UNIT- 4 ElectricDrives andSpecialMachines(MARKS:12)

Ques 1. The consideration involved in the selection of the type of

electric drive for a particular application depends upon
1. Speed control range and its nature
2. Starting Nature
3. Environmental condition
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer.4. All of the above
Explanation:-
Motor control is required in the large number of industrial and
domestic applications such as transportation systems, rolling mills,
paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps, robots, and
washing machines. Systems employed for motion control are called
drives and may employ any of the prime movers.
Drives employing electric motors are known as electric drives.
or
The system which is used for controlling the motion of an electrical
machine, such type of system is called an electrical drive.
Factors Affecting the Selection of Electric Drive
The selection of electric drive basically means the selection of drive
motor. Following are the various factors which influence the selection
of motor to drive the load:
1. The limits of speed range: The range over which the speed
control is necessary, for the load, similarly how hard is it to
control the speed and the speed regulation also affects the
choice of the motor.
2. Motor efficiency: The motor efficiency varies as load varies so
the efficiency consideration under variable speed operation
affects the choice of the motor.
3. Braking: The braking requirements from the load point of view.
Easy and effective braking are the requirements of a good drive.
4. Starting requirements: The starting torque necessary for the
load, the corresponding starting current is drawn by the motor
also affects the selection of drive.
5. Power factor: It is well known that running of motors with low
power factor values is not at all economical. While the power
factor vanes with the load conditions in some motors. Hence the
type of the load and the running power factor of the motor are
the essential considerations while selecting a drive.
6. Load factor: There are the variety of types of load conditions
possible Idle continuous, intermittent, impact etc. Such load
variations are discussed later in the chapter. Such load variation
 factor and duty cycle of the motor influences the selection of
drive.
7. Reliability of operation: It is important to study the conditions
of stable operation of an electric drive. This includes the
investigation of the reliability of operation of an electric drive.
8. Availability of supply: The motors available are a.c. or d.c. But
the availability of supply decides the type of motor to be selected
for the drive.
9. Effects of supply variations: There is a possibility of frequency
supply variations. The motor selected must be able to withstand
such supply variations.
10. Economical aspects: The size and rating of motor decide
its initial cost while the various losses, temperature rise decides
its Truing cost. These economical aspects must be considered
while selecting a drive.
11. Environmental effects: It Is possible that the atmosphere
where an electric drive is to be used may contain some chemical
gases, fumes, humidity etc. Such a contaminated atmosphere or
a humid atmosphere also affects the choice of motor for a drive.
Ques 2. Which of the following motor is preferred for automatic
drives?

1. Ward Leonard controlled dc motors

2. Squirrel cage induction motor
3. Synchronous motors
4. Shunt Motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Ward Leonard controlled dc motors
Explanation:
Ward Leonard Speed Control
The Ward-Leonard system consists of a fixed speed 3-phase AC
induction motor driving by separately excited DC generator that, in
turn, feeds a variable voltage to a shunt wound DC motor. So this is
essentially a DC variable speed drive.
The basic principle of the DC variable speed drive is that the speed of a
separately excited DC motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied to the armature of the DC motor. The main changes over the
years have been concerned with the different methods of generating
the variable DC voltage from the 3-phase AC supply.
Ward Leonard control of dc machines is considered as one of the most
elegant and efficient methods of speed control over a wide range. The
schematic diagram of the control technique is shown in Figure. The
system consists of a separately excited generator feeding power to the
dc motor to be controlled. The generator, “G” is driven at a constant
speed by an ac motor connected to the ac mains. The driving motor
may be an induction motor or a synchronous motor. Where ac mains
are not available, a diesel engine or a gas turbine acts as a prime
mover to run the generator. This generator drives a motor ‘ M”. The
motors “G” and ‘ M” must be of equal rating.

