10TH, BIO: CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION CHP NO.

07

INTRODUCTION
As the complexity of the individuals, plants or animals increases the different cells and organs become separated
from each other by greater distance. Thus it becomes necessary to have a system by which the different parts of
the organisms can function as a single unit. This is possible only if the different parts can coordinate with each
other and carry out a particular function.

The maintenance of the body functions in response to the changes in the body by working together of various
integrated body system is known as co-ordination. All the movements that occur in response to stimuli are
carefully co-ordinated and controlled. In animals the control and co-ordination movement are provided by
nervous and muscular system.

There are five sense organs eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The sense organs contain receptors.

A “receptor” is a cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to a particular type of stimulus such as light, sound,
smell taste, heat and pressure.

“Photoreceptors” detect light, “Phonoreceptors” detect sound, “olfactory” receptors detect smell, “gustatory”
receptors detect taste, “Thermoreceptors” detect heat or cold.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
A system made up of nerve cells is called nervous system

The control and co-ordination in higher animals called vertebrates takes place through nervous system as well as
hormonal system called endocrine system.

- Specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells which can detect, receive and transmit different kinds of
stimuli.
- The nerve fibers which are certain bundles of extended processes of nerve cells

NERVE CELLS

Nerve cells or neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. Billions of nerve cells make
up our brain.

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A nerve cell is a microscopic structure consisting of three major parts namely

1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon.

CELL BODY: It is the cell structure irregular in shape or polyhedral structure; it is also called as cyton. Cell
body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies are called Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites: Dendrites or Dendron are shorter fibers which branch repeatedly and project out of the cell body.
Dendrites transmit electrical impulses towards the cyton.

Axon: One of the fibers arising from the cell body is very long with a branched distal end and it is called as
Axon. The distal branches terminate as bulb like structures called synaptic knob filled with chemicals called
neuro transmitters. Axon contains axoplasm inside and is covered by a membrane called neurilemma.
Neurilemma encloses the axon except at the branched distal ends. In some neurons called myelinated neurons an
additional white fatty fiber called myelin sheath covers the neurilemma. Myelin sheath is not continuous over the
neurilemma. The gaps left by the myelin sheath on the axon are called Nodes of Ranvier. Over the myelin sheath
are found certain cells called Schwann cells.

Synapse: The dendrites and the synaptic knobs of the axons of the neighboring neurons are in physical contact
with one another without fusing. This point of contact between the neighboring nerve cells is called “synapse”.

Nerve impulse: The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets off a chemical
reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and then along
the axon to its end. At the end of axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These
chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. This is
how impulse travel in the body and this is what happens at the synapse.

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TYPES OF NEURON

1. Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from a sense organ.

2. Motor neuron: Theses neurons send signals to a muscle or a gland.
3. Association neuron: These neurons relay the signals between sensory neuron and motor neuron.

REFLEX ACTION: it is defined as an unconscious automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e muscles
and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord. An example of the way in which we
respond to the stimulus is our reaction to touching a hot object. Very quickly and without thinking about it we
pull our hand away. This sort of very fast, automatic response is called the reflex action. The stimulus here is
heat which we feel in our hand on touching the hot plate. The heat is sensed by the heat receptor in our hand. The
receptor triggers an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord. Here the
impulse is passed on to a relay neuron, which in turn passes it to the motor neuron. The motor neuron passes the
impulse to a muscle in our arm. The muscle then contracts and pulls our hand away from the plate. The muscle
of the arm is an effectors because it responds to the stimulus. This pathway along which the impulse travels is
called the reflex arc.

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REFLEX ARC: The simplest form of response in the nervous system is reflex action. It is the action which we
perform automatically

The path through which nerves signals involved in a reflex action travel is called the “Reflex arc”. The
following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc. The receptor is the organ which comes in the
danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals from the receptors and send them to the relay neuron. The relay
neuron is present in the spinal cord. The spinal cord sends signals to the effectors via the motor neuron. The
effectors come in action moves the receptor away from the danger. The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal
cord and the signals involved in reflex action do not travel up to the brain. This is important because sending
signals to the brain would involve more time. Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the
reflex action is mainly controlled at the level of spinal cord.

