
depending on food availability. This period of early
human development was further given three successive
divisions, namely: Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic
periods, each representing a distinguishable cultural
feature.
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Paleolithic (“Old Stone”) Period
A. Lower Paleolithic Period
This earliest Paleolithic period marked the age of human evolution and was characterized by the development of simple tools
stone choppers believed to be made more than a million year ago by one of our earliest ancestors, Australopithecus, which were
unearthed from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. In addition, it also comprised those 100,000-500,000- year old stone tools made by our
homo erectus ancestors such as those discovered from various African, Asian and European sites. These tools being used in hunting
and food gathering were either of core or flakes types. The former was usually achieved by chipping stones forming a cutting edge,
while the latter was simply made from struck off stone fragments
B. Middle Paleolithic period
The middle Paleolithic period encompassed the cultural development involving another early human ancestor, the Neanderthal
man, who existed 40,000-100,000 years ago. Neanderthals were cavemen known to use fire, stone tools of flake types for hunting,
and bone implements such as needles for sewing body coverings made of animal furs and skins. Further, evidence of painting the
dead before burial also suggested the religious practice during this period.
C. Upper Paleolithic Period
A variety of cultures of Homo sapiens groups (e.g. Cro-Magnon man, Grimaldi man, etc.) dominated the Upper Paleolithic
period. This period was known for communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting, and
making personal ornaments out of bones, horns and ivory. The first manmade dwellings called pit houses were built during this time.
Additionally, various late Paleolithic tools were discovered including flint and obsidian projectile points and blades and other highly
refined weapons. It was during this period well when Paleolithic art arose after cave walls were decorated with carvings and
paintings.
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Mesolithic (“Middle Stone”) Period
Occurring between the end of Paleolithic period and the beginning of Neolithic period, Mesolithic period involved
the gradual change in the way humans lived that could be attributed to the retreat of glaciers and growth of forests and
desert I different parts of the world. People began to learn fishing along rivers and lakes shores, make poetry and use
bow. There was also a gradual transition from food gathering to agriculture or food production. Further, they made use
of stone tools known as microliths which were comparatively smaller and more delicate than those of Palaeoliths
(Columbia Encyclopedia, n.d.)
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AGE PERIOD TOOL ECONOMY HABITATION SOCIETY
Handmade tools and objects
found in nature – cudgel, A band of edible-
club, sharpened stone, plant gatherers
Paleolithic chopper, handaxe, scraper, Mobile lifestyle – and hunters (25-
spear, harpoon, needle. Hunting and caves, huts or skin 100 people)
Gathering hovels, mostly by
Handmade tools and objects rivers and lakes
found in nature – bow and
Mesolithic arrow, fish – basket, boats. Tribes and bands
Stone Age
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Bronze Age (3000-1200 BC)
DATE EVENT
The Bronze Age (~3700 BC to ~500 BC)
Bronze Age started when tools and
3700 BC The Bronze Age started at different areas of the world at different times. The knowledge
weapons were already widely made with copper of how to mix the copper and tin moved slowly from place to place, plus many areas had
or bronze. This was achieved through metal no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.
extractions from ore (a process known as Near and Middle East (~3769 BC)
smelting) and melting and pouring it into a 3769 BC Bronze was already in use at this time. No one knows exactly where or how bronze was
first discovered. By around 3500 BC, farm tools and weapons were being made of this
mold for shaping, Smelting was originally done new metal in these areas
with copper, a soft metal. However, it was Bronze Age began in Bohemia (3500 BC to 3001 BC)
discovered by Sumerians of Mesopotamia that a Bronze was used in the Mediterranean and Eastern European areas. This new metal was
3500 BC
harder and stronger one (i.e. bronze) could be expansive to make, plus a craftsman was needed to make this new alloy.
made by blending copper and tin. This
Indus Valley (about 2500 BC)
technological knowledge then slowly moved
The Indus Valley civilization in India was a large early trading center. Bronze tools,
from place to place. It began in Southwest Asia 2500 BC
weapons, statuary, jewelry, and even toys were discovered from this time period.
and radiated in different parts of the world. It
took a thousand years before it covered the China (~2400 BC)
entire mainland Eurasia (Poroszlai, 1999) 2400 BC The Longshan people of China lived from around 3000 BC to 2400 BC. Toward the end
of the period, they used bronze to make tools and weapons.
Europe (~2300 BC)
2300BC The Bronze Age started about 2300 BC in Europe. Few tools were made in the beginning
but by 1200 BC, bronze replaced all stone tools.