Adjusting the field current of the generator, the motor terminal voltage
can be controlled. The field winding voltage of the generator can be
smoothly varied in either direction. Therefore, the motor terminal
voltage and the speed of the motor can be varied smoothly from full
negative to full positive. Modern installations use thyristor converter
circuit for variable voltage dc supply.
One of the advantages of Ward Leonard drive system is its ability for
regenerative braking, thereby delivering power to the grid,
corresponding to low motor speeds. For regenerative braking, the
output voltage of generator “G” is reduced below the induced voltage
of the motor “M” by decreasing the generator field excitation. This
reverses the current flow in the armature of the machines “G” and
“M”.
As the current is reversed, the machine “G” will act as a motor and the
machine “M” will act as a generator. The mechanical energy supplied
to the machine “M” is converted into electrical energy; which is now
supplied to the machine “G’ [presently working as a motor]. The
machine “G” will act as a prime mover for the ac machine which will
now work as generator feeding power to the grid. The nature of the
speed-torque characteristic is similar to that shown in Figure. Drop in
motor speed due to change in load torque is caused by Iara drop in both
the machines. When the generator output voltage is high, the motor
speed is automatically high. The Iara drop in both machines will be
negligible compared to their outputs. Therefore, the % speed
regulation of the motor will be excellent. The Ward Leonard drive is
used in steel rolling mills, paper plants, elevators, machine tools.
The main advantages of Ward Leonard scheme are:
1. Capable of producing regenerative braking thus delivering
electrical energy to the grid. Therefore, the scheme adopts
conservation of energy. Besides, it is suitable for four-quadrant
operation.
2. This system is commonly employed for elevators, hoists, and
main drive in steel mills, as this method can give unlimited speed
control in either direction. Since the generator voltage can be
varied gradually from zero, no extra starting equipment is
required to start up the main motor smoothly.
3. Speed reversal is smooth and does not require any external
resistance or any special starting gear;
4. The arrangement is neat and clean and relatively free from
maintenance problem.
5. The lagging reactive volt-amperes of a plant can be neutralized,
by using an over-excited synchronous motor. The overall power
factor of the plant also improves.
6. When the load is intermittent as in rolling mills, the drive motor
used is an induction motor with a flywheel mounted on its shaft
to smooth out the intermittent loading to a low value. The M-G
set provided with a flywheel is known as Ilgner set. The
synchronous motor is not suitable for intermittent loading
because of its constant speed characteristic.
The main disadvantages of Ward Leonard scheme are:
1. The initial cost of the drive system is costly since to drive 1 dc
motor, additional 1 dc generator of the same rating and a 3-
phase ac motor are needed;
2. The scheme needs more floor space and produces more noise
compared to a single machine undergoing speed-control
mechanism.
3. The efficiency of the scheme becomes poor due to the inclusion
of two addition machines viz. the machine G and the prime
mover which is generally a 3-phase motor.
4. The drive produces noise and requires frequent maintenance.
Nowadays, static Ward-Leonard drives, using two thyristor bridge
rectifiers (converters) connected back to back, are used to eliminate
the above drawbacks.
More precise and smooth speed control over a wide range such as
200:1, and even higher, is accomplished in which there are no sources
of noise and vibration. In such an adjustable voltage system, higher
torque-speed characteristics can be obtained by providing id
compensation. Soft starting can also be incorporated.
Non-electrical prime movers can be used to drive the dc generator of
the Ward-Leonard drive. For example, in diesel-electric locomotives
and ship propulsion drives, the generator is driven by a diesel engine
or a gas turbine.
Examples of applications are rolling mills, paper mills, mine hoists, etc.