PATHWAYS: From stimulus to response

In the holding stick activity you observed that there is coordination between eye and finger. Different pathways
are taken by nerves to bring about this coordinated activity. On the basis of pathways followed, nerves are
classified mainly into three different types.

AFFERENT NEURONS: Afferent( or ferrying towards) which carry messages towards the central nervous
system ( spinal cord or brain) from nerve endings on the muscles of different sense organs that sense the change
in surroundings are called stimulus detectors . These are also called ‘sensory’ nerves.

EFFERNT NEURON: Efferent (or ferrying away) which carry messages from the central nervous system to
parts that shall carry out the response or the effectors (nerve endings). They are also called ‘motor’ nerves

ASOCCIATION NERVES: Association nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves.

NERVOUS SYSTEM IN HUMNAS: The nervous system can be divided into two parts

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1. Central nervous system(consisting of brain and spinal cord)

2. Peripheral nervous system(consisting of all nerves of the body like cranial nerves, spinal nerves
and visceral nerves)
Peripheral nervous system can be further divided into two parts
1. Voluntary nervous system( which is under voluntary control from the brain)
2. Automatic nervous system( which operates automatically or involuntarily)

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS):- It consists of brain and spinal cord. It is a hollow part of nervous
system that lies along the mid- dorsal part of the body. The job of CNS is to carry all the information from all the
receptors in our body. This information is added together before messages are sent out to the effectors. In this ay
the best action can be taken in a particular circumstance.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

1. Voluntary nervous system: Voluntary peripheral nervous system is under the control of our will . It consist
of cranial nerves which arise from the brain and spread throughout the head . They also carry both sensory and
motor neurons. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of the length of the spinal cord and spread
throughout the body(except head).They carry both sensory and motor neurons and are described as mixed nerves.

Involuntary nervous system: It works independent of will. It is also called autonomic nervous system. It is
divided into two parts: Sympathetic nervous system , Parasympathetic nervous system.

HUMAN BRAIN: Brain is the highest coordinating centre in the body. The brain is located inside the skull of
our body. It s protected by a bony box in the skull called “cranium”. The brain is surrounded by three
membranes called meninges, which help to protect it. The space between the membranes is filled with a cerebro
spinal fluid which protects the brain from mechanical shocks. Pairs of carnial nerves arise from the brain.

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PARTS OF HUMAN BRAIN

1. Forebrain: It is composed of the cerebrum.

2. Midbrain:
3. Hindbrain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

Sometimes structures of the human brain are explained below:

Cerebrum(Forebrain): It is the main thinking part of the brain. The cerebrum has different areas for
performing different functions. There are association areas in cerebrum which control thinking and
memory. These association areas in cerebrum which control thinking and memory. These associations’
areas also store information and experience. There are sensory areas where information is received from
the sense organs like eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin and give us the sensation or feeling.

FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM:
1. It is the site of our facilities such as learning, reasoning, intelligence, personality, and memory.
2. It is the site of thoughts, sensations, actions , hearing smell, sight , sensation of feeling hunger and
movement
3. All voluntary actions of the body are coordinated by the cerebrum.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS:

1. The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum.

2. It is neuro – endocrine part of the brain.
3. It links the nervous system and the endocrine system through the pituitary gland
4. Different hormones secreted by this gland include TRH, GnRH, GHRH , CRH, Somatostatin and
Dopamine

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Midbrain:
1. It controls sleep and wake cycle (circadian rhythm) of the body.
2. It controls the urges for eating and drinking.
3. It helps in changes in pupil size and shape of eye lens.

