Definition of Terms Red is used as a background for STOP signs, as

• Traffic Signs - device mounted on a fixed border color on GIVE WAY signs, warning
support (permanent signs) or portable support signs and prohibitive signs in the regulatory
(temporary signs) whereby a specific message is type.
conveyed Black is used as legend color for signs having
by means of words or symbols placed or erected white, yellow, orange, fluorescent orange,
for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding fluorescent yellow green background and as
traffic. chevron for hazard makers.
• Regulatory Signs - signs that inform road users Yellow is used as background color for road signs.
of traffic laws and regulations which, if White is the background color for most signs and
disregarded, will constitute an offense. legends for some colored background.
• Special Instruction Signs - signs that instruct
road users to meet certain traffic rule
requirements or road condition
• Warning Signs - warn road users of condition
on or adjacent to the road that may be
unexpected or hazardous
• Guide Signs (Informative Signs) - inform and
advice road users of directions, distance, routes,
the location of services, and points of interests
• Roadwork Signs - warn or advise of temporary
hazardous conditions that could endanger road
users or the men and equipment engaged on
roadwork
• Overhead Signs - signs which provide means of
displaying essential traffic information on wide
multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use
control is required, or where side-of-road
clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road
side sign
• Barriers - highway appurtenances designed to
prevent vehicular penetration from the travel
way to areas behind the barrier such as to
minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their
occupants, and to reduce the risk of injuries to
pedestrians and workers
• Flashing Lamps - warning devices used to
supplement other controls and devices necessary
to alert motorists of construction and
maintenance activities or obstructions in the
roadway.
• Delineators - light retro-reflecting devices
mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to
indicate the roadway alignment.
• Traffic Cones - devices which may be conical in
shape or tubular-shaped capable of performing
channelization of traffic which may be set on the
surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for
continued use
• Temporary Curbing - roadwork devices
consisting of pre- cast concrete sections,
sandbag, and others which, may be used to guide
traffic at the construction site.
• Flexible Post or Bollard - device used in place
of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a
minimum of 450 mm by 50 mm wide with
alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by
approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.

The standard colors for signs are as follows:

 • Priority Signs
Fluorescent Yellow Green is used as background • Direction Signs
color for signs related to pedestrian • Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs
movement, school zones, and road work • Speed Signs
hazard markers to give additional emphasis • Parking Signs
and guidance to vehicle operators. • Miscellaneous Signs
Fluorescent Orange is used as background color
for roadwork signs whose legends relate to
personal working.
Green is used as background color for
direction signs. Blue is used as background
color for service signs.
Brown is reserved as background color for all
tourist facility directional and information
signs.

Classifications of signs
Signs are classified in the following groups
according to their use.
• Regulatory Signs
• Warning Signs
• Guide Signs or Informative Sign
• Signs for Expressways
• Signs for Special Purposes
• Hazard Markers

Uniformity of application is as important as

standardization with respect to design and
placement. Identical conditions should always
be treated with the same type of signs so that
road users can readily anticipate the course of
action required.

To be effective, the road sign should meet the

five basic requirements:
• Fulfill a need
• Command attention
• Convey a clear, simple message
• Command respect; and
• Give adequate time for proper response

It should be noted that when all sign rules

have been followed, some visual judgment
must be exercised in adjusting sign elements.
The following general rules are to be applied
when designing the sign face.
• Cramping of legend is to be avoided;
• Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly
blank areas not symmetrically disposed across
the panel;
• If there are two list of legends side by side
(e.g., as on Reassurance Signs) it is necessary to
left justify the left list and right justify the right
list; and,
• Elements such as arrows and symbols may
sometimes have to be larger than the principal
legend would normally require. For example, an
arrow relates to several lines of legends on a
direction sign

Classification of Regulatory Signs

Four Sizes for Regulatory Signs • Their effect on skid resistance requires careful
• Size A for urban low speed roads; choice of materials; and
• Size B for rural roads - speed limit between 60 • They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
and 70 kph;
• Size C for high speed rural highways’ multi-
lane urban roads
• Size D for Expressways

Classification of Warning Signs

• Horizontal Alignment Signs
• Intersection and Junction Signs
• Advance Warning of Traffic Control Device
Signs
• Road Width Signs
• Road Obstacle Signs
• Pedestrian and School Signs
• Railway Level Crossing
• Supplementary Signs
• Other Warning Signs

Signs in Directional Signing series are usually

classified into four
categories:
• Those installed in advance of the intersection.
• Those installed at the intersection.
• Those on departure from the intersection.
• Those installed on expressways.