Ques 3. The consideration involved in the selection of the type of

electric drive for the Load Variation application depends upon
1. Constant Load
2. Continuous Variable Load
3. Pulsating Load
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer.4. All of the above
Explanation:-
Selection of Motor based on Load Variation
While selecting a motor it is necessary to consider the variation of load
torque with speed and time. This is related to the torque rating of the
motor i.e. how much and what type of torque motor can produce
safely. The variation of load torque with speed basically decides the
type of motor to be selected. While the variation of load torque with
time decides the rating of the motor to be selected. Such a factor
which influences the selection of rating of the motor based on the load
variation with time is called load variation factor. One cycle of variation
of the load is called a duty cycle. The different types of load variations
with time and corresponding examples of load are given below:
1. Continuous or constant loads: In this type load occurs for a
long time under the same conditions.
e.g. fan type loads, paper making machines etc.
2. Continuous variable loads: The load is variable over a period
of time but occurs repetitively for a longer duration.
e.g metal cutting lathes, conveyors etc
3. Pulsating loads: A torque which exhibits a combination of
constant load torque superimposed by pulsations.
e.g. reciprocating pumps, compressors, all loads having Bank
shaft.
 4. Impact loads: These are peak loads occur at regular intervals of
time. Motors for such loads are provided with heavy flywheels.
e.g rolling vanilla, presses, sharing machines, forging hammers
5. Short time internment loads: The load appears periodically on
identical duty cycles, each consisting of a period of applications
of load and one or rest.
e.g. all forms of cranes, hoist, elevators.
6. Short time loads: A constant load appears on the drive and Me
system rests for the remaining period of the cycle.
e.g. motor-generator sets for charging batteries, household
equipment.

Ques 4. __________ drive is also called as Line shaft drive

1. Individual drive
2. Multimotor drive
3. Group Drive
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. Group Drive
Explanation:-
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Electrical drives may be grouped into the following three cate^lpriee:
1. Group drive.
2. Individual drive.
3. Multimotor drive.
Group drive:- A drive in which a single electric motor drives a line shaft
by means of which an entire group of working machines may be
operated is called group drive. It is also sometimes called as the line
shaft drive. The line shaft is fitted with multi-stepped pulleys and
belts that connect these pulleys and the shafts of the driven machines
serve to vary their speed.

Ques 5. The advantages of a group driver electric drive are

1. HIgh efficiency
2. Low Noise
3. Constant speed
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. High Efficiency
Explanation:-
Advantages of Group driver electric drive
Saving in the initial cost: One 150 kW motor costs much less than
ten 15 kW motors required to drive 10 separate machined
High Efficiency:- The efficiency and power factor of a large group
drive motor will be higher, provided it is operated fairly near its rated
load.
High Overload capacity:- If the machines are liable to short but
sharp overloads, group drive is again advantageous, because 100
percent overload on an individual machine will cause hardly 10 percent
overload when driven by group drive.
Continous start and stop:- Group drive can be used with advantage
in those industrial processes where there is the sequence of continuity
in operation and where it is desirable to stop these processes
simultaneously as in a flour mill.

Ques 6. The disadvantages of group drive electric machine is/are

1. Low efficiency
2. Low overload capacity
3. Can’t be used for constant operation
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Can’t be used for constant operation
Explanation:-
Disadvantages of Group driver electric drive
1. Group drive is seldom used these days due to the following
disadvantages :
2. Group drive does not give the good appearance (owing to the use
of line shafiing pulley and
belts) and is less safe to operate.
3. In group drive, the speed control of the individual machine is very
cumbersome using stepped
pulleys, belts etc.
4. Noise level at the working site is quite high.
5. This system is unreliable since any fault in driving motor renders
all the driven equipment
idle.
6. The considerable amount of power is lost in energy transmitting
mechanism. If all the machines driven by the line shafi do not
work together, the main motor runs at reduced load.
Consequently, it runs with low efficiency and with poor power
factor.
7. Group drive cannot be used where constant speed is required as
in paper and textile industry.
 8. The flexibility of layout of different machines is lost since they
have to be so located as to suit
the position of the line shaft.
Group drive is adopted, when existing factories are changed from
engine drive to electric motor drive simply by replacing the oil or
steam engine by an electric motor of corresponding output retaining all
the old shafts and belts.