HINDBRAIN:

PONS:

1. It helps in regulating respiration.

CEREBELLUM:
1. It helps in maintaining posture and balance of the body.
2. It also enables us to make precise and accurate movement.
3. It coordinates smooth body movements such as walking, dancing, riding a bicycle and picking up a
pencil.

Medulla: medulla forms the brain stem, along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and continues
into the spinal cord.

Functions:

1. It controls various involuntary functions like heart beat, respiration, blood pressure and peristaltic
movements of alimentary canal.
2. It is the controlling centre for reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, sneezing, secretion of saliva
and vomiting.
SPINAL CORD: It is cylindrical structure it begins in continuation with medulla and extends
downwards. It is enclosed in a bony cage called “vertebral column”. Spinal cord is also surrounded
by membranes called meninges.

HARMONES IN ANIMALS: Hormones are chemical substances that control and coordinate activities of living
organism and also their growth. It promotes controlled growth in various areas to maintain the body design. The
various endocrine glands in humans are hypothalamus, pineal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland, parathyroid
gland. Thymus pancreas adrenal gland, ovary (in female) and testis (in males)

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FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

1. They are secreted by the endocrine glands and are called “ chemical messengers”
2. They are poured directly into the blood stream as endocrine glands no ducts of their own( ductless
glands)
3. They usually have their effect at sites different from the sites where they are made. They act on
specific areas called target organs.
4. Hormones coordinate body activities and growth.
5. They are released in minute quantities.
Gland: A gland is a structure which secretes a specific substance in the body. A gland is made up of
a group of cells or tissue. There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands: A gland which secretes its product into a duct is called “Exocrine gland”.
Salivary gland is a exocrine gland
2. Exocrine glands: Endocrine glands are ductless glands. Endocrine glands secrete a chemical
substance called hormone. “Endocrine gland” secretes its product directly into the blood
stream. A structure which makes hormone in the body is called endocrine gland

Some glands have both exocrine and endocrine function. Ex: pancreas, testes and ovary.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands.
Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones produced by endocrine glands act as a messenger between
the nervous system and organs of the body. Nerves do not reach to every nook and corner of the body and hence
hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. The complete coordination in the human
body is achieved by the nervous system and endocrine system working together.

THE PITUITARY GLAND:

1. It is a pea shaped gland at the base of the brain.

2. It is considered to be “Master gland” as it secretes many hormones to regulate the organs as well as the
other glands.
3. It regulates the growth and development of the body.
4. Different hormones secreted by this gland include “Growth hormone” (hyper secretion causes
gigantism and hypo secretion causes dwarfism), TSH(Thyroid stimulating hormone), FSH(Follicle
stimulating hormone), LH, ACTH, MSH, Vasopressin(water and electrolyte balance) and Oxytocin.

THE THYROID GLAND:

1. It is located in the neck, ventral to the larynx

2. It is the one of the largest endocrine glands.
3. The principal hormone produced by this gland is “thyroxine”.
4. Thyroxine is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the body.
Hypo secretion of thyroxine leads to cretinin in children and myxoedema in adults.
Hyper secretion of thyroxine leads to exopthalmic goiter in adults. “Goitre”. It main symptom is
swollen neck. It is caused due to deficiency of iodine in food. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of
thyroxine.
Iodized salt can provide all the iodine needed by thyroid gland to make sufficient thyroxine for our body.

PARATHYROID GLAND:

1. These are two pairs of small, oval – shaped glands embedded on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland
present in the neck.
2. They secrete “parathormone”. Parathormone helps in regulation of calcium and phosphate ions in the
bones and blood.
3. Hypo secretion leads to parathyroid tetany and hyper secretion causes osteoporosis

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THE ADRENAL GLAND:

