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Abstract 5
Objective 5
Theory 6
Control system 10
Materials required 10
Procedure 17
Observations 17
Precautions 19
Sources of error 20
Applications 20
working principle 21
Advantages 22
Disadvantages 22
Conclusion 23
 Magnetic Levitation System using
Electromagnets
Abstract:
This project presents a magnetic levitation system utilizing
electromagnets to suspend a metal object in mid-air, demonstrating
electromagnetic principles and control systems. The system achieves
stable levitation and precise control, showcasing potential applications
in transportation, industry, and research.

Objective:
Design and develop a magnetic levitation system to:

1. Suspend a metal object in mid-air using electromagnets.

2. Achieve stable levitation and precise control.
3. Investigate applications in transportation, industry, and research.
Theory:
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a fundamental physical phenomenon describing

the interaction between electrically charged particles and the
electromagnetic force.
Magnetic Fields
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic force
exerted on moving electric charges or changing electric fields. Magnetic
fields are created by:
1. Permanent magnets
2. Electromagnets (coils of wire carrying electric current)
3. Changing electric fields
Magnetic Forces
Magnetic forces are the forces exerted on moving electric charges or
changing electric fields within a magnetic field. The direction of the
force is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the velocity of
the charge.
 Magnetic Induction

Magnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field

induces an electric field. This is the principle behind:

1. Electromagnetic induction
2. Transformers
3. Generators
Control Systems
t
Control systems are used to regulate and stabilize the behavior of
dynamic systems.
Feedback Loops

Feedback loops are a crucial component of control systems, where:

1. Sensors measure system output
2. Controllers compare output to desired setpoint
3. Actuators adjust system input to achieve desired output
 Stability

Stability refers to the ability of a control system to:

1. Resist disturbances
2. Return to equilibrium
3. Maintain desired output

Magnetic levitation uses electromagnetic forces to

suspend objects in mid-air.
Electromagnetic Suspension
Electromagnetic suspension uses electromagnets
to:
1. Create an upward magnetic force
2. Counteract weight
3. Achieve stable levitation
 Electromagnetic Stabilization

Electromagnetic stabilization uses feedback control to:

1. Monitor levitation height

2. Adjust electromagnetic force
3. Maintain stable levitationxt

Magnetic levitation uses electromagnetic forces to suspend objects in

mid-air.
Electromagnetic Suspension
Electromagnetic suspension uses electromagnets to:
1. Create an upward magnetic force
2. Counteract weight
3. Achieve stable levitation
 Magnetic levitation uses electromagnetic forces to suspend
objects in mid-air. Electromagnetic Suspension
Electromagnetic suspension uses electromagnets to:
1. Create an upward magnetic force
2. Counteract weight
3. Achieve stable levitation
Control System:
1. Sensors: Hall effect, optical, and proximity sensors.
2. Microcontroller: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or dedicated IC.
3. Control Algorithm: PID, state-space, or fuzzy logic.
4. Actuators: Electromagnets, coils, or piezoelectric elements.

Materials Required:
1. Electromagnets: Coils of insulated copper wire (100-200 turns)
2. Power Supply: DC, 0-12V
3. Metal Ball/Small Magnet: Ferromagnetic material
4. Hall Effect Sensor: Magnetic field sensor
 5. Arduino/Microcontroller: For control and stabilization
6. Jumper Wires: Connecting wires
7. Breadboard: Prototyping board
8. Wooden/Plastic Base: Support structure
9. Iron Core (Optional): For increased magnetic field strength

Magnetic field sensor(Hall effect sensor)

 The ACS712 current sensor module is a versatile tool for measuring
both AC and DC current. It utilizes the Hall effect to accurately detect
current flowing through its copper conduction path, converting it
into a proportional voltage. This module offers a wide range of
measurement capabilities, with variants available for 5A, 20A, and
30A. Its compact size and simple interface make it easy to integrate
into various projects, especially with Arduino and other
microcontrollers. The ACS712's output voltage is linear, allowing for
straightforward calibration and interpretation of the measured
current.