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Bronze Age (3000-1200 BC)
DATE EVENT
Yellow River Valley (~1700 BC or so)
1700 BC The Shang Dynasty of China used bronze regularly. They even set up bronze-working communities. Around 1200 BC, Lady Hao, the wife of King
Wuding, died and was buried with many items for the afterlife including bronze vessels, armor, bells, knives, and tigers.
Mycenaean Civilization (~1650 BC)
1650 BC The Mycenaean civilization, located in present-day Greece, used bronze until about 1100 BC. The southern coastal community of Phylos had 400
laborers in their bronze-working industry.
Egypt (~1640 BC)
1640 BC
The Egyptians did not have bronze until they were invaded by the Hyksos around 1640 BC.
Start of the Middle Bronze Age (~1500 BC)
1500 BC
Bronze started to be found in Western Europe. The undeveloped areas of Northern Europe did not use bronze until about 1000 BC.
Alps and Central and Eastern Europe (~1250 BC)
1250 BC
Around this time, bronze swords and helmets were made in these areas.
Yellow River Area, China (~1122 BC to 221 BC)
1122 BC
After the defeat of the Shang Dynasty, the Chou Dynasty continued to use bronze-working techniques until iron was introduced after 770 BC.
Korea (~1000 BC)
1000 BC
The Chinese were the ones who eventually introduced bronze-working to the Koreans around 1000 BC.
Japan (~300 BC)
300BC The Japanese used bronze and iron tools at this time that might have been brought over from South Korea. The Bronze Age, though it developed
slowly, was a tremendous time of technological advancement that helped early civilizations flourish and expand
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Iron Age (1500 BC-450 AD)
Iron Age, as the name implies, included those articles made of
iron. This began when smelting pits made sufficient advancement to
produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore (Reardon, 2011).
Same with bronze-technology, iron age also diffused in different
regions slowly to North Africa, and then to sub-Saharan Africa where
diffusion of Bronze technology was halted by the Sahara Desert.
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China
Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers.
Agriculture and Economy Large-scale silk production started.
Bronze production became more sophisticated.
Physics
Weight is force.
Motion is caused by force and stops by obstruction.
Convex and concave mirrors give virtual and an inverted image respectively.
Studies on magnetism arose.
Astronomy
Calendars with 365 and 14 days in a year were developed.
Circle was divided into 365 and 14 degrees.
Stars, planets, comets, meteors, and eclipses were catalogued and described.
Various models of the universe were presented.
Science 2500 BC Mathematics
Numbers were expressed in decimals.
Knowledge on determining square roots was introduced.
Sliding calipers were widely used in artisan works.
Solutions on cubic, quadratic and intermediate equations were presented.
Medical Biology
Diseases were believed to be caused by excess of: heat, cold, light, darkness, wind and rain.
Exercise, water therapy and wine anesthesia were usually prescribed by patients to patients.
Diagnoses involved observations, auscultation, questioning and pulse counting.
Acupuncture began to effectively cure the most known body illnesses.
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China
The following were some of the major Chinese technological advancements during the Middle Ages.
1. Paper
2. Seismograph
3. Animal harness
4. Water-power
Technology 5. Mechanical clock
6. Hydraulic engineering works
7. Wheel barrow
8. Gun powder, guns, and cannons
9. Printing press
10. Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder
Europe
Feudal system fully developed in Europe and had defined its economic history. It depended on local agricultural
and handicraft production and was characterized by having the following hierarchical ranks in the society:
Peasant
Lord
Economy Lay or clerical
Overlords
Kings and bishops
Pope or emperor
The Church provided the intellectual and administrative expression of the feudal system.
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Europe
Cathedral schools, which then became universities, were established to address the societal need for
intellectual advancement. Some of these universities arose in the following European areas:
Paris (1160)
Oxford (1167)
Cambridge (1209)
Padua (1221)
Education St. Andrew (1410)
Napples (1224)
Salamanca (1227)
Prague (1347)
Vienna (1367)
Listed below are the major discoveries and inventions in Europe during the middle ages:
1. Horse-collar
2. Clock/watch
3. Magnetic compass
Technology 4. Water-mill and windmill
5. Lenses with spectacles
6. Gunpowder and cannon
7. Paper and printing
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India
Science
Medicine was naturally based and not supernatural, in which
diagnoses were based on symptoms and appearance.
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Pre-Columbian American
Mayan (ancient natives of Central America) Civilization
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Science Revolution (1440-1690 AD)
This period refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements that led to radical changes in scientific inquiries.