1. These are located above the kidneys and hence are called as suprarenal glands.
2. Two regions of the adrenal gland are adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
3. It regulates heart beat, breathing rate, blood pressure and carbohydrate metabolism
4. Adrenal cortex secretes the hormones like cortisol , adolsterone and androgens
5. Adrenal medulla secretes the hormones like adrenaline and noradrenalin.
Adrenaline is also called the “Hormone of flight or fight”, or the “Emergency hormone”. It prepares
the body to face an emergency condition of physical stress, like danger, anger and excitement.
It helps in coping emergency by initiating quick action which makes the individual to think and respond
quickly to the stress. The hormone increases metabolic rate. There occurs dilation of blood vessels going
to heart and brain. The blood vessels reaching skin and kidneys constrict in order to provide more blood
to the heart and the brain. It also increases fat metabolism thereby synthesizing more energy.
Adrenaline is carried to target organs. Heart beats faster, supply of more oxygen to muscles. Blood
supply to digestive system and skin reduced. Breathing rate increases .Blood supply is diverted to
skeletal muscles.

THE PANCREAS:

1. It is located just below the stomach within the curve of the duodenum. It is both exocrine and endocrine
in function.
2. It secretes hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
3. Insulin regulates the sugar level in our blood.
4. Deficiency of insulin hormone in the body causes disease known as “Diabetes” Diabetes disease is
characterized by large quantities of sugar in the blood. The insulin hormone controls the metabolism of
sugar. If due to some reason, pancreas does not produce and secrete sufficient amount of insulin into
blood, then blood sugar level rises. The person having high sugar level in blood is called diabetic.
Diabetes is can be controlled by controlling diet, reducing weight, doing exercise and taking medicine.
So to reduce the level of glucose in the blood they are advised to take insulin injections.

GONADS: Two types of gonads present in human beings are female gonads and male gonads.

FEMALE GONADS:

1. A pair of ovaries forms the gonads in female.

2. Ovaries are the female sex organs that lie on either side of the abdominal cavity. Ovaries produce two
hormones, namely oestrogen and progesterone.

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3. Oestrogen controls the changes that occur during puberty, like feminine voice, soft skin and
development in mammary glands.
4. Progesterone controls the uterine changes in the menstrual cycle and helps in the maintenance of
pregnancy.

MALE GONADS:

1. A pair of testes forms the gonads in males.

2. A pair of testes is the male sex organ located in the scrotum, which is outside the abdomen.
3. Testes produce the hormone “testosterone”
4. Testosterone controls the changes which occur during puberty like deeper voice, development of penis,
facial and body hair.

THE PINEAL GLAND:

1. It is located near the centre of the brain, dorsal to the diencephalon.

2. It produces the hormone “melatonin”.
3. Melatonin affects reproductive development, modulation of wake and sleep patterns and seasonal
functions.

THE THYMUS GLAND:

1. It is located in front of the heart , in the upper part of the sternum

2. It produces the hormone “Thymosine” which plays important role in the development of the immune
system.
3. It helps in the maturation of T – lymphocytes.

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COORDINATION IN PLANTS: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical
means for control and coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in
plants. Plants can sense things like light, gravity, chemical, water and touch, etc by the action of hormones in
them. Pants have no nervous system, so plants use only hormones for coordination. Plant hormones are
organic substances produced naturally in higher plants which control the growth and other physiological
functions at a site far away from the place of secretion and required in very small quantity. Plant
hormones are called phytoharmones [NCERT]. The chemical coordination n plants are achieved by plant
hormones that help to co-ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment

There are five types of plant harmones which are involved in the control and coordination in
plants. These are
1. Auxin
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Abscissic acid(A.B.A)
5. Ethylene

Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin are plant harmones which promote growth of plants
Abscissic acid is a plant hormone which inhibits (or prevents)growth
Auxin
1. Auxins are the plant harmones which promote cell arrangement and cell differentiation in plants.
2. It promotes fruit growth
3. It controls plant’s response to light and gravity
4. It is responsible for the phototropic and geotropic responses to plants.
5. It is made by cells at the tip of stems and roots
6. It moves away from light and towards the gravity.
7. It speeds up growth in stem but slows down growth in roots.

