11th CS NumberSystem-Maths

What is Number System in Maths?
A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the

mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a unique representation of every number
and represents the arithmetic and algebraic structure of the figures. It also allows us to
operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:
• The digit
• Its position in the number
• The base of the number system
Before discussing the different types of number system examples, first, let us discuss
what is a number?
What is a Number?
A number is a mathematical value used for counting or measuring or labelling objects.
Numbers are used to performing arithmetic calculations. Examples of numbers are
natural numbers, whole numbers, rational and irrational numbers, etc. 0 is also a
number that represents a null value.
A number has many other variations such as even and odd numbers, prime and
composite numbers. Even and odd terms are used when a number is divisible by 2 or
not, whereas prime and composite differentiate between the numbers that have only
two factors and more than two factors, respectively.
In a number system, these numbers are used as digits. 0 and 1 are the most common
digits in the number system, that are used to represent binary numbers. On the other
hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other number systems. Let us learn here the types
of number systems.
Types of Number Systems

There are various types of number systems in mathematics. The four most common
number system types are:
1. Decimal number system (Base- 10)

2. Binary number system (Base- 2)
3. Octal number system (Base-8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
Now, let us discuss the different types of number systems with examples.
Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number System)
The decimal number system has a base of 10 because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9. In
the decimal number system, the positions successive to the left of the decimal point
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. This system is expressed
in decimal numbers. Every position shows a particular power of the base (10).
Example of Decimal Number System:
The decimal number 1457 consists of the digit 7 in the units position, 5 in the tens place,
4 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands place whose value can be written as:
(1×103) + (4×102) + (5×101) + (7×100)
(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)
1000 + 400 + 50 + 7
1457
Binary Number System (Base 2 Number System)

The base 2 number system is also known as the Binary number system wherein, only
two binary digits exist, i.e., 0 and 1. Specifically, the usual base-2 is a radix of 2. The
figures described under this system are known as binary numbers which are the
combination of 0 and 1. For example, 110101 is a binary number.
We can convert any system into binary and vice versa.
Example:: Write (14)10 as a binary number.
Solution:
Base 2 Number System Example

∴ (14)10 = 11102
Octal Number System (Base 8 Number System)

In the octal number system, the base is 8 and it uses numbers from 0 to 7 to represent
numbers. Octal numbers are commonly used in computer applications. Converting an
octal number to decimal is the same as decimal conversion and is explained below
using an example.
Example: Convert 2158 into decimal.
Solution:
2158 = 2 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 5 × 80
= 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 128 + 8 + 5
= 14110
Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16 Number System)
In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16. In the
hexadecimal system, the numbers are first represented just like in the decimal system,
i.e. from 0 to 9. Then, the numbers are represented using the alphabet from A to F. The
below-given table shows the representation of numbers in the hexadecimal number
system.
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number System Chart

In the number system chart, the base values and the digits of different number
systems can be found. Below is the chart of the numeral system.
Number System Chart

Number System Conversion
Numbers can be represented in any of the number system categories like binary,
decimal, hexadecimal, etc. Also, any number which is represented in any of the number
system types can be easily converted to another. Check the detailed lesson on
the conversions of number systems to learn how to convert numbers in decimal to
binary and vice versa, hexadecimal to binary and vice versa, and octal to binary and
vice versa using various examples.
With the help of the different conversion procedures explained above, now let us
discuss in brief about the conversion of one number system to the other number
system by taking a random number.
Assume the number 349. Thus, the number 349 in different number systems is as
follows:
The number 349 in the binary number system is 101011101
The number 349 in the decimal number system is 349.
The number 349 in the octal number system is 535.
The number 349 in the hexadecimal number system is 15D
Number System Solved Examples

Example 1:
Convert (1056)16 to an octal number.
Solution:
Given, 105616 is a hex number.
First we need to convert the given hexadecimal number into decimal number
(1056)16
= 1 × 163 + 0 × 162 + 5 × 161 + 6 × 160
= 4096 + 0 + 80 + 6
= (4182)10
Now we will convert this decimal number to the required octal number by repetitively
dividing by 8.
8 4182 Remainder
8 522 6
8 65 2
8 8 1
8 1 0
0 1
Therefore, taking the value of the remainder from bottom to top, we get;
(4182)10 = (10126)8
Therefore,
(1056)16 = (10126)8
Example 2:
Convert (1001001100)2 to a decimal number.
Solution:
(1001001100)2
= 1 × 2 9 + 0 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 512 + 64 + 8 + 4
= (588)10
Example 3:
Convert 101012 into an octal number.
Solution:
Given,
101012 is the binary number
We can write the given binary number as,
010 101
Now as we know, in the octal number system,
010 → 2
101 → 5
Therefore, the required octal number is (25)8
Example 4:
Convert hexadecimal 2C to decimal number.
Solution:
We need to convert 2C16 into binary numbers first.
2C → 00101100
Now convert 001011002 into a decimal number.
101100 = 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 32 + 8 + 4
= 44

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What is Number System in Maths?

A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the

The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:

Types of Number Systems

1. Decimal number system (Base- 10)

Example of Decimal Number System:

(1×103) + (4×102) + (5×101) + (7×100)

(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)

Binary Number System (Base 2 Number System)

We can convert any system into binary and vice versa.

Example:: Write (14)10 as a binary number.

Base 2 Number System Example

Octal Number System (Base 8 Number System)

Example: Convert 2158 into decimal.

Number System Chart

Number System Chart

The number 349 in the binary number system is 101011101

The number 349 in the decimal number system is 349.

The number 349 in the octal number system is 535.

The number 349 in the hexadecimal number system is 15D

Number System Solved Examples

Convert (1056)16 to an octal number.

Given, 105616 is a hex number.

= 1 × 163 + 0 × 162 + 5 × 161 + 6 × 160

Convert (1001001100)2 to a decimal number.

Convert 101012 into an octal number.

We can write the given binary number as,

Now as we know, in the octal number system,

Therefore, the required octal number is (25)8

Convert hexadecimal 2C to decimal number.

We need to convert 2C16 into binary numbers first.

Now convert 001011002 into a decimal number.

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