Some of the important contributions to this scientific revolution are the following:
1. Universe Model (by Nicholas Copernicus)
This describes the sun as the center of the universe, and that the earth and other planets revolve around it in circles. This
also suggest that the distance from the sun determines the arrangement of the planets and the stars: Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn and stars.
2. Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler)
This states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits: and that closer planets to the sun move
faster than the others.
3. Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilei)
This involves the discovery of the relations among distance, velocity, acceleration and law of inertia using new scientific
approach as follows:
a. Definition of concepts
b. Expression of the relationship of concepts
c. Giving precise hypothesis
d. Deduction of consequences from hypothesis
e. Experimentation to test the consequences
f. Analysis in terms of abstract and ideal situation
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Science Revolution (1440-1690 AD)
1. Law of Motion (by Isaac Newton)
a. 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
- It states that object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will remain with the same speed and
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
b. 2nd Law of Motion
- It states that acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.
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Industrial Revolution (1750-1895 AD)
Industrial PRODUCT
CLASSIFICATION
INVENTION DESCRIPTION/EFFECT
Revolution generally Fly-shuttle A spinning machine for increased weaving speed.
covers the complex Textile
Water-frame Strong spun thread for ward
Rude power loom For mechanized weaving operations
technological Cotton gin For separation of cotton from seeds
innovations that led to Use of coke for iron smelting Non-malleability
the substitution of Blast furnace For cheaper and faster smelting of iron
Coal, iron and steel Puddling furnace For maintenance of low temperature
machines and inanimate Manufacturing cylinder methods For construction of iron bridge and ship
power for human skill Open-heart process Finer steel
and human and animal Mile-long canals Marked the beginning of canal-building era in England
forces, respectively. Steam boat Could travel a 20-mile long distance
Macadamizing More durable model of roads
Some of these Transportation
Puffing Billy Could pull 8 coal wagons at 5mph
remarkable technological Steam locomotive with steam blast Could run at a speed of 29mph
advancements are the Steam ship Was able to cross the atlantic
Electric telegraph For sending or receiving messages using electric transmission over wire.
following (Abastillas,
2006). Communication Telephone For long-distance communication using wire and radio signals
Radio For wireless communication using electromagnetic waves.
Gas lighting Lighting by burning gas
Lighting Bunsen burner Uses gas and air for an intensely hot blue flame
Electric Light Made use of bulb for lighting
Seed drill For even spacing of seeds in soils
Agriculture Marling practice For increased soil fertility
Stock breeding Widely adopted by the agricultural sector
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18th to 19th Century
During this era, the connection between science and technology was very minimal. This gradually shifted to
developmental stage during the 19th century when science advances during this period are summarized as follows:
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18th to 19th Century
FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit First mercury thermometer
Benjamin Franklin Distinguished negative and positive charges
Made chemistry a science; performed combustion
Atoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
experiments
Chemistry Henry Cavendish Idea that oxygen combustion produces water
John Dalton Atomic theory
Joseph John Thomson Discovery of electron
Humphry Davy, Jons Jacobe Berseliu and others Discovery of new elements
Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt Pioneered organic chemistry
Robert Hooke Discovery of cell
Anton vsn Leeuwenhoek Observation and discovery of microorganisms
Introduced binomial nomenclature of classifying
Carolus Linnaeus
species
Mary Anning Discovered first Ichthyosaur fossils
Georges Cuvier Founded comparative anatomy as a science
Robert Brown Discovered cell nucleus
Biology
Crawford Long Use of ether in surgical operations
Wilhelm Wundt Introduction of experimental psychology
Theory of evolution; presented in the book Origin of
Charles Darwin
Species
Louis Pasteur Vaccine against rabies
Daniel Hale Williams Performed the first open heart surgery
Martinus Beijerinck Discovered first known virus
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20th Century to Date
During the 20th century, science and technology had structurally and methodologically changed. A number of
scientific theories were introduced and had influenced technological works in this century. The following summarizes
the significant advances in scientific knowledge during this the 20th century.
FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity
Ernest Rutherford Discovery of proton
Physics Wolfgang Pauli Principle on arrangement of electrons in an atom
Matrix version of quantum mechanics
Werner Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle
Erwin Shchrodinger Wave version of quantum mechanics
Paul Dirac Relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons
James Chadwick Discovery of neutron
Otto Hahn Discovery of nuclear fission
Biology
Heavy subatomic particle classification
Murray Gell-Mann
Quark concept
Karl Alexaner Muller & Johannes Georg Beandrz Discovery of high temperature conductor
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20th Century to Date
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20th Century to Date
FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Hugo de Vries Idea of occurrence of mutation
James Watson & Francis Crick DNA Structure
Stanly Cohen & Herbert Boyer Beginning of genetic engineering
Martin Cline Transferring of functional gene between mice
Allan Wilson & Russel Higuchi Production of the first gene cloned from an extinct species
Biology Ian Wilmut Sheep (named Dolly) cloning using somatic nuclear transfer
Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Erich von
Rediscovery of the Law of Genetics
Tschermak
Dmitry Ivanovsky and Martinus
Discovery of viruses
Beijerinck
Rudolf Jaenisch Introduction of DNA into a mouse embryo
Lean Philippe Teisserenc de Bort Discovery of stratosphere
Andrija Mohorovicic Discovery of earth’s crust and mantle boundary
Alfred Wegner Continental drift theory
Presentation of the reversal of earth’s magnetic field every 100 million
Motonori Matuyama
Earth Science years
Charles Francis Richter Earthquake intensity scale
Harry Hess Theory of seafloor spreading
Idea that dinosaur extinction was cause by the striking of large comets
Walter Alvarez
on earth
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20th Century to Date
Some of the important inventions which were based highly on various scientific theories are listed below.
FIELD INVENTION
Biotechnology Biogas; biosensor; DNA fingerprinting; gene cloning; synthetic skin
Communication AM radio; cellular phone; communication satellite; fiber optics
Defense Army tank; atomic bomb; neutron bomb; tear gas
Energy Biogas; neon light; nuclear fusion; nuclear power plant; nuclear reactor; solar power
Animated cartoon film; Betamax video system; cassette tapes; colored television; compact disc (CD)
Entertainment player; motion picture sound; video cassette; video disk; video game; video home system (VHS)
Information and Computer Calculator; computer floppy disk; internet; laser printer; microcomputer; minicomputer; pocket
Technology calculator
Artificial heart; artificial kidney; blood bank; electron microscope; fluorescence bronchoscope;
hemopump; laser; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); mammography; pacemaker; scanning electron
Medicine microscope; test tube baby; ultrasound or sonography; X-ray laser
Airplane; diesel locomotive; helicopter; jet engine; jumbo jetliner; spacecraft; monoplane and seaplane;
Transportation space shuttle; supersonic aircraft.
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Information Age
The period of human history typically described by the change from
traditional industry to an economy based on information computerization
is known as the information age, digital age, or new media age. It is
coupled with the birth of the personal computers. It is also the era with
easy access on any piece of information (Stacy, 2008).
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The Pre-Gutenberg World
During the time when printing press was not yet around information could be processed in a tedious manner.
Books were written and produced by hand. They were made in surfaces of clay, wax, papyrus and parchment. The
hand-produced books and other reading materials were restricted only to those people who can afford to buy these
materials, the ones called elite group of people. Information was only relayed to other through a word-of-mouth
channels (Stacy, 2008).
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The Pre-Gutenberg World
During the time when printing press was not yet around information could be processed in a tedious manner.
Books were written and produced by hand. They were made in surfaces of clay, wax, papyrus and parchment. The
hand-produced books and other reading materials were restricted only to those people who can afford to buy these
materials, the ones called elite group of people. Information was only relayed to other through a word-of-mouth
channels (Stacy, 2008).
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The Gutenberg Revolution
The rise of institutionalized and medicated channels was evident during this time. The best example of this was
the “media” which can pass information through to people from all walks of life. This opened the door to exceptional
mass communications. It has been a very significant era in the history, but we cannot do away from the fact that to
distribute the information to a lot of listeners or viewers would cost a lot of money. For others, Gutenberg will remain
as man of mystery, but his unprecedented discovery of the printing press has contributed a lot to the world that was
way impossible with books or documents written by hand (Stacy, 2008).
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The Rise of Digital Age
With the advent of modern
technologies, printing presses are not
only tools used in spreading
information. Computers, cellphone,
computer printers, digital cameras, etc.
are now readily available to pass
information from one individual to
another from here to even faraway
places.
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The Rise of Digital Age
Computers discovered by Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer,
and considered the “father of computers”, computers were designed
simply for computations/ mathematical calculations and simple decision-
making capabilities. The main-frame computers were large room-sized
gadget that provide people data calculation and manipulation faster than
the humans brain. Personal computers also became available which gave
every individual access to computers (Hughes &Hans, 2017).