Gibberellins
1. It promotes cell enlargement and cell differentiation in presence of auxin.
2. It helps in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds
3. It promotes growth in fruits
4. It is involved in shoot extension
5. It stimulates elongation of shoots of various plant

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Cytokinins
1. It promotes cell division plants
2. They delay the ageing in leaves
3. They promote opening in stomata

Abscisic Acid

1. It is also known as “stress hormone” because it induces various responses in plants against stress
condition. It induces the closure of stomata during water stress. It promotes seed dormancy and ensures
seed germination during favorable condition
2. It promotes wilting and falling of leaves
3. It also causes the detachment of flowers and fruits from plants

Ethylene:

1. It promotes transverse growth.

2. It also promotes senescence and abscission of leaves.
3. It helps in ripening of fruits.

Plant Movements: There are two types of plant movements: Tropic movement and Nastic movement

Movements in plants can be divided into two types:

TROPIC MOVEMENT: A growth movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the
direction of stimulus determines the direction of response is called tropic movement.

There are four types of tropic movements:

Phototropic movement: The movement of plants in response to light is called phototropism

Positive tropic movement: If the growth of a plant part is towards the stimulus, it is called positive tropic
movement. The stem (or shoot) of a growing plant bends towards light, so the stem(or shoot) of plant shows
positive phototropism

Negative tropic movement: If the growth of the plant part is away from the stimulus, then it is called negative
tropic movement. The roots of a plant move away from light so the roots of a plant show negative phototropism.

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ACTIVITY TO DEMONSTRATE PHOTOTROPISM:

 Fill a conical flask with water

 Cover the k of the flask with a wire mesh
 Keep the freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh
 Take a cardboard box which is open from one side
 Keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of the box faces light coming
from window
 After two or three days , you will notice that shoots bend towards light and roots away from
light
 Now turn the flask so that the shoots are away from light and roots towards light
 Leave it undisturbed in this condition for few days

Response of plants to light: phototropism

The plant stem responds to light and bends towards it due to the action of “ Auxin hormone”

It is a plant hormone synthesized at the shoot tips-It helps the cell to grow longer. When light is coming from one
side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the
cells to grow longer on one side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus the plant appears to bend towards
light while growing .This phenomenon is called phototropism.

GEOTROPIC MOVEMENT: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called “geotropic
movement”. Roots usually show positive movement, they grow in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually
show “negative geotropic movement”. Roots of plant move downwards in the direction of gravity, so the
roots of a plant show “Positive geotropism”.

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Activity

 We take a potted plant growing in a transparent glass jar. When this potted plant is kept in the normal
position, we can see that its roots are growing downwards and its stem is growing upwards
 Now when we tilt the potted plant and keep the pot horizontally on its side as shown. In this position, the
roots and stem both are parallel to the ground. Allow the plant to remain in this position for a few days
 After a few days we will find that the roots of the potted plant bend downwards towards the earth and the
stem of plant bends upwards, away from the earth. The roots of plant grow downwards in response to the
pull of gravity. The stem responds to gravity in the opposite way by growing upwards.

Chemotropic movement: The movement of plant part in response to a chemical stimulus is called “positive
chemotropism”. If the plant part shows movement away from chemical, the it is called negative chemotropism.
The growth of pollen tube towards the ovule during the process of fertilization in a flower is an example of
“positive chemotropism”.

Hydrotropic Movement: The movement of a plant part in response to water is called “hydrotropism”. The
roots of a plant always go towards water, so roots are “positively Hydrotropic”.