Classification of Guide Signs

• Advance Direction Sign
• Intersection Direction Sign
• Reassurance Direction Sign
• Finger Board Direction Sign
• Street Name Signs
• Town Name and Geographical Feature Signs
• Service Signs
• Tourist Information and Tourist Destination
Signs
• Route Markers

One-Way hazard markers indicate to the

approaching driver the direction to be followed if
the marker appears in the driving path. They
may point to the left or right as appropriate and
are used as follows:
• To delineate an abrupt narrowing of pavement,
for example, at a lane drop;
• At exposed ends of raised median islands where
traffic is required to pass to
one side;
• On central island of a roundabout facing
entering traffic; and
• To delineate the curve approach just prior to
entering an intersection.

Pavement markings have definite limitations:

• They are subject to traffic wear and require
proper maintenance;
• They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet
or dusty;
• They may be obscured by traffic;
The elements to consider when planning • Single unbroken yellow line; or,
Expressways are: • Single yellow line with a broken white line.
• No frontage access;
• Development set well back from the highway;
• Grade separated intersections for extremely
high flows and other intersecting expressways;
• Number of intersections to be minimized and
• Where necessary or for emergency purposes,
parking/stopping to be provided clear of the
main carriageway.

The elements to consider when planning

National Roads are:
• Limited frontage access
• Development set well back from the highway
• All access to premises provided via provincial
roads
• Number of intersections to be minimized
• Suitable at-grade channelized intersections
for minor flows and other
elements
• No roadside vendors

Color of Pavement Markings

The color of pavement markings shall be white
except for the alternative uses of
yellow as specified below:
• Double yellow no-passing lines;
• Unbroken portion of no-passing lines;
• Curb markings for prohibition of parking;
• On islands in line of traffic;
• Bus and PUJ lanes; and,
• Keep Intersection Open
markings Red shall be used
in:
• No Loading/Unloading Zone; and
• Fire lane zone

Design Speed
The choice of an appropriate design speed for a
road project is important to ensure a safe design.
When choosing a design speed, the following
factors need to be considered:
• Function of the road
• Anticipated operating speed
• Anticipated speed limit

Warrants for Marking Center Lines

A center line may be marked on an urban or
rural road if one or more of the following
conditions are met:
• Two lane road (greater than 6 m in width)
carrying an Annual Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
in excess of 1000 vehicles;
• Two lane road (less than 6 m but more than 5
m in width) carrying an ADT in excess of 300
vehicles; and
• Winding roads with widths of 5 m or more.

Barrier lines may consist of either:

• Two unbroken yellow lines;
The following are the cases where barrier lines Four different criteria used for the
should be used: establishment of sag vertical curves:
• As center lines on approaches to signalized • Headlight sight distance
intersections; • Passenger comfort
• As center lines of multi-lane roads where • Drainage control
overtaking must be prohibited, because of sign • General appearance
restrictions;
• ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a
restricted sight distance due to horizontal or
vertical curves, or both; and
• As center lines on approaches to railway
crossings Warrants for Use
Because of the high cost of installation and
maintenance, use of raised pavement markers
may be considered only in the following
condition:
• In hilly areas where fog and rain are frequently
the causes of traffic accidents; and
• In winding roads and accident prone areas.

The provision of safety sight distance depends

on the characteristics of the driver such as:
• Alertness of driver
• Recognition of the hazard
• Actions available to the driver – to stop or to
change direction

The provision of safety sight distance depends

on the characteristics of the vehicle such as:
• Type of vehicle – car or truck
• Friction between the tire and the road
• Eye height of the driver
• Speed of vehicles

The provision of safety sight distance depends

on the characteristics of the road environment
such as:
• Road geometry – grade and curvature sight
limitations
• Road surface – sealed or unsealed, smooth or
rough
• Road illumination at night

Each type of sight distance consists of three

elements:
• Driver Eye Height
• Object Height
• Sight Distance

There are two components in stopping sight

distance:
• Reaction distance – the distance traveled while
the driver perceives a
hazard, decides to take action, then acts by
starting to apply the brakes to
start slowing down; and
• Braking distance – the distance required for
the vehicle to slow down and
stop
PPA has used MLLW as the datum line for
design of port facilities in accordance with
charts. But there are many ports of which low
tide go down very often below MLLW.