The Internet. Developed in California, United States in the late 1960, the internet
was mostly used by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The two
people behind the creation of the internet are Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn. It
was a government-controlled project until 1984. The first problem encountered in
using the internet, was the speed. The discovery of Fiber-optic allowed the
billions of bits of information to be received every minute. Intel was one of the
companies that developed faster microprocessor like i5 and i7. Using these kinds
of processors, signals coming from other personal computers were quickly
processed (Hughes &Hans, 2017).
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The Rise of Digital Age
World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (www.) discovered by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, started in the 1990s basically
for commercial purposes. Home pages were made by companies,
business owners or corporation in order to promote and sell their
products. Eventually, other items could be purchased online. Ease in
shopping can now be experienced without going out to department,
similarly, many on line business owners can earn money through online
transactions (Rice &Barman-Adhikari,2013). With the use of the internet,
one can across the following websites in the social media.
Electronic Mail or E-mail. Several years back, it would take several days to receive
a letter and it would also take a big amount of money to contact and talk to
someone abroad. Communications was made easier through Electronic Mail or E-
mail, the discovery of which was controversially claimed by V.A. Shiva
Ayyadurai, an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur. He started by
building the system in 1978 when he was 14 years old. The copyright for the term
E-mail was granted to him in 1982. E-mail is an avenue by which messages are
exchanged between people from different locations at a faster rate (Rice
&Barman-Adhikari, 2013)
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The Rise of Digital Age
Facebook. Facebook website was first launched in February 4, 2004 by a
keen computer programmer, Mark Zuckerberg together with his fellow
students in Harvard College and with other roommates. The membership
was first limited to Harvard students but later, students in Boston area,
Ivy League College and Stanford university where people could contact
one another and meet on line to share each other’s thoughts, ideas,
experience, photos, and videos which they feel would be worth sharing. It
can build relationships, can be used in business transactions and could be
a source of games (Hughes &Hans, 2017).
Twitter. Created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan
Williams, Twitter is another networking website where people post and internet
with messages or “tweets” which are restricted only for up to 140 characters. It
was one of the most visited websites and is considered the “SMS of the Internet”
(Rice &Barman-Adhikari, 2013)
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The Rise of Digital Age
Messenger. It was originally developed as Facebook chat in 2008
but changed its messaging service in 2010. It is an instant
messaging service and software application. This can be used to
send messages to other people through written messages, voice
calls or video calls. The latter could be in a one-to-one
interaction or even in group conversations (Hughes
&Hans,2017).
YouTube. Today, YouTube is the largest on-line destination and the third most
visited website. This website makes its way through the social media via the
tandem of Chad Hurley and Steve Chen. In 2005, during Valentine’s day,
Hurley registered the logo and domain of YouTube. After three months, a
small group of employees launched the site www.youtube.com. YouTube is
one of the best ways by which videos can be shared. One can see videos
about the enormous aspects of life through this website (Article: The 20
Most Interesting Social Networks, 2017).
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The Rise of Digital Age
Google. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students at Stanford
university developed Google as a research project in 1996. The domain
google.com was registered in September 1997. It is now the most used
search engine in the worldwide web. Google offers us a wide variety of
features beyond searching for words. These may include synonyms or
word meanings, time zones, maps, weather forecast, sports scores,
calculations, etc. One could also search for researches or journal articles
used as references for theses and dissertations. Yahoo in Japan is one of
the great competitors of Google (Article: The 20 Most Interesting Social
Networks, 2017).
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The Rise of Digital Age
These social media platforms mentioned above are the most commonly used platforms by people but there are still
other social media platforms which are not discussed in this book. Some include the following: Blab, hi5, House party,
LinkedIn, My Life, Meerkat, Periscope, Ning, Plaxo, Snapchat, Bling, Xing, Flickr, Vimeo, iTunes, and My space
(Article: The 20 Most Interesting Social Networks, 2017).
Their discovery and use became a very significant part of the economy. It gave a great impact in the workforce in
many different ways. Workers who are not-well versed with automation are being forced to look for automated jobs.
They are also being forced to compete for globally competitive jobs. And worse, Some Workers are being replaced by
computers which can make the job much faster and which do not require compensation. but on lighter note,
computerization has given much benefit to us. It resulted in high productivity in the workplace. Nowadays, bills
payment, bank transactions, online shopping, and the like are much easier than without computers and internet.
From Gutenberg to Information age, the revolution of technology has made us realize that modernization of
information and communication process have become the power behind social evolution.
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