Ques 7. In __________ drive each machine is driven by its own separate

motor with the help of gears and pulley
1. Individual drive
2. Multimotor drive
3. Group Drive
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. Individual Drive
Explanation:-
Individual drive. In “individual drive”, each machine is driven by its
own separate motor with the help of gears, pulley etc.
Examples: Single-spindle drilling machines, various types of electrical
hand tools and simple types of metal working machine tools and
mechanisms.
 For driving heavy machines such as for lifts, cranes, shapers,
lathes etc. and for the purposes where constancy of speed and
flexibility of control is required, such as in paper mills and textile
industry, the individual drive is essential.
 The individual drive is preferred for new factories, as it causes
some saving in the cost of the superstructure which is much
lighter and less expensive.

Ques 8. The advantages of the individual drive is/are

1. Flexibility in operation
2. Each machine can be run or stop as desired
3. Maintenance of Lineshaft, bearing is eliminated
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. All of the above
Explanation:-
Advantages of Individual Drive
1. Flexibility in the installation of different machines.
2. Each operator has full control of the machine which can be
quickly stopped if an accident occurs.
 3. Since each machine is driven by a separate motor, it can be run
and stopped as desired.
4. The motor and its control unit can be built as an integral part of
the machine which results in a good appearance, cleanliness, and
safety.
5. Machines not required can be shut down and also replaced with a
minimum of dislocation.
6. In the case of the motor fault, only its connected machine will
stop whereas other will continue working undisturbed.
7. The maintenance of line shafis, bearings, pulleys, and belts etc. is
eliminated. Furthermore, there is no danger of oil falling on
articles being manufactured, which is very important in textile
industry.
Disadvantage.
The only disadvantage of the individual drive is its high cost.

Ques 9. The drive which is used for metal-cutting machines tools,

rolling mills etc. are
1. Individual drive
2. Multimotor drive
3. Group Drive
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 2. Multimotor drive
Explanation:-
Multimotor drive:- In “multi-motor drives” separate motors are
provided for actuating different parts of the driven mechanism.
Example: In traveling cranes, three motors are used: one for hoisting,
another for long travel motion, and third for cross travel motion.
Such a drive is essential in complicated metal-cutting machine tools,
paper making machines, rolling mills, etc.
The use of individual drives and multi-motor drives has led to the
introduction of automation in production processes which, apart from
increasing the productivity of various undertakings, has enhanced the
reliability and safety of operation.

Ques 10. What is the total annual cost of a group drive with a motor
costing Rs.18000 with that of 10 individual motors, each costing Rs.
5000. The annual consumption is 80000 kWh. Electrical energy
costs 20 paise per kWh. Depreciation, maintenance, and other fixed
charges amount to 10 percent.
1. Rs. 16800
2. Rs.1800
 3. Rs. 18000
4. Rs. 17800
Hide Explanation
Answer.4. Rs 17800

⇒The capital cost of group drive = Rs.18000

Explanation:-

⇒ Annual Depreciation, maintenance, and other fixed charges = 10%

i.e
10% of 18000 = 18000 × 10 ⁄ 100 = Rs. 1800
Energy consumption per annum = 80000 kWh
Annual energy charges = 0.20 × 80000 = Rs. 16000
Total annual cost of Group drive = Annual fixed charge + Annual
energy charge
= 1800 + 16000 = Rs. 17800.00

Ques 11. The graph shown below is related to which type of class in
the motor

1. Continuous Duty with constant Load

2. Continuous Duty With the variable load
3. Short Time duty
4. Intermittent duty
Hide Explanation
Answer. 1. Continuous Duty with constant Load
Explanation:-
Continuous Duty
There are two types of continuous duty
1. Continuous duty at constant load
2. Continuous duty with variable load cycle.
In Continuous duty at constant load, the load torque remains constant
for a sufficiently long period corresponding normally to a multiple of
the time constant of the drive motor. The drive motor is therefore
loaded for a sufficient amount of time continuously, till it attains
thermal equilibrium.
While driving such a load a motor should have a rating sufficient to
drive it without exceeding the specified temperature. The rating of the
motor selected for this duty is called its continuous rating or design
rating. By continuous rating, one means that it is the maximum load
that the motor can give continuously over a period of time, without
exceeding the temperature rise. Also, the motor selected should be
able to withstand momentary overloads. Therefore, the selected motor
may sometimes have a rating slightly greater than the power required
by the load.
The load diagram and the temperature rise curve of the motor selected
for the purpose are shown in Fig. Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors,
and compressors are some types of loads where this type of
continuous duty at constant load is required.