Activity:

We take two glass troughs A and B and fill each one of them two-thirds with soil. In trough A we plant a tiny
seedling .In trough B we plant a similar seedling and also place a small “clay pot” inside the soil. Water the soil
in trough A daily and uniformly. Do not water the soil in trough B but put some water in the clay pot buried in
the soil. Leave both the troughs for few days. Now dig up the seedling carefully from both the troughs without
damaging their roots. We will find that the root of seedling in trough A is straight. On the other hand the root of
seedling in trough B is found to be bent to the right side. In trough A , the root of seedling gets water from both
sides .But in trough B, the roots gets water oozing out from the clay pot which is kept on the right side. So the
root of seedling in trough B grows and bends towards the source of water to the right side.

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Thigmotropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called “thigmotropic movement”.
Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil around a support.
The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.

Directional Response of plants to the touch of an Object: Thigmotropism:

Tendrils are thin, thread- like growths on the stem or leaves on the stem or leaves of climbing plants. There are
two types of tendrils: Stem tendrils and Leaf tendrils

Tendrils are sensitive to touch of other objects. They have cells which can sense their contact with a nearby solid
object like a bamboo stick, or the stem of other plant. So when a tendril touches an object, then the side of tendril
in contact with the object grows slowly than the other side. This causes the tendril to bend towards the object by
growing towards the object by growing towards the, wind around the object and cling to it. Thigmotropism is
often seen in plants having tendrils. Tendrils are positively thigmotropism which means that they grow towards
things they happen to touch. The plants of bitter gourd (karela), bottle gourd (lauki), grape vine have stem
tendrils which are positively thigmotropic and make these plants to climb by winding around various types of
tendrils.

Role of Auxin in tendrils : Auxin produced in the shoot tip move downwards in the plant. These auxin cause
cell elongation in the growing tissue. In the tendrils, auxins move away from the point of contact with the

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supporting object. More growth occurs on the side away from the support. As a result of unequal growth on the
two sides, the tendril coils around the support

NASTIC MOVEMENT: The movement of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the
direction of response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is called nastic movement.

Examples:

1. The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant (Mimosa Pudica) on touching it. The stimulus is
touch
2. The opening up of the petals of “dandelion flowers” in morning in bright light and closing in the
evening when light fades
3. The closing of the petals of moonflower in the morning in bright light and opening at dark when
light fades

Thigmonasty

The non- directional movement of a plant part in response to the touch of the object is called “thigmonasty”. Ex:
The nastic movement in plants caused by touch (or thigmonasty) is provided by the sensitive plant(Mimosa
pudica) which is also known as touch-me not plant. It is called chhui- mui in hindi. If we touch the leaves of the
sensitive plant with our fingers, then its leaves fold –up and droop almost immediately. In this case the direction
of movement of leaves does not depend on the direction of stimulus (touch).The folding up of the leaves of a
sensitive plant on touching is due to the sudden loss of water from pad – like swellings called ‘pulvini’ present at
the base of all sensitive plant which make the pulvini lose their firmness causing the laves to droop and fall.

Photonasty:

The non- directional movement of a plant part (usually petals of flower) in response to light is called photonasty.
In other words photo nasty is the nastic movement of a plant part(like the petals of flowers) in response to light.
The stimulus is light. The opening and closing of petals of dandelion flowers in response to intensity of light is
an example of nastic movement. It is an example of photonasty .Please note that the opening and closing of

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10TH, BIO: CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION CHP NO. 07

flowers in response to light are growth movement. Petals open when their inner surface grows more than their
outer surface. On the other hand, petals close when their outer surface grow more than their inner surface.

Tropic Movement Nastic movement

Direction of movement is in the direction of Direction of movement is not determined by the
stimulus direction of stimulus
Growth takes place Growth does not take place
Movement is slow Movement is fast
Ex: Growth movement of shoot towards light Ex: Touch me not plant

FEEDBACK MECHANISM: The timing and amount of hormones released by various glands are controlled
by Feedback mechanism.

Eg: If the sugar level in the blood rises too much, they are detected by the cells of pancreas which respond by
producing and secreting more insulin into the blood. And as the blood sugar falls to a certain level, the secretion
of insulin is reduced automatically.

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