Week 4

Fingerprint Characteristics and Formation I
• Ridge Function and Interpretation
• Formation of Delta and Core
I- RIDGE FUNCTION AND INTERPRETATION
1. Ridge
• This are the tiny elevation/ hill-like structure on the epidermis of the skin
• The black lines with tiny white dots/ sweat pores in a fingerprint impression.
2. Furrows
• The depress/ canal-like structure on the epidermis of the skin
• The white spaces between the ridges in a fingerprint impression.
3. Pattern area – Is a part of loop or whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and consisting
with the delta, core and the other ridges.
• The only part of the finger impression with which we are concerned in regard to
interpretation and classification.
• Present in all patterns but in many arches and tented arches it is impossible to define.
• The pattern area is that part of a loop or whorl in which appear the cores, deltas, and
ridges with which we are concerned in classifying.
• The pattern areas of loops and whorls are enclosed by type lines.
4. Type lines – a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic
boundary of fingerprint impression.
• Type lines may be defined as the two innermost ridges which start parallel, diverge,
and surround or tend to surround the pattern area. (look at figure no. 2)
5. Divergence
• A part of a pattern defined as two ridges separated from each other which have been
running parallel or nearly parallel diverge in opposite direction.
6. Bifurcation
• The forking or dividing of one line into two or more branches.
7. Convergence
• It is the meeting of two or more ridges at a certain point.
8. Enclosure/ eyelet
• It is a single ridge which split into two or more branches and at a certain point meet
again to form a single ridge.
9. Dot
• It is a ridge possesing a single pore.
10. Short ridge
• It is a ridge of a limited length with two or more pores.
• More than 1mm but less than 1cm.
11. Ending ridge
• it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge.
12. Cross-over/ bridge
• A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles.
13. Trifurcation
• This is one single ridge splitting into a three-pronged, fork-shaped pattern.
II – FORMATION OF DELTA AND CORE
The Focal Points / The Two Fingerprint Terminus
So pano nga ba naten makikita at icoconsider na ito si delta at ito si core base s ridge formation.
- Within the pattern areas of loops and whorls are enclosed the focal points which are used to
classify them. These points are called delta and core. Basically kapag mag kaclassify tayo ng pattern of
fingerprint merong mga bagay na kinoconsider tulad ng delta at core upang malaman kung saang pattern
sila. Pero bago yan balikan naten kung yung 2 ridges formation na makakatulong sa atin ng Malaki sap ag
uunawa about fingerprints.
Type lines – a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic
boundary of fingerprint impression. start parallel, diverge, and surround or tend to surround the pattern
area.
Pattern area – Is a part of loop or whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and consisting with
the delta, core and the other ridges. The only part of the finger impression with which we are concerned
in regard to interpretation and classification.
A new reference point for fingerprint recognition called a focal point is proposed.
The focal point is an expected focus of curved ridges of fingerprint images.
1. Delta –(also called the outer terminus) is a point along a ridge formation found at the center
or near the center of the diverging type lines.
• Outer Terminus
• (1) point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and
(2) is located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.
A. Types of Deltas
▪ A Bifurcation
▪ An abrupt ending ridge
▪ A dot
▪ A short ridge
▪ A meeting of two ridges
▪ A point on the first recurving ridge located nearest to the center and in front of the
divergence of the type line.
B. Rules in the Selection of Delta
When there is a choice between two or more possible deltas, the following rules govern:
1. When there are two or more possible bifurcation deltas which conform to the definition, the
one nearest the core should be chosen.
2. The delta may not be located in the middle of a ridge running between the typelines towards
the core, but at the end nearest to the core.
3. The delta may not be located at a bifurcation which does not open toward the core.
4. Where there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, the bifurcation is
selected.
Core
• also known as the heart or the Inner Terminus
• The approximate center of the finger impression. It will be necessary to

concern ourselves with the core of the loop type only.
• Placed upon or within the approximate center from the innermost sufficient
recurve.
A. Types of Core
▪ Bar or Rod
▪ Staple
▪ Fragmentary
B. Rules in the Selection of Core
1. The core is located on the shoulder of the innermost loop farthest from the delta.
2. The core is located on the rod in the center of the innermost recurve, provided, the rod rises
as high as the shoulders.
3. If there are an even number of rods as high as the shoulders, the core is located on the end of
the farther one of the two center rods, whether or not the rod touches the inside of the recurve.
Two rods treated as they were connecting recurving ridge
4. If there are an odd number of rods as high as the shoulders the core is located on the end of
the center of rod, whether or not the rod touches the inside of the recurve.
5. Join the two loops together by an imaginary recurve, making one loop with rod or rods
inside, count number of rod or rods shoulder high in order to locate the core.

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Fingerprint Characteristics and Formation I

• Ridge Function and Interpretation

• Formation of Delta and Core

I- RIDGE FUNCTION AND INTERPRETATION

• The depress/ canal-like structure on the epidermis of the skin

• The white spaces between the ridges in a fingerprint impression.

• The forking or dividing of one line into two or more branches.

• It is the meeting of two or more ridges at a certain point.

• It is a ridge possesing a single pore.

10. Short ridge

• It is a ridge of a limited length with two or more pores.

• More than 1mm but less than 1cm.

11. Ending ridge

• it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge.

12. Cross-over/ bridge

• This is one single ridge splitting into a three-pronged, fork-shaped pattern.

II – FORMATION OF DELTA AND CORE

The Focal Points / The Two Fingerprint Terminus

▪ An abrupt ending ridge

▪ A meeting of two ridges

B. Rules in the Selection of Delta

• also known as the heart or the Inner Terminus

• The approximate center of the finger impression. It will be necessary to

B. Rules in the Selection of Core

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