Selection of a motor for this class of duty is rather simple and

straightforward. From the load characteristics or requirements, one
can determine the continuous input required to the mechanical load. A
suitable motor may be selected from the catalog of series
manufactured motors. The design rating normally takes care of heating
and temperature rise and the motor normally has a short time
overload capacity.
While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to give
importance to the heating caused by losses at starting even though
they are more than the losses at rated load. This is because the motor
does not require frequent starting. It is started only once in its duty
cycle and the losses during starting do not have much influence on
heating. Ilowever, sometimes it may be necessary to check whether
the motor has sufficient starting torque if the load has the considerable
amount of inertia.
Ques 12. The graph shown below is related to which type of class in
the motor

1. Continuous Duty with constant Load

2. Continuous Duty With the variable load
3. Short Time duty
4. Intermittent duty
Hide Explanation
Answer. 2. Continuous Duty with variable Load
Explanation:-
Continuous Duty with Variable Load:- In this type of duty the load
is not constant but has several steps in one cycle. This cycle of loading
repeats for a longer time. If the load variations are slight the motor of
continuous rating of the highest load may be chosen from the available
catalog.
However, if the variations in the load cycle are large the machine
undergoes a continuous change of temperature. However, after several
cycles of operation, the motor selected may attain a steady-state
value. The thermal calculations of the motor are involved. The
selection of a motor based on heating is rather involved and a difficult
task. Therefore some simplified criteria may be evolved for selecting a
motor for this duty. The motors operating for such type of duties will
have poor efficiency and also poor power factor.
The selection of motor for this type of duty may be based on average
power or average current method.

Ques 12. _________ duty cycle consist of frequent on load and off-load
period.
1. Continuous Duty with constant Load
2. Continuous Duty With the variable load
3. Short Time duty
4. Intermittent duty
Hide Explanation
Answer.4 Intermittent duty
Explanation:-
An intermittent duty rating refers to a sequence of identical duty
cycles. Each cycle consists of an on-load and off-loads period with the
motor coming to rest during the latter. The on-load period during one
cycle is too short for the motor to reach a steady thermal condition,
and the off-load period is likewise too short for the motor to cool to the
temperature of the cooling medium.

Starting and braking are not taken into account on the assumption that
the times taken up by these events are too short in comparison with
the on-load period, and therefore do not appreciably affect the heating
of the motor.
The load torque during one cycle may be greater than the rated torque
of the motor. The load torque during one cycle may be greater than
the rated torque of the motor.
When stating the motor power for this form of duty, it is also necessary
to state the cyclic duration factor:
cyclic duration factor = (on time/cycle time) x 100%
The standards specify that the duration of one cycle must b shorter
than 10 min. Cases, where the duty cycle is longer than 10 min, must
be brought to the attention of the motor manufacturer.
Ques 13. Which duty cycle is preferred if the load requires a constant
power for short period of time and rest for sufficient longer duration.?
1. Short Time duty
2. Intermittent duty
3. Intermittent duty with starting
4. Intermittent duty with starting and braking
Hide Explanation
Answer. 1. Short Time duty
Explanation:-
A short time rating of an electric motor can be defined as the
extrapolated overload rating of the motor which it can supply for the
specified short time without getting overheated.
In this type of duty, the load occurs on the motor during a small
interval and the remains idle for the long time to re-establish the
equality of temperature with the cooling medium. The variation of the
load against time for short-time duty is shown in Fig.