For instance: (Port Cebu)

According to the tide table (1991) of NAMRIA,
the frequency of tide below MLLW is 213
times/year and the maximum amount of the
value is -0.51 m. Under this condition it is
dangerous for ships to utilize the port.

Shoulder paving is a valuable method of

providing:
• Integrity of the pavement
• Width to place edgeline pavement markings
• Additional safety to prevent vehicles skidding
or drivers losing control in gravel.
• Low maintenance costs compared with
unpaved shoulders

Element of Berthing Facility:

• Planned Water Depth
• Design Water Depth
• Coping/Crown Elevation
• Length - Standard Part, Approach Part
• Width of Apron
• Slope of Apron

There are four types of escape ramps:

• Sand Pile
• Descending Grade
• Horizontal Grade
• Ascending Grade

Types of intersections that generally exist on

the road network are:
• Unflared and unchannelized intersections
(without widening or traffic islands)
• Flared and unchannelized intersections (with
widening but without traffic islands) and
• Channelized intersections (traffic islands to
guide traffic)

Principles of good design to reduce the likelihood

of traffic accidents
include:
• Minimize the speed of vehicles at potential
collision points
• Separate movements and points of conflict
by channelization, or in some situations, prohibit
certain movements (and provide for them at
other
intersections along the route)
• Control movements to reduce the possibility of
conflict and
• Clearly define vehicle paths by use of pavement
markings
 PORTS AND HARBORS type quaywall, the following
Harbor - A protected water area to matters should be examined:
provide safe and suitable accommodation (a) Sliding of the wall


for ships for the transfer of cargo, (b) Bearing capacity of

refueling, repairs, etc. Harbors may be foundation
subdivided into: (c) Overturning of the wall
a. Natural harbors: harbors protected (d) Circular slip and settlement
from storms and waves by the
natural configuration of the land.
b. Semi-natural harbors: harbors
with both
natural and artificial protection.
c. Artificial harbors: harbors
protected from the effect of waves
by means of breakwaters, or
harbors created by dredging.

Port – A sheltered place where the ship

may receive or discharge cargo. It


includes the harbor with its approach

channels and anchorage places. Ports may
be subdivided into:
a. Ocean ports: ports located on
coasts, tidal estuaries or river
mouths where the port can be
reached directly by ocean-going
ships.
b. Inland waterway ports: ports
located on navigable rivers,
channels and lakes.

Fairway - a navigable channel in a harbor,

offshore etc; the usual course taken by


vessels in such places.

Berth - A place where the ship can moor.

In the case of a quay or jetty structure, it


will include the section of the structure

where labor, equipment and cargo move
to and from the ship.

Berth structure - An artificial landing

place for the loading and unloading of


ships. Berth structures can be subdivided

into:
a. Wharf - A continuous structure
built parallel to along the margin
of the sea or alongside riverbanks,
canals, or waterways where
vessels may lie alongside to
receive or discharge cargo,
embark or disembark passengers
or lie at rest.

Quay – this term can be

substituted to wharf when applied
to great solid structures in large
ports.

In stability calculation of gravity

 b. Pier – Any structure built into the height H0 and deepwater wave
sea but not parallel to the period T0) is the wave at a place
coastline and includes any stage, where the water depth is at
stair landing place, landing stage least one-half of the wavelength;
jetty, floating barge, and pontoon, the wave parameters are
any bridge or other works expressed with those of the
connected there with. significant wave at this place.

Jetty – a landing stage or small

pier at which boats can dock or be
moored.

c. Dolphin: a berth structure for

mooring the ship on the open sea;
An isolated piled or gravity
structure used either to maneuver
a ship or to facilitate holding it in
position at its berth.

Dry Dock – a type of dock consisting of a

rectangular basin dug into the shore of a


body of water and provided with a

removable enclosure wall or gate on the
side toward the water, used for major
repairs and overhaul of vessels.

 Waves

Significant Wave (significant wave height

H1/3 and significant wave period
T1/3)

The waves in a wave group are

rearranged in the order of their
heights and the highest one-third
are selected; the significant wave
is then the hypothetical wave
whose height and period are the
mean height and period of the
selected waves.

Highest Wave (highest wave height Hmax

and highest period Tmax) is the
highest wave in a wave group.

Highest One-Tenth Wave (H1/10, T1/10) is

the wave whose height and
period are equal to the mean
height and period of the
highest one-tenth of the waves
in a wave group.