Arduino/Microcontroller
 The Arduino Uno Rev3 is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P, offering a versatile platform for electronics projects. With
14 digital input/output pins (including 6 PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs,
and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, it provides ample connectivity for
various sensors and actuators. Powered via USB or an external power
supply, it's easy to program using the Arduino IDE, making it a popular
choice for beginners and experienced makers alike.

jump wires
(Connecting wires)
 The picture showcases a set of 40 female-to-female jumper wires,
perfect for connecting components on a breadboard or other electronic
projects. These 20cm long wires come in various colors, allowing for
easy identification and organization of circuits. With their female
connectors on both ends, they can readily plug into male headers or
other female connectors, enabling flexible and convenient circuit
building.

Breadboard(Prototyping board)
 The image showcases an RS PRO breadboard, a crucial tool for
electronics prototyping. It allows you to build and test circuits without
soldering, making it ideal for experimentation and learning. This
particular model boasts a generous layout, providing ample space for
your components and connections. The integrated terminal binding
posts further enhance its utility, enabling convenient connections for
testing and power supply.

Iron core
Magnetic levitation
(Set up)
Procedure:
1. Wind the electromagnet coils.
2. Connect the electromagnet to the power supply.
3. Place the metal ball/small magnet above the electromagnet.
4. Adjust the power supply to create a magnetic field.
5. Connect the Hall effect sensor to the microcontroller.
6. Write and upload the control program.
7. Test and adjust the system.
Observations:
*Experimental Results:
1. Magnetic field strength vs. current:
| Current (A) | Magnetic Field Strength (mT) |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | 50 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 150 |
Calculation: Magnetic field strength (B) = μ₀ * n * I / (2 * r
where μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ Tm/A, n = 100 turns, r = 0.05 m

1. Stability of levitated object:

Height (h) = 5 mm
Oscillations (Δh) = ±1 mm
Stability ratio (SR) = h / Δh = 5

1. Power consumption:
Electromagnet: P = V * I = 12V * 2A = 24W
Microcontroller: P = V * I = 5V * 0.1A = 0.5W
Total power consumption (Pt) = 24.5W

1. Response time:

Sensor response time (ts) = 10 ms

Control loop response time (tc) = 50 ms
Total response time (tt) = ts + tc = 60 ms
 Visual Observations:
1. The metal ball levitated steadily at 5 mm above the electromagnet.
2. Minor oscillations (±1 mm) were observed due to sensor noise.
3. The system maintained stability despite minor external disturbances.

*Challenges and Limitations:

1. Electromagnetic interference from nearby devices affected sensor
readings.
2. Power supply fluctuations caused instability in the levitated object.
3. Temperature changes affected the electromagnet's magnetic field
strength.
Precautions:
1. Handle electrical components with care.
2. Avoid short circuits.
3. Use protective gear (gloves, safety glasses).
4. Ensure proper ventilation.
Sources of error:
1. Inaccurate sensor readings
2. Electromagnetic interference
3. Power supply fluctuations
4. Mechanical vibrations
5. Temperature changes

Applications:
1. Transportation: Maglev trains, Hyperloop
2. Industry: Magnetic bearings, material handling
3. Medical: MRI, surgical procedures, drug delivery
4. Aerospace: Satellite propulsion, spacecraft maneuvering
5. Energy: Flywheel storage, wind turbines
6. Consumer: Speakers, displays, furniture
7. Research: Quantum levitation, biotechnology, materials science
8. Art and Education: Interactive installations, learning tools
 Key Benefits
1. Frictionless movement
2. Energy efficiency
3. High precision
4. Low maintenance
5. Compact design
Future Directions
1. Advanced materials research
2. Biomedical applications
3. Space exploration
4. Sustainable energy solutions
5. Innovative consumer products
Working principle:
The magnetic levitation system uses electromagnets to create an
upward magnetic force that counteracts the weight of the metal
object, suspending it in mid-air. The Hall effect sensor monitors the
magnetic field and adjusts the electromagnet's current to maintain
stability.
Advantages:
1. Frictionless movement
2. Energy efficiency
3. High precision
4. Low maintenance
5. Compact design
6. Noise reduction
7. Increased speed
8. Improved safety
9. Environmental benefits
10. Innovative designs
Disadvantages:
1. High initial cost
2. Electromagnetic interference
3. Stability issues
4. Limited load capacity
5. Power consumption
 Future Directions

1. Advanced materials research

2. Biomedical applications
3. Space exploration
4. Sustainable energy solutions
5. Innovative consumer products

Conclusion:
The magnetic levitation system demonstrates the potential of
electromagnetic suspension and stabilization. With further
development, this technology can revolutionize transportation,
industry, and research applications.