When a motor is used for this purpose, duration of the load on the
motor is less than the heating time constant of the motor or the time
required for obtaining thermal equilibrium. The period of rest is
sufficient enough to cool the motor to the ambient temperature.
The rating of the motor is called short time rating. The motors may
have 10 minutes, 30 minute or 60 minute rating based on this
criterion. The motor is thermally well utilized. Nowadays the machines
are being designed and manufactured for short duration having
sufficient overload torque capability.
Usually, such type of short-time duty occurs in bridges, lock gates, and
some, other household appliances such as mixies.
Ques 14. The graph shown below is related to which type of class in
the motor

Where D = starting time

N = Operation time under rated load
R = time for rest
1. Short Time duty
2. Intermittent duty
3. Intermittent duty with starting
4. Intermittent duty with starting and braking
Hide Explanation
Answer.3 Intermittent duty with starting
Explanation:-
Intermittent periodic duty with starting:- The intermittent
periodic duty with starting consists of the sequence of identical duty
cycles each comprising a period of starting, a period of operation of
constant load followed by a rest period. The operating and rest periods
of the motor are short to attain the thermal equilibrium during one
duty cycle.
In Intermittent periodic duty with starting the stopping of the motor, is
obtained by natural deceleration after disconnecting the electric supply
by means of mechanical brake which does not cause additional heating
of the windings.

This type of duty is characterized by the cyclic duration factor, the

number of duty cycles factor of inertia which is the ratio of the
combined inertia of the motor and load to the motor inertia.
Cyclic Duration = (D + N) ⁄ (D + N + R)
Where D = starting time
N = Operation time under rated load
R = time for rest
The factor of Inertia = (Inertia of load + Inertia of motor) ⁄
(Inertia of Motor)
Examples:- Motors that drive metal cutting lathes and certain
auxiliary equipment of rolling mills are subjected to such operating
conditions.

Ques15 . Which of the following motors is preferred for traction work?

1. Synchronous Motor
2. 3 phase induction motor
3. DC Shunt Motor
4. Single phase induction motor
Hide Explanation
Answer. 2. 3 Phase Induction Motor
Explanation:-
For electric traction, DC series motors are best suited. DC series
motors and AC series motors are very much recommended, as they
provide a high starting torque Nowadays three-phase induction motors
are also being used.
 The main drawback of dc motors is the presence of commutator
and brushes, which require frequent maintenance and make
them unsuitable for the explosive and dirty environment.
 On the other hand, induction motors, particularly squirrel-cage
are rugged, cheaper, lighter smaller, more efficient, require lower
maintenance and can operate in dirty and explosive
environments.
 Although variable speed induction motor drives are generally
expensive than d drives, they are used in a number of
applications such as fans, blowers, mill run-out tables, crane
conveyers, traction etc. because of the advantages of induction
motors.
 Other dominant applications are underground and underwater
installations and explosive and dirty environments.
 The modern electric traction system uses the pulse width
modulation (PWM) principle.
 The PWM inverter produces a symmetrical three-phase output
voltage.The amplitude and frequency of three-phase output
voltage can be controlled continuously.
 Thus the speed and torque of the squirrel cage induction motor
used for traction can be adjusted easily in motoring and braking
modes as well as in both directions of rotation with a fully static
device, with no operational contacts.
 The PWM inverter allows the construction of propulsion drives for
a wide range of applications, with slight modification, to the basic
modules, such as the traction inverter and the traction motor.
 The PWM AC drives cover trolley buses, subways railcars, electric
locomotives and diesel-electric locomotives. For the application of
electric drives, the AC traction motor staler winding insulation
and needs special bearings. The rotor of the AC traction motor is
to be rigid and robust and must withstand high rotating speed.