Mean wave (mean wave height H , mean

period T
) is the wave whose height and
period are equal to the mean
height and period of all of the
waves in a wave group.

Deepwater Waves (deepwater wave

 Equivalent Deepwater Wave Height (H0’) b. Mean Low Water (MWL) – is the height
is a hypothetical wave height of the low water over a 19-year period.
that has been corrected for the c. Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) – is
effects of planar topographic the average height of the lower low
changes such as refraction and waters over a 19-year period.
diffraction; it is expressed with d. Mean High Water (MHW) – is the
the significant wave height. average height of the high waters over
a 19-year period.
Wave Refraction occurs in intermediate
depth to shallow waters. The
change in wave height and wave
direction due to the change in
local wave velocity caused in
water depth.

Wave Diffraction is a phenomenon

whereby waves wheel into
region that is screened by
something like a breakwater.

Wave Reflection the waves reflected from

port and harbor facilities can
exercise a large influence on the
navigation of vessels and cargo
handling. For example, waves
reflected from vertical
breakwaters can cause
disturbances in navigation
channels, and multiple reflected
waves from quaywalls can cause
agitations within harbors.

Wave Shoaling shoaling is one of the

important factors that lead to
changing of the wave height in
coastal waters. It exemplifies
the fact that the wave height in
shallow waters is also governed
by the water depth and wave
period.

Wave Breaking At places where the water

depth is no more than about
three times the equivalent
deepwater wave height
decreases rapidly of the wave
height due to wave breaking
shall be considered.

Tides and Abnormal Water Level

Astronomical tide is the periodic rise and


fall of sea level in response to the

gravitational attraction of the sun and
moon as modified by the earth’s rotation.
The essential parameters to characterize
the tide are:
a. Mean Sea Level (MSL) – is the
average of the sea water surface
for all stages of the tide over a 19-
year period.
 e. Mean Higher High Water include roadway upon grounds owned by private
(MHHW) – is the average sectors, colleges, universities, or other similar
height of the higher high institutions.
water over a 19-year period. A. Highway C.
Carriageway
B. Expressway D.
Storm Surge is abnormal rise of the Intersection
sea level that occurs when a
typhoon passes by. This rise 5.Small devices which are fixed to the concrete
above normal level on this pavement surface to stimulate or supplement
open coast is due to painted pavement markings
atmosphere pressure A. Raised pavement markings C. Zebra
reduction as well as that B. Rumble strips D.
due to wind stress. Chevron markings

Tsunamis are wave with an extremely

long period that mainly
occur when there is a
sudden large-scale sea floor
movement usually
associated severe, shallow
focus earthquake.
Seiche is a phenomenon involving abnormal
oscillations of the water level with a period
of approximately a few minutes to a few tens
of minutes. It occurs when small fluctuations
of the water level are generated by micro-
scale variations of the atmospheric pressure
by an air front or a low pressure in the outer
sea, and the components of those oscillations
whose period is the same as a natural period
of the harbor are amplified through
resonance.

1.Which of the following standard

abbreviation of signs is not correct?
A. EX for
expressway C. RD for road
B. HWY for highway
D. AVE for
avenue

2. Traffic instruction sign should not carry

long messages and where possible no more
than lines of messages should be used.
A. 6 C. 3
B. 4 D. 5

3. They are used to mark the edge of the

road formation and assist the road users by
indicating the alignment of the road ahead
especially at horizontal and vertical curves.
A. Chevron signs
C. Guide posts
B. Obstruction markers D. Concrete
barriers

4. Shall mean any public thoroughfare,

public boulevard, and avenue, but shall not
6.Distance traveled by the vehicle during the
total reaction time. 14. A solid structure, which projects into the
A. braking distance sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels is
C. reaction distance called:
B. lag distance D. A. dock C. Breakwater
stopping distance B. WharfD. Jetty

7.Distance traveled by the vehicle after the 15. A platform built in the harbor parallel to the
application of the brakes until it stop. shore and backed up by the ground is called:
A. braking distance A. Dock C. Quay
C. reaction distance B. WharfD. Jetty
B. lag distance D.
stopping distance

8.The headway in a major stream, which is

evaluated by a vehicle driver in a major stream
who wishes to merge into the major stream.
A. lag C. space
headway
B. gap D. mean
headway

