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Nervous System

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13 views

Nervous System

Uploaded by

Rhea John
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bal Bharati Public School, Navi Mumbai

Subject: Science
Class: X
Topic: Control and co-ordination
(Part 1-Nervous System)
1. What is nervous
system?
2. Need of nervous
system.
3. Stimulus and response
4. Structure of neuron
5. Conduction of nervous
impulses
6. Reflex action
What is Nervous system?
• The human body has quite a few systems. These
systems work together but perform separate
particular life processes.
• All the systems are closely related to each other. So,
it is necessary to keep co-ordination among all of
them and among the organs of each system.
• This co-ordination is done by nervous system,
which is a network of various nerves.
• A nerve consists of a bundle of nerve fibre. A
number of neurons make a nerve fibre.
• There are about 30,000 million nerves in a human
body.
Parts of Nervous system
• The nervous system has three parts:
1. Central Nervous system: consists of brain and
spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system: consists of all
i. Cranial nerves-originating from the brain
ii. Spinal nerves- originating from the spinal cord
3. Autonomic nervous System: controls action that
are not under our conscious control ( involuntary/
reflex action)
Parts of Nervous system

1. CNS 2. PNS 3. ANS


• Brain • Cranial • Reflex
• Spinal cord nerves action
• Spinal • Involuntary
nerves actions
Why do we need a nervous system?
1. Nervous system informs us about the outside
world through the sense organs.
2. Nervous system helps us to think, to remember.
3. This system regulates involuntary activities like
heart beat and breathing.
4. It controls and keep co-ordination among
various system of the body.
How do we detect changes in our
environment?
• All information from our environment is
detected by the specialised tips of some nerve
cells called receptors.
• These receptors are usually located in our
sense organs, such as the inner ear, the nose,
the tongue, and so on.
For Example:
i. Gustatory receptors will detect taste
ii. Olfactory receptors will detect smell.
Structure of neuron
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of
nervous system. It consists of three major parts
namely, cell body, dendrites, axon.
(a) Cell body(Cyton): It contains nucleus and
cytoplasm
(b) Dendrite: These are highly branched
protoplasmic extensions of cyton. Dendrite has
specialized structures to receive messages.
(c) Axon: It is a long slender protoplasmic
projection of cyton, that conducts message
away from the neuron's cell body or soma.
How do nervous impulses travel in the
body?
1. The information, acquired at the end of the
dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical
reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
2. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell
body, and then along the axon to its end.
3. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets
off the release of some chemicals.
4. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start
a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next
neuron.
5. A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such
impulses from neurons to other cells, such as
muscles cells or gland
Conduction of nerve impulse
Types of nerves
• Impulses can pass along nerve fibres only in
one direction. On the basis of direction of flow
of impulse, the nerves are of two types:
1. Sensory nerve: Nerves that carry stimuli from
the organ to either brain or spinal cord
2. Motor nerves: Nerves that carry command
from the brain to the concerned organ.
What is Reflex action?
Involuntary actions in response to external or internal
stimuli are termed reflex action.
For example:
i. When we accidently pick up a very hot object, we drop
it immediately.
ii. When we smell our favourite dish, our mouth waters.
In both the examples given above, we do something
without thinking about it
Reflex actions occur in a split second and involve
no deliberate effort on our part.
Reflex arc
The path through which an impulse travel during
reflex action is called reflex arc.
The reflex arc involves the following three nerve
cells:
1. Receptors respond to stimuli in the environment.
2. Sensory neurons send information from the body to the
central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.
3. Interneurons (Relay neuron) are like the middleman of
the nervous system. They connect sensory neuron with
motor neuron.
4. Motor neuron conducts impulses from relay neuron to an
effector
5. Effector produces a response to the stimulus i.e. takes the
action (For eg. muscle contracts to move hand away).
Why have reflex arcs evolved in
animals?
• Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the
thinking process of the brain is not fast enough.
• In fact many animals have very little or none of
the complex neuron network needed for thinking.
So it is quite likely that reflex arcs have evolved as
efficient ways of functioning in the absence of
true thought processes.
• However, even after complex neuron networks
have come into existence, reflex arcs continue to
be more efficient for quick responses
Let us Recapitulate....
• An environment change due to which any organism shows reaction
is called Stimulus
• The reaction by the organism, is called Response
• Nervous system is very important as it keeps co-ordination among
different body system
• Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system
• A number of neurons make a nerve fibre. A nerve consists of a
bundle of nerve fibre.
• There are three main divisions of nervous system- CNS, PNS and
ANS
• Voluntary actions originate in the brain and are under conscious
control
• Reflex action is involuntary, automatic action without the
involvement of brain
Assignment-1
1. What is stimulus?
2. Explain the structure of Neuron?
3. Name the three kinds of neuron?
4. What are the three divisions of Nervous
system?
5. What is reflex action? Draw a figure to show
reflex arc.
Links
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nZm4Cz
Yejc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZVeFTD
szTs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHL
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiuXfbw
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