Ques 16. For an application which requires smooth and precise speed
control over the wide range, the motor is preferred is
1. Squirrel cage Induction Motor
 2. Synchronous Motor
3. DC motor
4. Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. DC Motor
Explanation:-
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that
converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Controlling speed of DC motors is a crucial matter since
different machines and equipment have different aspects and output
speed or torque requirement in which prospect. Speed Control may
require to be very precise and over wide ranges as well. So before
implementing the proposed system an engineer needs to understand
its operation and according to that how the speed of the drive wit] be
controlled need to be decided by him with proper care.
Generally, the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the
voltage applied to it, and the torque is proportional to the current.
Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tapings, variable
supply voltage, resistors or electronic controls. The direction of a
wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field or
armature connections but not both. This is commonly done with a
special set of contactors (direction contactors). The effective voltage
can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically
controlled switching device made of thyristors, transistors or, formerly,
mercury arc rectifiers.
Speed control over a wide range both above and below the
rated speed:
The attractive feature of the dc motor is that it offers the wide range of
speed control both above and below the rated speeds. This can be
achieved in dc shunt motors by methods such as armature control
method and field control method. This is one of the main applications
in which dc motors are widely used in fine speed applications such as
in rolling mills and in paper mills.
High starting torque:
DC series motors are termed as best suited drives for electrical traction
applications used for driving heavy loads in starting conditions. DC
series motors will have a starting torque as high as 500% compared to
normal operating torque. Therefore dc series motors are used in the
applications such as in electric trains and cranes.
Accurate steep less speed with constant torque:
Constant torque drives are one such the drives will have motor shaft
torque constant over a given speed range. In such drives, shaft power
varies with speed.
 Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration
 Free from harmonics, reactive power consumption and many
factors which makes dc motors more advantageous compared to
ac induction motors.
Ques 17. Which type of drive can be used for Hoisting Machinery?
1. AC slip Ring Motor
2. Ward Leonard Method
3. Cumulative Compound Motor
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. All of the above
Explanation:-
Cranes and Hoists
The requirements of the drive are as follows:
The acceleration and retardation must be uniform. For exact
positioning of loads creep speeds must be possible. The motion of
crane is in all three dimensions. The drive must have high speeds in
both the directions horizontal and vertical. The speed must be constant
while lowering the loads. Mechanical braking must be available in the
emergency. Due to the heavy inrush of current at starts, fluctuations in
supply voltage are possible. The drive motor must be capable of
withstanding such fluctuations.
Among the d.c. motors, the series motors, and cumulative
compound motors are most preferred for crane operations. The
motors have good starting torque, high torque capacity at light loads,
the simple arrangement of braking, electric braking at low speeds is
possible. The only disadvantage is that the motors are less stable while
the regenerative braking. So additional stabilizing circuits are
necessary. Advances made in the technology of solid-state devices
have enabled the use of thyristor converters and choppers for driving
the d.c. motors used in cranes and hoists with good accuracy,

⇒ The characteristics of cumulative compound motor lie between

reliability, and efficiency.

those of shunt and series motors. The series field provides a high
starting torque and the shunt field prevents overrunning in the no-load
condition.
These motors are used for drives where high starting torque is required
with the probability of the load being totally removed such as punch,
press, shears, planning machine, conveyors, crushers, bulldozers, lid
haulage gears, mine hoist, power fans, rolling mills, stamping press

⇒ In SLIP RING induction motor the ends of the rotor windings are
and the large printing press.

externally connected by a variable rheostat (resistance is varied in

order to give it proper starting and running current). So more the
resistance, more the torque. When we add resistance to the rotor the
torque is high, the slip is high and the current is reduced.
With the correct value of (usually) resistance inserted in the rotor
circuit, a near-unity relationship between torque and supply current at
starting can be achieved, such as 100%full load torque (FLT), with
100% full load current (FLC) and 200% FLT with 200 percent FLC. This
is comparable with the starting capability of the dc machine.
Not only high starting efficiency but also smoothly controlled
acceleration historically gave the slip ring motor a great popularity for

⇒The working of Ward Leonard Method is already discussed

lift, hoist and crane applications.

in Question Number 2.
Ward Leonard system is commonly employed for elevators, hoists, and
main drive in steel mills, as this method can give unlimited speed
control in either direction. Since the generator voltage can be varied
gradually from zero, no extra starting equipment is required to start up
the main motor smoothly.