9. The difference between the time a vehicle that

merges into a main traffic stream reaches a point
on the highway in the area of merge and the time
a vehicle in the main stream reaches the same
point.
A. mean time C. time
gap
B. space headway
D. time lag

10. Owing to retardation of the tidal wave in

the ocean by frictional force, as the earth
revolves daily around its axis and as the tide
tends to follow the direction of the moon, the
highest tide for each location is not coincident
with conjunction and opposition but occurs at
some constant time after new and full moon. This
interval which may amount to as much as two
and a half days is known as:
A. diurnal tide C. Age
of the tide
B. lunar tide D. Semi-
diurnal tide

11. Waves formed by moving ship or boats are

called:
A. wakes C.
breaking waves
B. swell D. seiche

12. The configuration and roughness of the

ground is referred to as:
A.contour C. hachure
B. relief D. topography

13. The structure that protects the harbor from

stormy waves and permits calm in the harbor.
A. Dock C. Breakwater
B. WharfD. Jetty
16. A sheltered place where the ship may determine the:
receive or discharge cargo. It includes the A. probable error C.
harbor with its approach channels and refraction
anchorage places. B. accidental error D.
A. Port C. Basin elevation of line of sight
B. Harbor D. Quay
25. What is the maximum number of words
17. Waves under the influence of the winds permitted for a word message on road surface?
that generated them. A. 1 C. 3
A. wakes B. 2 D. 4
C. swell
B. sea D.
seiche

18. The driver identifies the object and thus

understand the stimulus.
A. emotion C.
identification
B. reaction or volition
D. perception

19. The driver decides what action to take in

response to the stimulus.
A. emotion C.
identification
B. reaction or volition
D. perception

20. Residual of a measured quantity is the

A.difference of the observed value from its most
probable value
B.value obtained by adding the most probable
value to its true value
C.remainder of the division of the true value by
its most probable value
D. product of the most probable value and the
observed value

21. A landing place or platform built parallel

to the shore for the berthing of vessels.
A. wharf C. jetty
B. breakwater D. pier

22. A platform extending from a shore over

water and supported by piles, used to secure,
protect, and provide access to ships or boats.
A. wharf C. breakwater
B. quay D. pier

23.The correction for the atmospheric refraction

is equal to:
A.1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth
B. 1/4 of the correction for curvature of the
earth
C. 3/4 of the correction for curvature of the
earth
D. 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the
earth

24.In stadia surveying, the height of

instrument must be known in order to
26. One of the oldest types of surveying B. 1.5H:1V D. 3H:1V
instrument in field mapping. It consists of a
board attached to a tripod in such a way that it 34. According to NSCP, drainage facilities and
can be leveled or rotated in any desired terracing for cut or fill slopes steeper than:
direction. A. 1H:1V C. 2H:1V
A. plane table C. B. 1.5H:1V D. 3H:1V
dumpy level
B. engineers level 35. On curve alignments, it is advisable to
D. transit consider the paving of the outside curve shoulder
width. Shoulder paving is a valuable method
27.The average of 24-hour traffic counts providing:
collected every day in the year. I.Integrity of the pavement.
A. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) II. Width to place edge line pavement
B. Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
markings.
C. Peak Hour Volume (PHV)
D. Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)

28. A term commonly used as a guide in

determining upper speed limits.
A. 85th percentile
C. two quadrant
value
B. 15th percentile
D. growth factor
value

29. When an embankment is built, the volume of

the compacted earth is generally less than its
volume before excavation from its original
location. The difference is usually defined as:
A. subsidence C. waste
B. shrinkage D.
borrow

30.Based on the expression of the technical

resolution of the International Water Way
Congress, about how many percent of tide is
guaranteed safe for the ships?
A. 98% C. 95%
B. 75% D. 80%

31. Which of these contour characteristics is

not true?
A. Contours on the ground can cross
another.
B. Contours are at the right angles to the
slope.
C. Contour on the ground closes itself.
D. Contours point upstream.

32. According to NSCP, the slope of cut

surfaces shall be no steeper than:
A. 1H:1V C.
2H:1V
B. 1.5H:1V D.
3H:1V

33. According to NSCP, the slope of fill

surfaces shall be no steeper than:
A. 1H:1V C.
2H:1V
 III.Additional safety to prevent vehicles II. Road surface – sealed and unsealed,
skidding or drivers losing control in gravel. smooth and rough
IV. Low maintenance costs compared with III. Road illumination at night
unpaved shoulder. IV. Road topography

A. I, II and III only C. II, III

A. II, III and IV only
and IV only
C. III and IV only
B. I, II and III only D. All of B. I, II and IV only D. All of
the above the above
361. Because of the high cost of installation and
maintenance, the warrant use of raised
pavement markers may be considered only in
the following conditions:
I. In hilly areas where fog and rain are
frequently the cause of traffic accidents.
II. In winding roads.
III. In accident prone areas.

