Integrative

programming
 Agenda
1.Discuss the Introduction to Integrative
Programming and Technologies;

2.Explain integrative technologies or methods used

in application integration; and

3.Evaluate the different types of middleware and

how the middleware solves problem of
heterogeneity.
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 •Integration of software refers to techniques for combining existing software
components to form a complete system. However, the software integration includes
at least one existing software system, developed in the past with no plan for its

Introduction
symmetric integration with another component in the future.

•Integrative programming deals with an integration approaches and techniques that

connect different components of IT infrastructure- people, applications, platforms and
databases to enable a secure, intra and inter application collaboration. Integrative
solutions enable an organization to integrate business processes internally and
externally with business partners to create dynamic environments that supports
current and evolving business requirements, thereby creating a global organization.
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 •Application integration assists in unlimited sharing of data and business
processes among any connected applications or data sources in without
making major changes to the applications or data structures. Hence,

Introduction integration is the process of connecting multiple, independently developed

applications using incompatible technologies into a single organization wide
system with information flowing seamlessly among the integrated systems or
components.

•Most of the applications that run in organizations’ hardly live in isolation.

Whether the registrar application must interface with the finance application,
the human resource management application must connect to each other, it
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seems like any application can be made better by integrating it with other4
applications.
 •Integration of multiple, independently developed, managed and
maintained applications components that may normally use

Introduction
incompatible technologies and heterogeneous platforms” enables
transmission of information between applications, automates flow
of data between applications that make up the business process
flow. Integration is the process of combining separate applications
into cooperating collections of application.

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Overview of inter system
communication
Inter-system communication is the communication between a set of
heterogeneous systems that are integrated together. These integrated systems
which put together many heterogeneous set of subsystems and the produced
objects are extremely different, yet should contribute to the same process.
Software integration includes one or more of the following.
System integration
Given two or more systems, subsystems or components, each of which function
properly (satisfying their requirement within their environment). The problem is to
integrate them into one larger system satisfying the combined requirements
within the newly formed environment.
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Overview of inter system
communication
Functional integration or technology
integration

Given a software system, this may have been

functioning properly in the field for a significant
period. The problem is to integrate a new
function or a new technology within the
system. The integrated system should provide
the new functionality or use the new
technology, while preserving the original
system functionality. Sample Footer Text
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Overview of inter system
communication
Incremental engineering
A software system can be developed and delivered using available
technologies and with less functionality than it is intended to finally
provide. New technologies and or more functions then can be
integrated within the system. The problem is to design the system
with such future integration in mind.
Modification
Sometimes an existing and properly functioning software system
must be decomposed and integrated to carry out modification.
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The need for integration
Most of organizations consist of
more than one department, running
department specific applications
and those applications interact with
each other to achieve the overall
objective of the organizations.
Information systems change
overtime by growing in their size,
incorporating functionality of the
existing standalone systems.
Applications originally intended to
operate separately, later on are
required to interoperate with others.

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The need for integration
Some of the reasons for integration are the following;

∙Technology change affects all layers; legacy does not go away

so easily.
∙The architecture of the organization information system
depends on constraints related to the technology but also to the
organization.
∙Within an enterprise, each department may have its own IT
infrastructure, systems and databases which are maintained
independently. Integrating them may bring additional value to
the company.
∙Integration assists in formation of Zero Latency organization -
when all functions within the organization work with the same
up-to-date information, latency between applications is
eliminated/ reduced.
∙Updating and integrating of applications is possible whenever
required. New applications can be created by integrating real
time
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20XX different parts
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Integration models

Integration model defines how applications will be Presentation integration

integrated by defining the nature of and Data integration and
mechanisms for integration. Some of the
methods used for application integration are Function integration
discussed in the following section.

Title Title Title

These models include;

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Fundamental Challenges of Integration
•To support common business processes and • Integration of applications,
data sharing across applications, these
developed by different languages
applications need to be integrated. Application
integration needs to provide efficient, reliable and running on different computing
and secure data exchange between multiple platforms is not an easy task.
enterprises applications.
• All integration solutions have to deal
•A lot of the problems to be addressed in with a few fundamental challenges:
Organizations Application Integration system some of the challenges of integration
from having to integrate standalone applications
are;
which have been developed independently,
operate autonomously, and were not originally ∙ Network unreliability
indented to be integrated with one another. ∙ Distributed systems
∙ Slow networks and
∙ Heterogeneity
∙ Modification complexity
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Integrative Technologies/methods for integration
• File Transfer- one application • Remote Procedure Invocation -
one application exposes some of
writes a file that another later its functionality so that it can be
reads. The applications need to accessed remotely by other
agree on the filename and applications as a remote
procedure. The communication
•Application integration is an location, the format of the file,
occurs real-time and
integration framework composed the timing of when it will be synchronously.
of a collection of technologies and written and read, and who will
services which form a middleware delete the file.
or "middleware framework" to • Messaging - one application
enable integration of systems and publishes a message to a
applications across organizations. common message channel. Other
• Shared Database- multiple applications can read the message
There are four methods used in applications share the same from the channel at a later time.
application integration, which are database schema, located in a The applications must agree on a
discussed in the section below: single physical database.
channel as well as the format of the
message. The communication is
Because there is no duplicate asynchronous. All of the four
data storage, no data has to be approaches solve essentially the
same problem in integration; each
transferred from one application style has its distinct advantages
to the other. and disadvantages. In fact,
applications may integrate using
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Remote procedure calls
Messaging

In essence, a message is transmitted in five steps:

1.Create - the sender creates the message and populates it with data.
2.Send - the sender adds the message to a channel.
3.Deliver - the messaging system moves the message from the sender’s
computer to the receiver’s computer, making it available to the receiver.
4.Receive - the receiver reads the message from the channel.
5.Process - the receiver extracts the data from the message.
This diagram
illustrates these five
transmission steps,
which computer
performs each, and
which steps involve
the messaging
system:
Middleware and Integrative architectures
Middleware is a software programming running at
the top of operating system and below the
applications. It connects applications or software
components. Middleware provides a standard high
level interface to the application developers and
integrators, so that application can easily
interoperate. Interoperability is the ability of two or
more components or systems to exchange
information.
There are three types of middleware. These are, transaction-oriented, object-oriented and
message oriented middleware.

1. Transaction-oriented middleware: supports distributed computing involving database

applications.

2. Message-oriented middleware: supports reliable, asynchronous communications

between distributed components or applications.

3. Object-oriented middleware: systems are based on object-oriented paradigm, and

primarily support synchronous communications between distributed objects or software
components. Examples are CORBA, DCOM and RMI.
Integrative
architectures
Integrative architectures are the
standard methodologies for
application integration. These
architectures include, CORBA,
DCOM and RPC. The
architectures act as a middleware,
a software application that
mediates between different
applications.

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Thank You

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