Ques 18. Which type of drive can be used for Textile Industry?
1. DC Motor
2. Squirrel cage Induction Motor
3. Cumulative Compound Motor
4. Synchronous Motor
Hide Explanation
Answer 2. Squirrel cage Induction Motor
Explanation:-
Textile Industry:-
The textile mill has various processes like ginning, spinning, and looms.
The ginning means the separation of seeds from cotton. The process
requires standard starting torque and standard overload capacity, at
the constant speed. No speed control is required. The operation is at
the constant speed. The standard squirrel cage induction motor
the proper choice.
The twisting to produce continuous yarn of sufficient strength is called
as the spinning process. The moderate starting torque and high
overload capacity are necessary. Acceleration must be constant or
uniform so that there is no breakage of the thread. Since the Induction
motor is almost a constant speed motor hence the operation is at the
constant speed, therefore, no speed control is necessary but two-
speed motors are preferred. Normally a 4 pole to 6 pole squirrel cage
induction motor is used.
Before the yarn is actually woven, it is made into a uniform layer. The
process is called as weaving and done in a loom. This requires 2 to 2.3
times rated torque at start. There are frequent starts and stops. But
the operation is at the constant speed and no speed control is
necessary. The totally enclosed high torque squirrel cage induction
motors are preferred. The motors are usually of 6 or 8 poles. The
ratings of the motors for light fabrics such as cotton silk. rayonetc are
0.37, 0.55 to 1.5 kW while for wool it is 2kW to 3.7 kW.

Ques 19. Which type of drive can be used for Minning Process?
1. DC Motor with Ward Leonard Speed control
2. Double Squirrel cage Induction Motor
 3. Slip Ring Induction Motor
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer.4. All of the above
Explanation:-
Coal and Mining Industry:-
The motors used in coal and mining are classified into two groups. The
first group is drives for mine accessories such as compressors, pumps
etc. While the second motors are used for actual mining process i.e. to
drive the cutters, drillers etc.
It is necessary that the motors used for coal and mining must be flame
proof. The atmosphere is generally hot with high ambient temperature
and also humid. The motors should have humid proof insulation.
The coal cutting or drilling do not require any speed control as the
processes are constant speed processes. High starting torque is
necessary. The high starting torque squirrel cage motors with
double cage are preferred for these applications.
For haulage purpose, the motors be able to start large drum. So they
must have high starting torque. The speeds required are different at
different haulage stages. The frequent starts and stops are required.
To meet these requirements the slip ring induction motor with rotor
resistance starter is preferred.
The mine winder motor may be a D.C motor win Ward Leonard
speed control or slip ring motor with rotor resistance starter is
preferred.
The centrifugal pumps are used in mining for various jobs ILke
pumping water. The high torque squirrel cage motors which do not
have any maintenance problems are selected.

Ques 20. A wound rotor induction motor is preferred over squirrel

cage induction motor when the major consideration involved is
1. High starting Torque
2. Low starting current
3. Speed control over the limited range
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. All of the above
Explanation:-
The wound rotor induction motor is also called slip ring induction
motor. The energy is collected through the slip rings connected to the
rotor shaft the squirrel cage motors have copper end rings under the
brush from where the short-circuited current can be collected.
Advantages of slip ring Induction motor
 It is possible to get high slatting torque by the introduction of
resistance in the rotor circuit.
  Starting current is comparatively less and it is 2 to 25 times full-
load current or even less if required.
 It is capable of starting with load, demanding a high torque, as in
fans, pumps, compass, boils, conveyors, cranes, lifts and so on.
 Speed control is possible by varying the resistance in external
circuit of the rotor.
 The motor can be started direct-on-line (DOL) without the
necessity of starters, because of the low starting current of the
motor.
dis-advantages of slip ring Induction motor
 Higher cost
 Slightly Lower efficiency then squirrel cage induction motor
 Losses by the heat dissipation in external resistance especially
when the motor runs at reduced speeds the below-rated speed.
 Require higher degree of maintenance