A.I and III only C. I only

B.I and II only D. All of the above

37. The purpose of installing edges lines is

generally based on the following:
I.To discourage travel on road shoulders.
II. To make driving safer and more assured
particularly at night and during inclement
weather conditions.
III. To act as a guide past objects
which are close to the edge of the pavement and
which constitute a hazard.
IV. To prevent parking at or near
intersections.

A. II, III and IV only

C. I, III and IV only
B. I, II and III only D. All of
the above

38.The provision of safety sight distance

depends on the characteristics of the vehicle
such as:

I.Type of vehicle – car and truck

II. Friction between the tire and the road
III. Eye height of the driver
IV. Speed of vehicles

A. I, II and III only C. II, III

and IV only
B. I, III and IV onlyD. All of
the above

39.The provision of safety sight distance

depends on the characteristics of the road
environment such as:

I.Road geometry – grade and curvature sight

limitations
40. In the Standard practice of measuring A. Standard water depth of berth for the ship
vertical or zenith angles, the following practices (5.5m)
are of great importance: + Design low tide (0.55m) = 6.05m
I.) Be sure the instrument is level B. Standard water depth of berth for the
II.) Sight with the vertical crosshair ship (-5.5m) + Design low tide (-0.55m) = -
III.) Sight exactly on the target 6.05m
IV.) Sight direct and C. Standard water depth of berth for the
reverse Which standard ship (-7.5m) + Design low tide (-0.35m) = -7.85m
practices are true? D. Standard water depth of berth for the
ship (7.5m) + Design low tide (0.35m) = 7.85m
A. I only C. I, III
& IV only
B. All of the above
D. I & III only

41. Which of the following is important to avoid

bias in surveying?
a. Taking care to choose individuals who you feel
are representative of the population in terms of
as many characteristics as you can list.
b. Picking a sampling method in which every
possible combination of people has the same
chance of being selected.
c. Making sure that every individual in the
population of interest is invited to respond.
d.Sending out a large number of surveys so that
even if the response rate is low, you will have
sufficient number of responses to do statistical
analysis.

42. The warrant for the use of safety barriers

can be established:
I. Fore slope or back slope steepness and height
II. Unforgiving hazards within the clear zone
III. Water hazards within the clear zone
A.I only C. II and III only
B.II only D. All of the
above

43. Messages when painted on pavement

should be limited to how many words only?
A. Five words or less
C. Three words or
less
B. Four words or less
D. Six words or less

44. What are the four types of pavement and

curb markings?
A. Longitudinal lines, transverse lines,
transition lines & stop line.
B.Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, other lines
& other markings.
C.Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, stop line
& center line.
D.Longitudinal lines, transverse lines, center
line & lane line.

45. Planned water depth is considered as

follows: For a ship with draft of 7.5 m, find the
standard water depth of berth for the ship.
46.Based on the expression of the technical
resolution of the International Water Way
Congress, about how many percent of tide is
guaranteed safe for the ships?
A. 98% C. 95%
B. 75% D. 80%

47. Minimum K value vertical curves

should be selected on the basis of three
controlling factors:
I. Sight distance is a requirement in all
situations for driver safety.
II. Appearance is generally required in low
fill and flat topography situations.
III.Riding comfort is a general requirement with
specific need on approaches to a floodway
where the length of depression needs to be
minimized.
IV.Vertical alignment should fit into the natural
terrain earthwork balances.
A. I, III, IV only
C. I, II, IV only
B. I, II, III only
D. II, III, IV
only

48. Which of these contour

characteristics is not true?
A. Contours on the ground can cross
another.
B. Contours are at the right angles to the
slope.
C. Contour on the ground closes itself.
D. Contours point upstream.

49. The overall track structure for a railroad

typically consists of the following except one.
I. Subgrade IV. Ties
II. Ballast V. Rails
III. Spikes VI. Rail fastening

A. V C. IV
B. III D. VI

50. Pavement markings shall only be applied

and/or removed by .
A. LTO C. DPWH
B. PNP D. DOTC