Assignment 1

ASSIGNMENT I
SUB:- TRUSTS, EQUITY ABD FIDUCIARY RELATIONS
SUBMITTED BY:RACHI AGARWAL B.ALL.B V YR DIV D ROLL NO. 010 PRN 07010123013
Advantages/ benefits of Religious or Charitable Trusts .

The arrangement by which real or Personal Property given by one person is held by another to be used for the benefit of a class of persons or the general public. The law favors charitable trusts, sometimes called public trusts, by according them certain privileges, such as an advantageous tax status. Before a court will enforce a charitable trust, however, it must examine the charity and evaluate its social benefits. The court cannot rely on the view of the settlor, the one who establishes the trust, that the trust is charitable. In order to be valid, a charitable trust must fulfill certain requirements. The settlor must intend to create this type of trust. There must be a trustee to administer the trust, which must consist of some res or trust property. The charitable purpose must be expressly designated. A definite class of persons comprised of indefinite beneficiaries within it must actually receive the benefit. The requirements of intention, the trustee, and the res are the same in a charitable trust as they are in any other trust. In India, trusts set up for the social causes and approved by the Income Tax Department, get not only exemption from payment of tax but also the donors to such trusts can deduct the amount of donation to the trust from their taxable income. [1] The legal framework in India recognizes activities including "relief of the poor, education, medical relief, and the advancement of any other object of general public utility" as charitable purposes.[2] Companies formed under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 for promoting charity also receive benefits under law including exemption from various procedural provisions of the Companies Act, either fully or in part, and are also entitled to such other exemptions that the Central Government may accord through its orders. Charitable trusts in English law are a form of express trust dedicated to charitable goals. There are a variety of advantages to charitable trust status, including exception from most forms of tax and freedom for the trustees not found in other types of English trust. To be a valid charitable trust, the organisation must demonstrate both a charitable purpose and a public benefit. Applicable charitable purposes are normally divided into four categories; trusts for the relief of poverty, trusts for the promotion of education, trusts for the promotion of religion and all other types of trust recognised by the law, which includes trusts for the benefit of animals and a locality. There is also a requirement that the trust's purposes benefit the public (or some section of the public), and not simply a group of private individuals. Such trusts will be invalid in several circumstances; charitable trusts are not allowed to be run for profit, nor can they have purposes that are not charitable (unless these are ancillary to the charitable purpose). In addition, it is considered unacceptable for charitable trusts to campaign for political or legal change, although discussing political issues in a neutral manner is acceptable. Charitable trusts, as with other trusts, are administered by trustees, but there is no relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries. This results in two things; firstly, the trustees of a charitable trust are far freer to act than other trustees and secondly, beneficiaries cannot bring a court case against the trustees. Rather, the beneficiaries are represented by the Attorney General for England and Wales as a parens patriae, who appears on the part of The Crown.
Jurisdiction over charitable disputes is shared equally between the High Court of Justice and the Charity Commission. The Commission, the first port of call, is tasked with regulating and promoting charitable trusts, as well as providing advice and opinions to trustees on administrative matters. Where the Commission feels there has been mismanagement or maladministration, it can sanction the trustees, removing them, appointing new ones or temporarily taking the trust property itself to prevent harm being done. Where there are flaws with a charity, the High Court can administer schemes directing the function of the charity, or even, under the Cy-prs doctrine, change the purpose of the charity or gift altogether.
Advantages of charity status

There are a variety of advantages to charity status. Within English trust law, a standard express trust has a relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries; this does not apply to charitable trusts, partially because of the special definition of trustee used and partially because there are no individual beneficiaries identified in a charitable trust. Instead, the Attorney General of England and Wales sues on behalf of beneficiaries to enforce a charitable trust. Because of this lack of a relationship, the trustees' powers are far widerranging, only being regulated by the Charity Commission and actions brought by the Attorney General; the beneficiaries have no direct control.[3] Charitable trusts are also exempt from many formalities when being created, including the rule against perpetuities. The trustees are also not required to act unanimously, only with a majority.[4] Tax law also makes special exemptions for charitable trusts. They are free from the income tax paid by individuals and companies, and also the corporation tax paid by incorporated and unincorporated associations. There is no requirement for charitable trusts to pay capital gains tax or council tax, although they are obliged to pay VAT.[5] This freedom from tax liability applies not just to charitable trusts, but also to people who donate to them. Individuals who form deeds of covenant (promising a regular payment to charity) are free from paying tax on that amount, while companies who give gifts to charity can claim tax on the amount back from HM Revenue & Customs. For the purposes of this category, "religion" was seen to mean a faith in a higher power, and does not include ethical principles or rationalism, as in Bowman v Secular Society.[6] The 2006 Act expanded this, noting that religion "includes.. a religion which does not involve belief in a god". This extends to the support of religious buildings and sick or old members of the clergy, as in Re Forster.[7] This category also covers groups with small followings, as in Re Watson,[8] and with doubtful theology, as in Thornton v Howe.[9] Curiously, and individually to religious charities, the public benefit requirement is justified by the assumption that, according to Cross J in Neville Estates v Madden,[10] "some benefit accrues to the public from attendance at places of worship of persons who live in this world and mix with their fellow citizens". Notably, this excludes gifts to groups which do not associate with the public, as in Gilmour v Coats.
Footnotes
1. Section 2(15) read with Sections 11 and 12, Income Tax Act, 1961 2. Section 2(15), Income Tax Act, 1961 3. Hudson (2009) p.1004 4. Hudson (2009) p.1005 5. Hudson (2009) p.1006 6. Hudson (2009) p.1007 7. [1917] AC 406 8. [1938] 3 All ER 767 9. [1973] 3 All ER 678 10. [1862] 54 ER 1042 11^ [1961] 3 All ER 769

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ASSIGNMENT I

SUB:- TRUSTS, EQUITY ABD FIDUCIARY RELATIONS

Advantages/ benefits of Religious or Charitable Trusts .

Advantages of charity status

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